Diversification and Value-at-Risk

A pervasive and puzzling feature of banks’ Value-at-Risk (VaR) is its abnormally high level, which leads to excessive regulatory capital. A possible explanation for the tendency of commercial banks to overstate their VaR is that they incompletely account for the diversification effect among broad risk categories (e.g., equity, interest rate, commodity, credit spread, and foreign exchange). By underestimating the diversification effect, bank’s proprietary VaR models produce overly prudent market risk assessments. In this paper, we examine empirically the validity of this hypothesis using actual VaR data from major US commercial banks. In contrast to the VaR diversification hypothesis, we find that US banks show no sign of systematic underestimation of the diversification effect. In particular, diversification effects used by banks is very close to (and quite often larger than) our empirical diversification estimates. A direct implication of this finding is that individual VaRs for each broad risk category, just like aggregate VaRs, are biased risk assessments.     

Are foreign banks more profitable than domestic banks? Home- and host-country effects of banking market structure, governance, and supervision

Using both bank- and country-level data on banking sectors from 70 countries over the period 1992-2006, this paper empirically investigates the joint home- and host-country effects of banking market structure, macroeconomic condition, governance, and changes in bank supervision on foreign bank margins. We find that foreign banks are more profitable than domestic banks when they operate in a host country whose banking sector is less competitive and when the parent bank in the home country is highly profitable. Moreover, when foreign banks operate in a host country with lower growth rates of GDP, higher interest and inflation rates, and more stringent regulatory compliance with Basel risk weights, their margins increase. Specifically, changes in bank supervision of a parent bank’s ownership restrictiveness in the home country significantly increases foreign bank margins, while supervisory changes in regulatory compliance with Basel risk weights in the host country enhances foreign bank margins.     

人民币汇制改革对我国商业银行风险管理的挑战

国际银行业在长期浮动汇率的实践中积累出一套成熟而完善的防范汇率风险的经验做法。与此形成鲜明对照的是，长期稳定的人民币汇率使得国内商业银行缺乏必要的外汇风险管理的经验和技能。而2005年7月以来央行出台的改革人民币汇率形成机制、发展外汇市场的举措使商业银行的信用风险、流动性风险、会计风险及外汇交易风险随之增大，对商业银行的经营机制和风险管理带来了新的挑战。商业银行既要采取积极措施，化解因人民币升值而引起的信用风险、流动性风险等，更应借鉴国际银行业的先进做法，尽快建立完善的风险管理体系，以应对更富弹性的人民币汇率。     

人民币汇制改革对我国商业银行风险管理的挑战

国际银行业在长期浮动汇率的实践中积累出一套成熟而完善的防范汇率风险的经验做法。与此形成鲜明对照的是,长期稳定的人民币汇率使得国内商业银行缺乏必要的外汇风险管理的经验和技能。而2005年7月以来央行出台的改革人民币汇率形成机制、发展外汇市场的举措使商业银行的信用风险、流动性风险、会计风险及外汇交易风险随之增大,对商业银行的经营机制和风险管理带来了新的挑战。商业银行既要采取积极措施,化解因人民币升值而引起的信用风险、流动性风险等,更应借鉴国际银行业的先进做法,尽快建立完善的风险管理体系,以应对更富弹性的人民币汇率。     

结售汇业务政策的演变及对商业银行风险管理的影响

结售汇业务是我国外汇指定银行开办的一项重要的外汇业务。改革开放以来,我国对外汇制度进行了多次改革与修订,结售汇业务政策也产生较大的变化。本文通过对历年来结售汇政策的变化要点进行梳理,分析政策变化对银行结售汇业务风险的影响,最后对银行如何控制结售汇业务风险提出了相关建议。     

Biases in option prices : Evidence from the foreign currency option market

This paper examines a European call model of option pricing over a data set which does not suffer from the early exercise problems that have plagued earlier studies of call options on common stocks. We specifically examine a data set of American call prices on spot foreign exchange for which it is plausible to apply an adjusted version of the Garman-Kohlhagen (1983) and Grabbe (1983) European call option model. We make adjustments for interest rate risk and find that the model is nearly unbiased in the valuation of foreign currency options. We conclude that the Geske-Roll (1984) conjecture about dividend uncertainty creating biases in stock option prices holds analogously in the foreign currency option market. Interest rate differential risk (analogous to risky dividends) thus appears to be an important element in the valuation of foreign currency options.     

Financial derivatives,opacity, and crash risk: Evidence from large US banks

We test how the use of financial derivatives affects banks’ informational structure and future stock performance based on a sample of large bank holding companies in the US. Using banks’ use of financial derivatives as a proxy for opacity, we find that high level use of interest rate and foreign exchange derivatives are associated with an increase in the synchronicity (R²) of stock price movements with the market index, which indicates less revelation of bank-specific information to the market. This finding is consistent with the prediction of the model developed by Wagner (2007). We document that superior corporate governance tempers these effects. Finally, we find that an increase in the opacity is significantly and positively related to an increase in banks’ future stock price crash risk.     

Sources of Bank Interest Rate Risk

We investigate bank stocks'sensitivity to changes in interest rates and the factors affecting this sensitivity. We focus on whether the exposure of commercial banks to interest rate risk is conditioned on certain balance sheet and income statement ratios. We find a significantly negative relation between bank stock returns and changes in interest rates over the period 1991–1996. We also find that bank characteristics measured from basic financial statement information explain bank stocks'sensitivity to interest rate changes. These results suggest that bank managers, analysts, and regulators can use this information to assess the relative risk exposure of banks.     

Market discipline, financial crisis and regulatory changes: Evidence from Indonesian banks

Following the 1997/1998 financial crisis, Indonesian banks experienced major regulatory changes, including the adoption of the blanket guarantee scheme (BGS) in 1998, a limited guarantee (LG) in 2005, and changes in capital regulation in 1998 and 2001. We examine the impact of these regulatory changes on market discipline during the period 1995-2009. The price of deposits is used to measure market discipline in a dynamic panel data methodology on a sample of 104 commercial banks. We find a weakening of market discipline following the introduction of the BGS. The result is consistent with the deposit insurance scheme being credible in the lower capital requirement environment. The adoption of LG in a recovering economy also mitigates the role of market discipline. However, market discipline is more pronounced in listed banks than unlisted banks and in foreign banks than domestic banks. These results have important implications for banking regulation and supervision, particularly during a crisis period.     

商业银行吸收存款能力、发行理财及其经济后果研究

本文分析了商业银行吸收存款能力和发行理财产品的关系及其经济后果。本文发现商业银行吸收存款能力越弱,通过理财产品募集资金越多,理财产品收益率越高。具体来说,非四大国有银行,通过理财产品募集资金越多,理财产品收益率越高;银行的网点数量越少,通过理财产品募集资金越多,理财产品的收益率越高;银行所在地区贷存比越高,通过理财产品募集资金越多,理财产品收益率越高;银行所在地区的金融机构密度越大,通过理财募集资金越多,理财产品收益率越高。进一步研究发现,非保本理财产品加大了银行经营业绩波动,从而增大了银行经营风险。     

人民币汇率制度综合改革路径及其对商业银行的影响研究

本文详细阐述了人民币汇率制度综合改革的思路、背景及具体路径，并提出综合改革是一项系统工程，即汇率形成机制改革是核心，外汇管理体制改革和外汇市场改革与建设是前提条件和市场基础，认为应在完善汇率形成机制的同时，加快外汇管理体制市场化进程，并大力培育境内外汇市场，最终建立以市场供求为基础，参考一篮子货币进行调节的有管理的浮动汇率制度。综合改革将对商业银行资产负债、汇率风险、国际化及其业务发展产生重要影响。商业银行必须转变经营理念、风险管理方式以及业务发展战略，以积极应对并把握人民币汇率制度综合改革的挑战和机遇。     

人民币汇率制度综合改革路径及其对商业银行的影响研究

本文详细阐述了人民币汇率制度综合改革的思路、背景及具体路径,并提出综合改革是一项系统工程,即汇率形成机制改革是核心,外汇管理体制改革和外汇市场改革与建设是前提条件和市场基础,认为应在完善汇率形成机制的同时,加快外汇管理体制市场化进程,并大力培育境内外汇市场,最终建立以市场供求为基础,参考一篮子货币进行调节的有管理的浮动汇率制度.综合改革将对商业银行资产负债、汇率风险、国际化及其业务发展产生重要影响.商业银行必须转变经营理念、风险管理方式以及业务发展战略,以积极应对并把握人民币汇率制度综合改革的挑战和机遇.     

Foreign banks and credit in Mexico

The role that foreign banks play in developing countries has been arduously debated. Foreign banks can improve the efficiency of the banking sector in the host country but they can also undermine local banks by selecting only the most trustworthy borrowers. In this paper, I analyze the period between 2005 and 2014 and compare the differences between foreign and domestic banks in Mexico and Colombia. Analyzing Mexico is of great importance given that foreign banks control more than 80% of the banking assets. Also, given the difference in institutional development between Mexico and Colombia, I can control for regulatory environment. After controlling for size, institutional development, and country of origin, I find that foreign banks have not stimulated growth in Mexico through commercial loans. Previous studies suggest that this lack of credit to companies may be due to a weak enforcement of contracts rather than to foreign ownership. However, Colombia has a weaker enforcement of contracts environments and foreign banks also do not provide as many commercial loans as domestic banks. This paper is of particular interest to regulators in developing countries that need foreign capital and those that want to intensify the allocation of commercial credit.     

Derivative Exposure and the Interest Rate and Exchange Rate Risks of U.S. Banks

This article estimates the interest rate and exchange rate risk betas of 59 large U.S. commercial banks for the period of 1975–1992, as well as the bank-specific determinants of these betas. The estimation procedure uses a modified seemingly unrelated simultaneous method that recognizes cross-equation dependencies and adjusts for serial correlation and heteroskedasticity. Overall, the exchange rate risk betas are more significant than the interest rate risk betas. More importantly, we find a link between the scale of a bank's interest rate and currency derivative contracts and the bank's interest rate and exchange rate risks. Particularly noteworthy is the influence of currency derivatives on exchange rate betas.     

Déjà Vu All Over Again: The Causes of U.S. Commercial Bank Failures This Time Around

In this study, we analyze why commercial banks failed during the recent financial crisis. We find that traditional proxies for the CAMELS components, as well as measures of commercial real estate investments, do an excellent job in explaining the failures of banks that were closed during 2009, just as they did in the previous banking crisis of 1985–1992. Surprisingly, we do not find that residential mortgage-backed securities played a significant role in determining which banks failed and which banks survived. Our results offer support for the CAMELS approach to judging the safety and soundness of commercial banks, but call, into serious question the current system of regulatory risk weights and concentration limits on commercial real estate loans.     

资产配置视角下外汇占款与央行政策研究

本文对外汇占款的变化进行了分析,认为在逐渐市场化的环境下外汇市场各参与方资产配置格局发生了转变,改变了以往央行单独承担外汇占款及外汇资产风险的方式,转而由央行、商业金融机构以及其他部门共同承担,从而有利于减轻央行外汇占款冲销压力、增强货币政策独立性,并为汇率的市场化奠定良好的微观市场基础。     

城市商业银行跨区域经营:信贷扩张、风险水平及银行绩效

本文使用我国城市商业银行2004～2009年跨区域经营数据,首次对城市商业银行跨区域经营的相关问题进行了实证研究。结果发现,现阶段进行跨区域经营的城市商业银行中多是资产规模大、资本水平高、资产质量好、市场势力强的"好银行"。与只在本区域经营的银行相比,跨区域经营能有效分散投资风险,避免区域经济波动的风险,有益于降低银行风险水平。此外,跨区域经营的程度越高,银行的信贷增速越快、风险水平也显著降低。本文的这些发现为城市商业银行跨区域经营战略提供了经验支持,也为监管当局进一步改革监管政策提供了相关依据。     

城市商业银行财务业绩、经营分析与启示——基于2010-2017年度报告的解析

近年来城商行整体增长迅速、实力增强,成为银行体系的重要组成部分。但随着 宏观经济步入新常态、监管政策逐步收紧,城商行面临着巨大的压力和挑战。文章基于国内61 家主要城商行2010-2017年的财务数据及发展情况,分析城商行近年来经营业绩现状与趋势, 指出城商行利润增速持续放缓,并对影响城商行利润增速的贡献因子进行分解发现：规模扩张 一直是拉动净利润增长的最主要因素,但对净利润增长的拉动作用逐步在减弱;而受负债高成 本化及资产收益率下行带动息差收窄,息差因素逐步成为下拉城商行净利润增长的最主要因 素;此外,城商行资产质量下行,拨备计提在2014-2016年成为侵蚀城商行利润的一大因素, 拨备计提是仅次于规模的第二大影响因素。在此基础上,文章总结近年城商行经营发展的主要 特点与启示。     

我国个人住房贷款利率合理水平探讨

本文从个人住房贷款利率水平影响因素角度入手，运用中美两国住房贷款利率水平比较的方法对我国当前的个人住房贷款的合理利率水平进行分析。得出了我国目前的个人住房贷款利率水平偏高的基本结论，认为我国商业银行拥有高于国外同行的超额利润，房贷存在“暴利”，我国浮动利率住房贷款利率水平合理的范围应当在4-5％左右。     

汇率敏感性会影响企业贷款利率吗？——基于中国上市公司的分析

本文基于中国A股上市公司2009-2018年的数据,测算了企业价值对人民币汇率变动的敏感性。在此基础上,实证检验了汇率敏感性(企业价值对汇率变动的敏感程度)对企业贷款利率的影响和作用机制。研究发现:汇率敏感性与企业贷款利率之间显著正相关,且这种关系在拥有境外收入、境外投资和使用外汇衍生品的公司中更加显著。进一步分析发现,对于存在密切银企关系、较大的股东债权人利益冲突以及抵押品价值较低的企业,汇率敏感性与贷款利率之间的正相关关系更加显著。本文研究结果表明,随着我国市场化改革的进一步深化,贷款利率将会更加显著地反映企业的汇率敏感性特征。这种效应对于存在海外业务、银行更了解借款公司信息,以及违约可能性更高的公司更加明显。本文研究对于增强我国企业应对汇率风险能力,完善金融机构风险定价能力,引导金融机构服务实体企业具有一定参考意义。