The Stock Price-Volume Linkage on the Toronto Stock Exchange: Before and After Automation

This paper investigates the information content of trading volume on the Toronto Stock Exchange before and after the move towards fully electronic trading. It is argued that if price discovery improves under electronic trading, the predictive power of volume should be less significant. The empirical analysis supports more accurate price discovery under electronic trading. Results from both the structural and vector autoregression models indicate that the predictive power of volume for price variability disappears after full automation.     

基于格兰杰因果关系检验的我国银行保险退保因素分析

我国银行保险内存不足。通过格兰杰因果关系检验对“财务危机”和“利率替代”两种假说进行实证检验后得出：短期利率波动对银行保险退保影响不显著,长期利率波动对银行保险退保影响较显著,失业对银行保险退保短期影响较显著,证券投资波动对银行保险退保影响最为显著。为了降低我国银行保险的退保率,要深化银保合作机制,为了降低市场因素带来的影响,可适当提高银保产品的收益率,银保产品不要过于理财化,可适当增加一些保障功能。     

Dividend Policies and Price-Volume Reactions to Cash Dividends on the Stock Market: Evidence from the Istanbul Stock Exchange

This study examines the effects of cash dividend payments on stock returns and trading volumes in the stock market. It also investigates whether there is any difference in the investment behavior of investors with respect to the dividend pay out ratio and size in the Istanbul Stock Exchange (ISE)from 1995 to 2003. Prices start to rise a few sessions before cash dividend payments, and on the ex-dividend day, they fall less than do dividend payments, finally decreasing in the sessions following the payment. Trading volume shows a considerable upward shift before the payment date and, interestingly, is stable after Thus, cash dividends influence prices and trading volumes in different ways before, at, and after payment, providing some profitable active trading strategy opportunities around the ex-dividend day. The findings support price-volume reaction discussions on the divident payment date and the significant effect of cash dividends on the stock market.     

农村金融中介发展与经济增长的阶段性Granger因果分析

本文利用1978-2009年的时间序列数据对农村金融中介规模、效率与农村经济发展各变量之间的关系进行了分阶段Granger因果分析。结果显示:农村经济的增长与发展是农村金融发展的先导因素,而农村金融发展对农村经济增长的促进作用不明显,农村改革并没有诱导出内生的农村金融。建议要纠正农村经济发展战略和农村金融制度在发展结构和功能上存在的偏差,完善农村金融服务于农村经济的功能。     

银行竞争与经济增长的协整和因果关系分析

文章运用中国1979—2006年的时间序列数据,从中国金融变革路径的角度,分析了经济增长和银行集中度的关系,考虑到中国金融体制改革的轨迹,用非国有银行的信贷余额占整个信贷余额的份额作为银行竞争的指标。利用协整和因果关系分析得出：非国有银行信贷余额的份额和经济增长存在长期的协整关系．其信贷余额的增加能够促进经济增长;非国有银行信贷余额比例的增加是促进经济增长的原因,而反之则不是。说明了由政府主导而不是由市场诱发的中国高度集中的银行体制改革促进了我国经济的发展,尤其在中国的劳动密集型行业大发展阶段。考虑到我国地区发展不平衡及沿海产业转移的背景,本文提出中西部地区应该发展中小银行,而东部地区应该适当加大银行的集中度等政策建议。     

Forecasting Stock Index Futures Price Volatility: Linear vs. Nonlinear Models

The study examines the relative ability of various models to forecast daily stock index futures volatility. The forecasting models that are employed range from naïve models to the relatively complex ARCH-class models. It is found that among linear models of stock index futures volatility, the autoregressive model ranks first using the RMSE and MAPE criteria. We also examine three nonlinear models. These models are GARCH-M, EGARCH, and ESTAR. We find that nonlinear GARCH models dominate linear models utilizing the RMSE and the MAPE error statistics and EGARCH appears to be the best model for forecasting stock index futures price volatility.     

Detecting Linear and Nonlinear Dependence in Stock Returns: New Methods Derived from Chaos Theory

Interest in the relevance of nonlinear dynamics to fields such as finance and economics has spurred the development of new methods of analysis for time series data. Early tests for chaos led to problems when applied to financial and economic data. This motivated development of the BDS family of statistics to test for nonlinearity generally. More recently, another method of analysis has been introduced into the scientific literature. It uses a test for chaos which is relatively simple and appropriate for financial data. A quantitative version of this test is developed here and is used to analyze stock return data.     

中国期货市场与股票市场量价关系比较——基于分位回归法的研究

运用分位回归方法分别对连豆期货与上证指数各自的量价关系进行准确刻画,并检验了各自量价关系的对称性。实证结果表明,连豆期货具有关于零收益率对称的"V"型量价关系,上证股指具有关于零收益率非对称的"V"型量价关系。缺乏做空机制是导致量价关系非对称的原因。中国股市含有一定的非理性成份,建议引入做空机制。     

An Exploratory Study on Nonlinear Causality Among the MILA Markets

According to conventional portfolio theory, an increase in the interconnectedness of international financial markets may reduce the potential for constructing diversified portfolios. This article explores the implications of the creation of the Latin American Integrated Market (MILA)¹ over the dependence structure of its members using correlation and cointegration analysis as well as linear and nonlinear Granger causality tests. The creation of MILA aimed to enhance the integration process that Latin American financial markets “naturally” present while still providing diversification opportunities to investors. The results of our empirical analysis suggest that such objective is being achieved. Evidence of a rise in cross-country linear correlations and their linear causal relationship supports the idea of an increasing financial integration process in the region, while the absence of cointegration and the weakening of the nonlinear causal relationship favors the creation of diversified regional portfolios. These findings provide valuable insights for investment portfolio designers, regulators, and supervisors.     

股票投资风险收益关系的实证分析

对证券投资风险的分析以及对风险收益关系的统计检验，已成为现代金融理论研究中最活跃的领域之一。股票投资风险收益关系的实证分析表明：系统风险的比例在逐年下降，标志着证券市场本身的规范化发展和投资者的成熟。     

股票市场非线性随机游走检验

中国股票市场指数收益率不服从正态分布假设，基本符合随机游走的特征，具有弱式有效性的市场特征，沪市指数收益率的时间序殊随机性略大于深市。造成这一现象的原因包括市场结构的非理性与投资行为的非理性等因素。     

对我国股票收益率与通货膨胀率关系的解释：1992-2007

股票收益率和通货膨胀率之间既可以正相关,也可以负相关。如果通货膨胀率的上升动力来自于供给冲击,那么两者负相关;如果来自于需求冲击则正相关。同一时期的正负相关关系取决于供给和需求冲击动力的相对重要性。对我国1992年5月至2007年8月实践的检验表明,整个样本期间内股票收益率和通货膨胀率相关性不明显。在1992年5月至1999年12月期间,供给冲击大于需求冲击的影响,导致股票收益率和通货膨胀率负相关,但2000年1月至2007年8月,同样是供给冲击大于需求冲击的影响,却导致两者正相关。其中的原因在于,2000年后国民经济中供需结构失衡,名义上的供给冲击转变成实际上的需求冲击,从而导致股票收益率和通货膨胀率正相关。政策当局在吸收过多流动性的同时,应加快经济结构调整,从根本上解决供需失衡问题。     

Uncovering the Risk–Return Relation in the Stock Market

There is ongoing debate about the apparent weak or negative relation between risk (conditional variance) and expected returns in the aggregate stock market. We develop and estimate an empirical model based on the intertemporal capital asset pricing model (ICAPM) that separately identifies the two components of expected returns, namely, the risk component and the component due to the desire to hedge changes in investment opportunities. The estimated coefficient of relative risk aversion is positive, statistically significant, and reasonable in magnitude. However, expected returns are driven primarily by the hedge component. The omission of this component is partly responsible for the existing contradictory results.     

Nonlinear dynamics of the Nikkei Stock Average Futures

This paper analyzes the conditional distribution of the Nikkei Stock Average Futures prices traded in the Singapore International Monetary Exchange (SIMEX). It is found that the conditional mean of the logarithmic price ratios is zero and the conditional variance is adequately described by the exponential generalized autoregressive conditional heteroscedasticity model (witht errors) suggested by Nelson (1991) and the autoregressive volatility model suggested by Hsieh (1993). The Brock, Dechert and Scheinkman (1987) statistic cannot reject the hypothesis that the standardized residuals are independently and identically distributed. The results are applied to calculate the maintenance margin and the long-term capital requirements of the contract given an assumed maximum failure rate. The margin requirements set by the SIMEX appear to be adequate compared to our estimates.     

我国股市非线性特征的检验与分形验证

对我国股票市场的非线性特征进行分析,实证检验说明我国股票市场不服从传统理论假定的正态分布,呈现出＂尖峰＂和＂厚尾＂态势,股票市场的收益率具有持续性,存在长期记忆的分形特征,是一个复杂的非线性系统。     

Testing Gaussianity and Linearity of Japanese Stock Returns

In this article, we first investigate the Gaussianity of Japanese stock return time series (214 daily, 18 weekly) by the Gaussianity test proposed by Kariya, Tsay, Terui and Li (1994) comprehensively and consistently. And it is observed that all the series are not Gaussian when the 6th order moment structures are taken into account. Up to the 4th order moments there are some series which are compatible with the Gaussianity. Secondly, we apply five well-known nonlinearity tests for stationary time series to the data set and examine the specific nonlinearity of the series. Some series strongly exhibit the specific types of nonlinearity. Typically the Nikkei daily index shows the TAR (Threshold Autoregressive) type nonlinearity. Comparing daily return series with weekly series, it is also shown that a central limit effect is working on the weekly stock returns, where daily information is accumulated over a week, in the sense that weekly returns are relatively closer to Gaussian.     

The Relation between Stock Prices and Accounting Information

The functional relation between expected stock prices and accounting information is analyzed through the theory of inverse probability. The approach models the mean of the posterior distribution for price, given the information that the accounting process provides. The implications of alternative assumptions about accounting measurement error and the unconditional price distribution are discussed. Our most refined model is consistent with recent empirical evidence showing convexity in the relationship between price and accounting information. Empirical tests, while exploratory, provide further evidence of a nonlinear relation between stock price and accounting measures of earnings and book value.     

Testing weak form efficiency on the Toronto Stock Exchange

In order to test for weak form efficiency in the market a vast pool of individual stocks must be analyzed rather than a stock market index. In this paper, a model-based bootstrap is used to generate a series of simulated trials and a modified chart pattern recognition algorithm is applied to all stocks listed on the Toronto Stock Exchange (TSX). The number of patterns detected in the original price series is compared with the number of patterns found in the simulated series. By simulating the price path specific time dependencies present in real data are eliminated, making price changes purely random. Patterns, if consistently identified, carry information which adds value to the investment process, however, this informativeness does not guarantee profitability. Conclusions are drawn on the relative efficiency of some sectors of the economy. Although the null hypothesis of weak form efficiency on the TSX cannot be rejected, some sectors of the Canadian economy appear to be less efficient than others. In addition, pattern frequencies appear to be negatively dependent on the two moments of return distributions, variance and kurtosis.     

Investor Sentiment Influence on the Risk-Reward Relation in the Taiwan Stock Market

We examine the influence of investor sentiment on the risk-reward relationship in the Taiwan stock market. Regression results show that the risk-reward relationship is weakly positive (significantly negative) under low (high) levels of investor sentiment. Granger causality tests indicate unidirectional, not bidirectional, causal relationships. Moreover, the negative return-variance relationship is more strongly characteristic of the over-the-counter index than of the Taiwan Stock Exchange weighted index, indicating that an unreasonable risk-reward trade-off may be more prevalent in emerging markets than in mature markets. Finally, the Wald test demonstrates that industry effects on the risk-reward relationship may be negligible.