出口固定成本、融资约束与中国企业出口参与

本文基于新新贸易理论和中国企业面临融资约束的现实,建立离散动态出口模型,发现克服出口固定成本和缓解融资约束可以促进企业出口参与。进而运用2004～2008年中国七十余万家制造业企业数据,从内源融资、银行信贷和商业信贷3个维度衡量融资约束,实证检验理论分析。结果发现,克服出口固定成本是企业参与出口的关键,商业信贷对企业出口参与贡献最大,银行信贷次之,内源融资贡献最小。细化样本后发现,克服出口固定成本仍然是出口的关键,但是,无内源融资企业较之有内源融资企业,内资企业较之外资企业,出口融资都更多依赖商业信贷和银行信贷;国有企业出口融资更多依赖银行信贷,而民营企业更多依赖商业信贷。变化融资约束衡量方法后,结果依然稳健。     

Export Promotion Via Official Export Insurance

Proponents of free trade argue that export promotion distorts competition and undermines the multilateral trade system. In most countries export insurance is provided by the government and, consequently, is driven more by a broad range of policy objectives than purely insurance principles. This paper, however, shows that export promotion does not necessarily imply trade distortions and that most export destinations do not benefit from insurance premium subsidies. A significant policy implication of these findings is that the WTO and the EU are correct not to banish completely official export insurance.     

Fixed Export Costs and Export Behavior

This article provides a direct assessment of how fixed export costs (FECs) and productivity jointly determine firm‐level export behavior. Using Chilean data, we construct indices of FECs for each industry‐region‐year triplet and match them to domestic firms. Our empirical results show that firms facing higher estimated FECs are less likely to export, while those with higher productivity export more. These outcomes are the foundation of the widely‐used sorting mechanism in trade models with firm heterogeneity. We also find that the substitution between FECs and productivity in determining export decisions is weaker for firms with higher productivity. Finally, among firms that export, both larger FECs and greater within‐triplet productivity dispersion are associated with a greater export volume of the average exporter.     

企业出口模式与出口产品质量:微观理论与经验证据

文章借鉴Khandelwal et al.（2013）扩展的产品质量异质性模型,构建了一个两国之间产品贸易的一般均衡模型,并推导企业出口模式选择影响产品质量升级的理论框架,再利用2000-2013年中国工业企业和海关数据构建双重差分模型对理论假说进行系统检验。结果发现：（1）直接出口企业对产品质量的提升效应明显高于间接出口企业,"反事实"检验和安慰剂检验的结果依然稳健。（2）通过异质性分析发现,东部地区企业出口的产品质量提升效应显著高于中西部地区企业,而且中西部地区的间接出口抑制出口产品质量提升;民营、外资企业直接出口和间接出口对产品质量提升效应均高于国有企业。（3）进一步研究企业出口模式的动态转换效应发现,企业由间接出口转向直接出口显著提升了出口产品质量,并且生产率较高的企业通过提升出口固定成本效率而加速出口产品质量升级。     

Relaxing Export Supply Capacity Constraints and Promoting Export Expansion and Diversification in Africa: The Role of Special Export Development Strategies

Abstract: This paper examines the role of several export development strategies in relaxing export supply capacity constraints and promoting export expansion and diversification in Africa. It starts with a review of the analysis and recommendations in Can Africa Claim the 21st Century? ( World Bank, 2000 ) and an identification of subsisting supply obstacles. This forms the background against which the paper discusses changes in the growth, structure and destination of African exports during 2000–2005; explores the use of export development strategies (such as supply chain management, networks and clusters, as well as branding); and discusses the enhancement of market access of African exports regionally and globally. The paper concludes with an analysis of the prospects for relaxing Africa's export supply response capacity constraints and the feasibility/viability of the suggested strategies for expanding and diversifying the region's exports.     

A Rationale for the WTO Prohibition of Export Subsidies: Strategic Export Subsidies and World Welfare

This article presents a model that provides an economic rationale for multilateral agreements, such as the WTO, that prohibit export subsidies. The model is a multicountry version of the well-known Brander and Spencer (Journal of International Economics (1985) 18, 83–100) analysis of profit-shifting export subsidies, with the addition of an opportunity cost of government revenue greater than unity, as in Neary (Journal of International Economics (1994) 37, 197–218) to capture the fact that the export subsidy will typically be funded by distortionary taxation. It explains the unilateral incentive for welfare-maximizing governments to provide export subsidies and shows how the multilateral prohibition of export subsidies may increase world welfare.     

Analysis of Chinese Manufacturing Export Duration

This paper studies the duration of Chinese manufacturing exports and its determinants, using disaggregated 6‐digit level Harmonized System product trade data from 1995 to 2007. Cox proportional hazard, Weibull and exponential models are used to examine the effects of various factors on export duration. It is revealed that export duration tends to be rather short‐lived. It is also found that GDP and GDP per capita of the export destination have positive effects on export duration, while trade relationships with distant and landlocked countries are generally of shorter duration. In addition, export duration is longer for differentiated and parts and components products, as well as products with large initial trade values. WTO membership is also important for longer export duration. Our empirical analysis suggests that developed markets, such as the USA and the EU, are important to China, and should still be the major sources for Chinese export growth in the long run. Moreover, technical innovation of firms and free trade agreement negotiations will be helpful for sustainable export growth.     

我国服装出口行业转变发展方式研究——以武汉市为例

服装是我国出口的传统支柱产业，也是在国际市场上有较大比较优势和竞争优势的产业。文章通过对武汉市2006—2010年的服装出口数据的分析，揭示了武汉市服装出口存在的两大问题，并解析出存在问题的三大原因，认为我国服装出口行业亟待转变发展方式，并提出了完善产业链，着力发展自主品牌出口，拓展服装出口市场，培养服装国际经营人才等建议。     

美国对华反倾销出口转移效应的实证分析

本文采用统计分析和计量分析方法,从出口量和出口份额的角度用统计方法分析美国对华反倾销的出口转移效应,并对美国对华反倾销所产生的出口转移效应进行计量分析。通过大量的实证分析本文发现,在研究的我国的38起反倾销案例中有27起存在出口转移效应,只有11起不存在,即大约71%的案件存在反倾销出口转移效应,并且这种出口转移效应在立案后第二年最为明显。本文研究表明,美国对华反倾销存在明显的出口贸易转移效应,它的存在影响了我国的出口贸易。     

融资约束与中小企业出口

融资约束是中国企业尤其是中小企业发展普遍面临的问题,已经成为影响中小企业出口行为的重要因素。文章通过实证分析表明,融资约束的缓解可以显著促进中国的中小企业进入国际市场并进行出口,可以显著提高出口中小企业的海外销售额,并且在控制了内生性以后其结果依然显著。     

生产者服务业发展对中国货物出口影响探析

本文深入分析了生产者服务业发展对出口产业竞争力提升的重要性,并在我国生产者服务业和货物出口贸易共同增长趋势的描述性分析基础之上,利用1997-2003年我国29个省市面板数据模型进行实证检验。证实了生产者服务业发展对货物出口具有正向推动作用;分行业中,金融保险服务影响效应最大,科学研究和综合技术服务与批发零售服务次之,而交通运输、仓储与邮政服务影响最小且为负值。力促生产者服务业快速发展是实现我国出口产业竞争力提升的核心内容。     

我国蔬菜出口可持续战略

本文从战略高度指出了绿色壁垒、特殊保障条款和反倾销是阻碍我国蔬菜可持续出口的三大战略问题,分析了外国新农业保护主义者泛用WTO规则来保护本国蔬菜和就业、我国蔬菜出口市场单一、出口无序、低价竞争等国际环境。并提出了按照比较优势原则对蔬菜出口的品种结构、区域结构、组织结构和财政支农结构进行战略调整、建立出口蔬菜质量保证体系、大力推广有机蔬菜生产技术和建立蔬菜行业协会等可持续出口战略举措。     

Optimal Export Taxes with an Endogenous Location

Export tax policy is one of the most debated issues in many developing countries. Those countries with strong natural advantages in the production of primary commodities, such as agricultural and livestock products, coffee, jute, rubber, and others, have attained at particular times a position as dominant suppliers in international trade. They have often used export taxes on those commodities to obtain foreign exchange and/or government tax revenues. This paper provides a normative analysis to examine how the inclusion of economic space affects export tax policy and to compare optimal export taxes under endogenous location with optimal export taxes under exogenous location, both in the short run and in the long run.     

安徽出口商品结构与经济增长关系的实证分析

论文利用安徽省1988-2008年的工业制成品出口、初级产品出口和GDP的年度统计数据,从出口商品结构的角度出发,并利用协整理论、向量误差修正模型和格兰杰因果关系检验方法对安徽省的出口商品结构与经济增长之间的关系进行了实证分析。结果表明,安徽出口商品与经济增长之间存在着长期稳定关系,工业制成品的出口对该地区的经济增长具有单向的推动作用。据此,对进一步加大安徽出口工作力度,提出了优化出口商品结构以促进安徽省经济持续稳定增长的政策建议。     

世界竹藤家具出口贸易变动分析

竹藤资源相对丰富，竹藤家具产业的大力发展对繁荣林区经济，提高农民收入，建设社会主义新农村有着重要的现实意义。本文利用COMTRADE数据并经整理，通过对世界竹藤家具出口贸易变动分析，得出发展我国竹藤家具产业的有益启示，并提出相应的对策。     

Exchange Rate Changes and Export Prices in a Small Semi-Open Economy

This paper analyses the reaction of export prices to exchange rate changes in Nigeria. The major proposition examined in the study is that, exchange rate changes are not reflected fully in the prices of the country's exports. The analysis suggests that manufactured export firms in the country may have been price discriminating between domestic and export markets; only about 93% of exchange rate changes occurring in the period 1986 to 1995 is shown as reflected in the domestic price of manufactured export. However, this result is qualified by the fact that, over 75% of the data analysed were generated.     

“走出去”为何能拉动出口

出口对于中国经济至关重要，在全球范围金融危机发生的背景下，对外承包工程和对外直接投资所带动的出口异军突起，由此引发的一个问题是，实施“走出去”战略对出口产生了怎样的影响？论文从统计核算的基本原理出发，分析了走出去带动出口的机理，并在此基础上通过整合商务部、海关总署、国家外汇管理局、以及国家统计局的相关数据，调查重点企业等方式对中国对外承包工程和对外直接投资带动出口的规模进行了实际测算。论文的创新之处体现在，将国际贸易统计标准的最新进展与中国改革开放实践相结合，提供了“走出去”带动出口的经验证据。     

能源相对价格、技术进步与出口规模增长

现存文献已经证明中国的能源消费对中国出口贸易有重要的影响,但是对能源价格对出口影响研究的并不多,本文从理论和实证角度分析了中国的能源价格和出口量之间为什么同方向变化。分析表明,中国的能源价格是通过技术进步和国内外能源价格差来影响中国出口量变化的,实证结果也证实了理论分析的结论。实证结果表明,技术进步对出口量的长期影响为正,而国内外能源的相对价格对出口量的影响为负。     

国际分割生产条件下我国的出口增长问题

自2009年开始中国出口总额一直保持世界第一的排名。我国的出口以工业制成品为主,而制成品生产的主要特征是国际分割生产。本文对国际分割生产条件下我国出口增长现状和存在的问题进行深入分析,提出了通过提升我国出口质量,以促进我国出口增长的对策。认为我国亟需转变出口增长模式,提高出口产品的技术含量和质量,获得国际分割生产的技术效应,促进出口产业链和产业的升级。     

辽宁省出口贸易的多因素分析

为了更好的发展辽宁省出口贸易,运用计量经济学的计量方法以及E-views软件,对辽宁省出口额、辽宁省地区生产总值、人民币汇率（人均年平均数,对美元）、居民消费价格指数、城镇新增固定资产进行回归分析,并且对模型的时间序列平稳性、多重共线性、异方差以及自相关进行检验。得出最终模型,分析表明居民消费价格指数、人民币汇率对产品出口具有很高的相关性,其次是地区生产总值,城镇新增固定资产也对辽宁出口贸易产生影响。