Banking system control,capital allocation,and economy performance

We observe less efficient capital allocation in countries whose banking systems are more thoroughly controlled by tycoons or families. The magnitude of this effect is similar to that of state control over banking. Unlike state control, tycoon or family control also correlates with slower economic and productivity growth, greater financial instability, and worse income inequality. These findings are consistent with theories that elite-capture of a country’s financial system can embed “crony capitalism.”     

Assessing the interaction effect of cost control systems and information technology integration on manufacturing plant financial performance

The interface between management control and information technology is an under-developed research area with a knowledge gap concerning its implications for financial performance. This study contributes to bridging this gap by investigating the interaction effect of cost control systems and information technology integration on manufacturing plant financial performance. We surveyed a sample of 518 managers of U.S. manufacturing plants, approximately evenly distributed between those using activity-based costing and volume-based costing. Using hierarchical regression analyses, results indicate that while information technology integration and cost control systems do not provide significant independent effects on plant financial performance, they do interact to positively impact manufacturing plant financial performance. Thus, our findings suggest that manufacturing plants will reap the greatest financial performance benefits from investments in activity-based cost control systems when combined with information technology integration.     

Enterprise resource planning systems, management control and the quest for integration

This paper analyses how two companies pursued integration of management and control through enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems. We illustrate how the quest for integration is an unending process and it is produced concurrently and episodically. Integration is not only about ‘mere’ visibility and control at a distance. ERP systems do not define what integration is and how it is to be developed, but they incur a techno-logic that conditions how control can be performed through financial and non-financial representations because they distinguish between an accounting mode and a logistics mode. A primary lesson from our cases is that control cannot be studied apart from technology and context because one will never get to understand the underlying ‘infrastructure’—the meeting point of many technologies and many types of controls. ERP systems are particularly interesting for what they make impossible, and our cases illustrate how the two organizations in the quest for integration mobilized a number of ‘boundary objects’ to overcome systems-based ‘blind spots’ and ‘trading zones’. The paper points out that management control in an ERP-environment is not a property of the accounting function but a collective affair were local control issues in different parts of the organization are used to create notions of global management.     

Information immobility,industry concentration,and institutional investors’ performance

This paper examines foreign institutional investors’ portfolio allocation and performance in US securities. We test how information immobility, proxied by information barriers between the investors’ home markets and the US, influences portfolio strategies. Consistent with theoretical predictions, foreign institutional investors’ total investment in the US is negatively related to information immobility. Similarly, information immobility is a significant driver of portfolio under-diversification across industries. Industry concentration has declined over time, consistent with declining search costs. Industry-concentrated portfolios outperform more diversified portfolios for both foreign and US institutional investors. Concentration especially helps institutional investors with the easiest access to information.     

Information,sophistication, and foreign versus domestic investors’ performance

Using an intraday transaction dataset with trader identity, we study foreign and domestic investors’ trading activities and investment performance ahead of open-ending events of Taiwanese closed-end funds. Simply buying the funds at a discount and holding until open-ending generates large abnormal returns. All information required to execute this strategy is made public, so the events set up natural experiments to examine how investors trade, holding constant access to information. Foreign investors are net buyers ahead of the open-endings, more than doubling their positions and earning large abnormal returns. Domestic investors are net sellers while the discounts are still large, and forego large abnormal returns. The results suggest that investor sophistication in interpreting the same information is potentially an important determinant of investment performance differences across foreign and domestic investors.     

State control,access to capital and firm performance

We study the effect of state control on capital allocation and investment in China, where the government screens prospective stock issuers. We find that state firms are more likely to obtain government approval to conduct seasoned equity offerings than non-state firms. Further, non-state firms exhibit greater sensitivities of subsequent investment and stock performance to regulatory decisions on stock issuances than state firms. Our work suggests that state control of capital access distorts resource allocation and impedes the growth of non-state firms. We also provide robust evidence that financial constraints cause underinvestment.     

内部控制规范的国际分野与融合

我国已颁布<企业内部控制基本规范>,西方各主要国家也已经建立起自己的内部控制规范体系.这些内部控制规范体系之间既相互分野,又有相互融合之势.本文拟通过对世界三大内部控制规范体系的对比研究,归纳与总结它们的差异和相同点,并在此基础上分析其未来发展走向,以便为加强对中国内部控制规范的认识提供帮助,也为中国内部控制规范未来的改进和发展提供理论基础.     

Supermarkets and suppliers in the United Kingdom: System integration, information and control

This paper raises the issue of control in new organizational configurations where information and communication technology is the critical enabler of business integration. It is organized around two guiding questions; how and why major U.K. supermarkets have taken control and dominance of the food market, and the role of information technology and accounting information in replacing market relationships. The study illustrates the way in which markets can be structured and controlled by strategic reconfiguration of supply sources and customer outlets.     

Product innovation, budgetary control, and the financial performance of firms

Organizations are increasingly calling for greater budgetary oversight of the product innovation process. A major focus of their concern is the costs associated with product innovation together with their need to enhance their financial performance through these endeavours. However, the literature has raised a number of issues arising from such budgetary proposals, suggesting that the creativity of those involved in product innovation should not be constrained by cost concerns, that the use of management control systems is incompatible with product innovation, and that budgets may stifle innovation. It is argued in this paper that the extent to which product innovation has a positive impact on the financial performance of firms is dependent on the manner in which budgets are used in organizations. If budgets are used predominantly as a planning mechanism, then such budget planning facilitates product innovation resulting in enhanced performance. In contrast, if budgets are used primarily as a control mechanism, then it is unlikely that product innovation will contribute to financial performance. The results of the study are consistent with these expectations. This paper makes a contribution to the literature by providing empirical evidence of the impact of budgets in the context of product innovation.     

Information technology,contextual factors and the volatility of firm performance

This study uses previous theory developed in the IT implementation literature and the information processing view of the firm to empirically investigate the impact of IT investments and several contextual variables on the volatility of future earnings. We use InformationWeek 500 data on IT spending from 1992–1997 to find evidence that IT investments increase the volatility of future earnings but that this impact is highly contingent upon three firm level contextual factors — sales growth, unrelated diversification, and size. These factors can lead to conditions in which IT increases or reduces earnings volatility. Taken together, these results may help explain what has recently been termed the “new productivity paradox,” i.e., the apparent under-investment in information technology despite evidence of highly positive returns for doing so, and suggests settings where managers may be under- or over-discounting returns on IT investments.     

开放式应用软件系统集成模型

一、软件应用系统现状 随着社会整体信息化水平的提高,人们对不同信息系统之间的集成与互联提出了越来越强烈的要求.然而,由于技术、设备、模型等原因,相互独立的系统之间需要非常多的额外工作,才能在一定程度上实现信息共享或协同操作.     

内部控制缺陷与公司业绩

基于公司业绩角度,分析内部控制对公司业绩的影响机制,并利用2012-2015年A股上市企业的经验数据进行实证检验.研究发现:相较于内部控制健全的公司,存在内部控制缺陷的公司业绩较差;且内部控制缺陷程度对公司业绩有显著影响,内部控制缺陷越严重的公司业绩越差.     

Disproportionate insider control and firm performance

The effect of disproportionate insider control on firm performance is ambiguous. Disproportionate control may enhance insiders’ ability to expropriate perquisites; on the other hand, it may provide stability of management and reduce short‐term market pressures. Using a hand‐collected sample of U.S. dual‐class firms, we find that disproportionate control is positively associated with accounting‐based performance, but negatively associated with Tobin's Q. These results are consistent with the incentives of entrenched insiders who are interested in profitability but less beholden to capital markets.     

The integration of the offshore and domestic banking system

The thesis of this article is that offshore banks are branches of the major U.S., British, Swiss, German, Japanese, etc., banks situated in ‘monetary havens’ jurisdictions in which they are subject to minimal regulation, especially to requirements that they must hold non-interest bearing reserves against their deposits. Each bank determines the maximum interest rate to pay on offshore deposits as a function of the maximum interest rate on domestic deposits and the implicit tax on reserve requirements. The more rapid growth of offshore deposits than of domestic deposits during the last several decades reflects two factors — the implicit tax on domestic deposits has increased with the upward movement in interest rates and investor assessment of the risk associated with external deposits has decreased. The effective reserve requirement applicable to each bank is the weighted average of requirements applied to its domestic deposits and to its offshore deposits. Because offshore deposits have grown more rapidly than domestic deposits, the effective reserve requirement has decreased: the fractional reserve multiplier has increased. Because the growth of offshore deposits to domestic deposits appears highly variable, the effectiveness of monetary control has declined.     

Time-varying integration,interdependence and contagion

Bekaert et al. (2005) define contagion as “correlation over and above what one would expect from economic fundamentals”. Based on a two-factor asset pricing specification to model fundamentally-driven linkages between markets, they define contagion as correlation among the model residuals, and develop a corresponding test procedure. In this paper, we investigate to what extent conclusions from this contagion test depend upon the specification of the time-varying factor exposures. We develop a two-factor model with global and regional market shocks as factors. We make the global and regional market exposures conditional upon both a latent regime variable and three structural instruments, and find that, for a set of 14 European countries, this model outperforms more restricted versions. The structurally-driven increase in global (regional) market exposures and correlations suggest that market integration has increased substantially over the last three decades. Using our optimal model, we do not find evidence that further integration has come at the cost of contagion. We do find evidence for contagion, however, when more restricted versions of the factor specifications are used. We conclude that the specification of the global and regional market exposures is an important issue in any test for contagion.     

Correlations,business cycles and integration

Correlations and the integration of capital markets impact upon portfolio diversification. The key research question addressed in this paper is whether and to what extent business cycles and financial deregulation affect correlations and integration between the Australian and US markets. In summary, four major themes can be detected in our findings. First, correlations between the Australian and US markets are at their highest when the US is in a contractionary phase. Secondly, we are more likely to conclude that the markets are integrated in the expansionary phase of business cycles. Thirdly, we are more likely to conclude that the markets are segmented in the contractionary phase of the business cycles. Finally, we are more likely to conclude that markets are segmented prior to deregulation and integrated in the post financial deregulation period.     

A path model examining the relations among strategic performance measurement system characteristics,organizational justice,and extra- and in-role performance

Economic theory suggests that multiple financial and non-financial measures (i.e., a strategic performance measurement system “SPMS”) be used in compensation contracting to properly direct employees’ attention and motivate behavior aligned with organizational goals. Conversely, linking incentives to the SPMS can result in various dysfunctional behaviors, including game playing by employees, the achievement of unbalanced performance, and the potential of basing compensation on an incomplete performance measurement system. Prior literature has investigated the use of subjectivity in compensation contracting as a means of potentially mitigating these problems; however, subjectivity can introduce other problems including claims of favoritism and bias. Economic theorists have recently begun expanding the traditional agency model to include the notion of fairness or justice. In this study, we obtain data from an organization that uses an SPMS as the basis for the allocation of bonuses and investigate whether characteristics of the SPMS are associated with perceived organizational fairness. Specifically, we hypothesize and show that the extent to which employees perceive that the SPMS reflects a strategic causal model and the degree to which it is technically valid are positively associated with their perceptions of organizational justice. We also provide evidence that heightened levels of organizational justice are the mechanism though which the perceived characteristics of the SPMS are associated with employee performance. The implication is that firms do not necessarily need to introduce subjectivity into the incentive contracting system, but can enhance performance by linking incentive contracts to their SPMS if the system contains characteristics that enhance employees’ perceptions of justice.     

完善内控体系强化风险管理

虽然传统上我国商业银行对操作风险的管理十分重视,但由于银行自身治理有效性不足,风险控制文化缺乏,内部组织结构不合理,缺乏现代风险理论和技术支撑,信息化水平不高等原因,商业银行尤其是规模较小的城市商业银行对操作风险的管理能力有明显欠缺,由此产生的案件时有发生.     

理顺机制 控制节奏

新股定价的市场化是中国股市改革的方向,其前提是理顺股票二级市场的价格形成机制,关键是发行股票的数量和节奏控制。