Cointegration,Fractional Cointegration,and Exchange Rate Dynamics

Multivariate tests due to Johansen (1988, 1991) as implemented by Baillie and Bollerslev (1989a) and Diebold, Gardeazabal, and Yilmaz (1994) reveal mixed evidence on whether a group of exchange rates are cointegrated. Further analysis of the deviations from the cointegrating relationship suggests that it possesses long memory and may possibly be well described as a fractionally integrated process. Hence, the influence of shocks to the equilibrium exchange rates may only vanish at very long horizons.     

FX Trading and Exchange Rate Dynamics

I examine the sources of exchange rate dynamics by focusing on the information structure of FX trading. This structure permits the existence of an equilibrium distribution of transaction prices at a point in time. I develop and estimate a model of the price distribution using data from the Deutsche mark/dollar market that prroduces two striking results:(1) Much of the short-term volatility in exchange rates comes from sampling the heterogeneous trading decisions of dealers in a distribution that, under normal market conditions, changes comparatively slowly; (2) public news is rarely the predominant source of exchange rate movements over any horizon.     

The Forward Exchange Rate Bias Puzzle Is Persistent: Evidence from Stochastic and Nonparametric Cointegration Tests

An important puzzle in international finance is the failure of the forward exchange rate to be a rational forecast of the future spot rate. We document that even after accounting for nonstationarity, nonnormality, and heteroskedasticity using parametric and nonparametric tests on data for over a quarter century, U.S. dollar forward rates for the major currencies (the British pound, Japanese yen, Swiss franc, and the German mark) are generally not rational forecasts of future spot rates. These findings deepen the forward exchange rate bias puzzle, especially as these markets are the most liquid foreign exchange markets with very low trading costs.     

Changing Monetary Policy Rules, Learning, and Real Exchange Rate Dynamics

When the exchange rate is priced by uncovered interest parity and central banks set nominal interest rates according to a reaction function such as the Taylor rule, the real exchange rate will be determined by expected inflation and the output gap or the unemployment gap of the home and foreign countries. This paper examines the implications of these Taylor rule fundamentals for real exchange rate determination. Because the true parameters in central bank policy rules are unknown to the public and change over time, the model is presented in the context of a least squares learning environment. This simple learning model captures the volatility and the major swings in the real deutschemark/euro–dollar exchange rate from 1976 to 2007.     

Effects of Asymmetric Adjustment Among Labor Productivity,Labor Demand,and Exchange Rate Using Threshold Cointegration Test

This paper investigates the asymmetric equilibrium relationship among labor productivity, labor demand, and the exchange rate in Taiwan's manufacturing industry using a threshold cointegration test that allows asymmetric adjustment. The findings show that there is a temporal delay in the reaction of labor demand to change in labor productivity, and vice versa. However, a temporal impact of exchange rate shock on labor demand and labor productivity is statistically unobvious. A trade-off between productivity growth and employment growth is not found.     

浮动汇率机制下外向型企业汇率风险管理策略

随着我国富有弹性的浮动汇率机制的逐步建立,外向型企业面临的汇率波动风险将越来越大,因此,提高汇率风险管理水平,采取套期保值规避汇率风险是企业面临的一个重要问题.     

人民币汇率形成机制探索北大核心

本文分析了人民币汇率形成机制与特点,指出了现行汇率制度存在的缺陷,说明在我国金融进一步开放的背景下,重新选择汇率制度的必然性,并对我国汇率制度选择路径进行了分析。指出从短期来看,"不可能三角理论"揭示了在资本管制的情况下,我国汇率制度的选择是维持汇率的稳定;从中长期来看,资本项目开放是大势所趋,汇率目标区是中国金融进一步开放中比较适合的汇率制度,也符合中国渐进式的发展改革道路;最后本文进一步从中心汇率和波动区间的确定、汇率干预等方面提出了实施汇率目标区的具体设想。     

人民币汇率变动的物价传递效应:多结构变化协整回归分析

现有研究物价传递效应的文献以线性模型为主,甚少关注物价传递过程中可能存在的结构变化,本文在充分考虑我国转轨时期所面临的各种经济冲击的条件下,利用最新发展的多结构变化协整回归方法考察了1994年1月至2008年12月间人民币汇率变动的物价传递效应。研究结果表明,人民币汇率变动的物价传递效应分别在1998年8月、2002年10月、2005年8月及2007年7月发生了四次结构变化,传递效应虽总体趋减,但2007年7月后出现了反复,且符号也发生了改变。在上述结论基础上,本文提出了相关政策建议。     

试论人民币汇率制度的改革

随着我国经济实力的增强,人民币升值的压力也越来越大.从汇率短期升值、长期贬值趋势来看,我国汇率的决定基础和影响汇率变动的形成机制存在诸多不足.有必要采取有效措施平稳实现灵活汇率.     

人民币汇率制度选择

摘要：在分析发达国家和发展中国家的汇率制度选择的基础上,提出中国的人民币汇率制度选择建议。汇率制度的选择问题绝不仅仅是静态的,它本身是一国央行对该国经济情况的有机选择。“自由浮动”的人民币汇率制度将成为人民币汇率制度变迁的最终选择。     

论人民币汇率政策选择

关于人民币汇率政策,有两个问题需要深入分析研究：其一是人民币要不要升值,其二是人民币汇率要不要浮动。本文认为人民币的升值时机基本成熟,但实行浮动汇率制的条件尚不具备。中国可考虑适当升值人民币,并在新的汇率水平上实行稳定的汇率政策。     

基于亚洲货币单位的人民币汇率的思考

亚洲货币单位的出台对我们的汇率改革是机遇还是更多的挑战?本文采用理论分析和实证研究相结合的方法,指出“不可能三角”不能作为中国汇率选择的依据,基于亚洲货币单位的东亚货币合作也存在很多的不确定因素,我们需要在“钟摆”区间里使人民币汇率制度在稳定中增加更多的弹性。     

香港联系汇率制度取向研究

随着人民币国际化战略的推进,香港成为人民币离岸金融业务的首选试验场,这很有可能对与美元挂钩的香港联系汇率制度产生挑战。本文通过人民币与港币的联动性研究来分析港币联系汇率制度的取向问题。首先测算人民币均衡汇率,得出人民币与美元关联度减弱的结论。接着分析港币均衡汇率并对其失调程度进行估计,得出港币汇率波动脱离经济基本面的结论。在此基础上,采用协整检验方法对人民币与港币的联动性进行分析,证明两种货币已经具备了长期均衡关系,具备了建立共同货币区的基础。在上述分析的前提下得出结论,香港联系汇率制度在目前的经济大环境下,已经出现了与经济基本面不协调的因素,而人民币国际化的发展也使得人民币的国际地位逐步加强,在这两方面的共同影响下,港币与人民币虽然还未达到一体化的最佳时机,但港币转为挂钩人民币已经有一定基础,为此,本文提出相应的政策建议。     

Re-examining Cointegration, Unit Roots and Efficiency in Foreign Exchange Rates

This paper examines the cointegrating relationships in seven foreign exchange rates for a sample period from 1974 to 1991 by utilizing Johansen's (1991) method. Three subperiods are also examined to confirm the intertemporal stability of the test results. In addition, subgroups of the seven exchange rates are analyzed to determine the consistency of the empirical results with respect to different dimensions in the system. We find that the test results are sensitive to the choice of test statistics, time trends, subperiods as well as subgroups. All results indicate either one or no cointegrating relationship exists. Further, we study time series properties of twenty one cross-currency rates and the corresponding exchange rates in terms of a common currency. None of cross-currency rates are stationary and hence the pairs of exchange rates are not cointegrated.     

论发展中国家的汇率制度选择

在金融全球化背景下,汇率制度的安排与选择对于发展中国家来说是十分重要的.无论发展中国家采取钉住汇率制还是浮动汇率制,都不能确保汇率的稳定和经济的持续增长.为此,发展中国家必须对其汇率制度进行改革,其改革的合理路径应是正确设定汇率变化的目标区、加强区域性的货币合作和限制投资资本的无度流动.从长远看,我国汇率制度的改革方向是要形成以市场供求为基础的、单一的、有管理的浮动汇率制,并增加汇率的弹性,扩大汇率的浮动区间.     

Currency Orders and Exchange Rate Dynamics: An Explanation for the Predictive Success of Technical Analysis

This paper documents clustering in currency stop‐loss and take‐profit orders, and uses that clustering to provide an explanation for two familiar predictions from technical analysis: (1) trends tend to reverse course at predictable support and resistance levels, and (2) trends tend to be unusually rapid after rates cross such levels. The data are the first available on individual currency stop‐loss and take‐profit orders. Take‐profit orders cluster particularly strongly at round numbers, which could explain the first prediction. Stop‐loss orders cluster strongly just beyond round numbers, which could explain the second prediction.     

均衡汇率：汇率调整的主要依据

人民币是高估还是低估的讨论，就是相对于一个参照系的问题，即经济学上所说的均衡汇率问题。均衡汇率是汇率理论中的核心问题之一，是判断汇率水平是否失调及汇率政策是否需要调整的主要客观依据。     

Incomplete Exchange Rate Pass-Through: Evidence from Exchange Rate Reform in China

Exchange rate disconnect is one of the central puzzles in international macroeconomics. Recently, there is a growing literature that studies the microeconomic foundations or mechanisms for incomplete exchange rate pass-through. However, the estimations of the exchange rate pass-through vary widely in the existing literature. Our article proposes the use of a policy-based instrumental variable for exchange rate, exploiting the exchange rate reform in China, and finds that 67% of exchange rate pass-through into the FOB export price of Chinese exports. This contrasts to the almost full exchange rate pass-through using OLS estimation. We further find that the export price of homogeneous goods, low-technology goods, and goods supplied by domestic non-SOEs is more sensitive to exchange rate changes.     

Equilibrium Exchange Rate Hedging

We assume a world like the one that gives the capital asset pricing model, but with many goods and many countries. We assume that investors in a given country have homothetic utility functions with the same weights, and a currency that has a sure end-of-period value using a price index with those weights. Siegel's paradox (derived from Jensen's inequality) makes investors want a positive amount of exchange risk. When average risk tolerance is the same across countries, every investor will hold the same mix of market risk (through the world market portfolio of all assets) and exchange risk (in a diversified basket of foreign currencies). In fact, the ratio of exchange risk to market risk is equal to the average investor's risk tolerance. We can write the ratio of exchange risk to market risk (and the fraction of the market's exchange risk that investors hedge) as depending on an average of world market risk premia, an average of world market volatilities, and an average of exchange rate volatilities. The weights in these averages are the same as the weights of the different countries in the currency basket. Given these averages, the ratio (and the fraction hedged) will not depend directly on exchange rate means or covariances. In equilibrium, we can use the ratio of exchange risk to market risk to measure average risk tolerance: in this model, risk tolerance is observable.