New Product Team Decision Making: Regulatory Focus Effects on Number,Type, and Timing Decisions*

Company executives rely on new product development teams to carry out their directives and make decisions according to management's goals. However, team members bring their own motivational perspectives to strategic decisions. This research examines how individual and leadership motivations influence a dyadic team's new product decisions. Specifically, this article investigates how matching vs. mismatched motivations between team members affect new product number, type, and timing decisions. In addition, this study asks how effective leadership‐provided motivations are in guiding teams' new product decisions. A set of hypotheses is developed using regulatory focus theory, which identifies basic motivational differences in individuals (i.e., promotion vs. prevention focus) and their effects on decision making. The hypotheses examine the effects of regulatory focus match vs. mismatch within teams on the likelihood to introduce new products, the timing of new product introductions, and the types of new products introduced. To test the hypotheses, a controlled, yet realistic product management simulation is employed. A total of 124 undergraduate seniors (83 women and 41 men) at a large public university enrolled in a marketing management capstone course participated in this study for partial course credit. Utilizing two‐person teams engaged in a business simulation ensured an appropriate level of controlled complexity in the decision making task, while allowing the phenomena of interest to be isolated and tested. Results show that when dyads share the same motivational approach (regulatory focus match), leadership‐prescribed goal pursuit strategies are largely ineffective. Only dyads that do not share the same motivational approach to decision making (regulatory focus mismatch) make new product decisions consistent with leadership‐prescribed goal pursuit strategies. For regulatory focus match dyads, the results demonstrate that a promotion focus (when compared to a prevention focus) leads to greater numbers of new products introduced, faster new product introductions, and more novel new product introductions. For new product managers, these results carry important implications. Which new product opportunities to invest in and which to forgo is presumably determined by the strategic direction given to teams by top management. Results suggest that when team members share the same motivational approach, this not only influences new product decisions, but also diminishes or eliminates the influence top management can exert on new product decisions. Such “isolation” from leadership influences does not have to be detrimental. For example, companies that seek to insulate new product development teams from influences from the top, such as is the case in many new venture incubations, would be well served to staff those teams ensuring a promotion focus match.     

Choice situation,strategy, and performance: A reexamination

This study further examines strategy and performance relationships between and within situations of varying strategic choice and environmental determinism. Contrary to Lawless and Finch's (1989) previous test of Hrebiniak and Joyce's (1985) dynamic, interactive view of organizational adaptation, the results are more in line with the theory. Some discrepancies are found, however, suggesting useful issues and hypotheses for future research.     

Vertical Ownership,Program Network Carriage,and Tier Positioning in Cable Television: An Empirical Study

Using a 2004 cross-sectional database of digital cable systems in the U.S., we provide new evidence that the effects of vertical ownership ties between systems and programming suppliers persist in spite of extensive channel capacity expansion, as well as new competition from direct broadcast satellites. Focusing on four program network groups (basic outdoor entertainment, basic cartoon, basic movie, and premium movie), we generally find that integrated cable systems carry their affiliated networks more frequently and carry unaffiliated rival networks less frequently—a pattern identified by previous studies using data prior to DBS or the capacity expansion effects of digital cable. We also find that integrated systems that do carry rival networks often position them on digital tiers having more limited subscriber access, a pattern not investigated in previous studies.     

The Effects of Rate Regulation on Mean Returns and Non-Diversifiable Risk: The Case of Cable Television

Anticipated effects of rate controls are best observed in abnormalreturns in sectors providing complements and substitutes to the sector targeted for regulation. Further, risk may rise in response to rate controls, increasing the cost of capital and lowering investment. We examine stock price movements during events tied to the 1992 Cable Act, which reinstituted price controls on U.S. cable TV operators. We find strong evidence that controls were not anticipated to lower quality-adjusted cable rates. In addition, the uncertaintyof the policy led to substantially increased stock betas in some sectors.     

The Choice of Payment Schemes: Australian Establishment Data

We use Australian establishment data to estimate the determinants of incentive schemes. Hypotheses are drawn from the new economics of personnel and the strategic choice literatures. Larger firms are more likely to use individual schemes such as piece rates. Firms where female workers predominate or those facing stiff product market competition are more likely to use both piece rates and profit sharing. We also isolate the effects of monitoring, job security, and industrial relations climate.     

Local Ownership Restrictions, Entry Mode Choice, and FDI Performance: Japanese Overseas Subsidiaries in Asia

This study examines the moderating effects of a host government's local ownership restrictions on the linkage between the choice of foreign entry mode and its performance, using a sample of 917 Japanese foreign subsidiaries in Asia. The study focuses on two foreign entry modes, joint ventures (JVs) and wholly-owned subsidiaries (WOS), and two performance measures, financial performance and termination rate. The results suggest that the extent of local ownership restrictions is negatively and significantly associated with the financial performance of WOS, whereas it does not directly influence that of JVs. There is no clear association between the extent of local ownership restrictions and the termination rate for the JV and WOS samples.     

Timing,order and durability of new product advantages with imitation

This research examined the effects of timing, order and the durability of first mover advantages by analyzing the stock market reactions to new product introductions and imitations. The major findings are that both timing and order of moves are important and that rival reactions undermine the durability of first mover advantages. More specifically, (1) early and fast movers achieve greater gains than late and slow movers, and (2) first movers suffer at the time of new product imitations. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

模切机的种类与选择

模切压凸是在商业与包装印刷印后加工中出现频率最高的工序,在大量生产的纸盒、纸箱、商标、卡片、书页、信封等印刷品的车间里更是比比皆是。经过加工的包装印刷品,可以大幅度地提高档次,对宣传产品、吸引顾客、增加产品附加值起着重要作用。我国去年已     

Fish farming in Europe: Commercial and political dimensions

The author argues that, because of considerable scope for increased production efficiency, farmed fish will provide strong competition for caught fish, and eventually for animal protein from land agriculture. Demand response will be tempered by low price elasticities, while certain other factors (such as the wider choice offered by the growing range of farmed fish species) will stimulate consumption. In all countries, governments have a role to play-eg undertaking basic biological research. This role for government, together with the challenge presented by fish farming to its competitors, explains why politics will be important in determining the rate at which the new industry will expand.     

交易特征、关系信任与农业企业契约选择

“公司＋农户”模式是当前我国农业产业化经营的主导模式,如何选择合适的契约是农业企业必须面对的一个重要问题。文章认为,农业企业契约选择不仅受交易特征的决定,同时也受双方关系信任程度的影响,是两种因素共同作用下的结果,并以南京市3家鸭制品加工企业为例,对影响农业企业契约选择的交易特征和关系信任等因素进行了案例分析,验证了这一研究假设。     

Market Share Inequality,the Number of Competitors,and the HHI: An Examination of Bank Pricing

This paper seeks to determine whether the Herfindahl--Hirschman index (HHI) adequately accounts for the roles of market share inequality and the number of competitors in explaining bank deposit and loan rates. This is been done by estimating deposit-rate and loan-rate equations in which the HHI is decomposed into components that reflect share inequality and number of competitors and, alternatively, by adding measures of share inequality and the number of competitors as additional explanatory variables. Results are inconclusive in the case of deposit rates but suggest that the HHI does not give sufficient weight to the number of competitors in explaining loan rates.     

农村零售区域评价、商店态度与消费者购物地选择

以山东省农村居民为调查对象,探讨了零售区域评价、商店态度与消费者购物地选择之间的关系。通过问卷调查,利用因子分析及多元线性回归分析验证了研究假设。实证分析结果表明,零售区域评价对商店态度产生显著影响,而商店态度是影响农村居民购物地选择决策的关键因素。     

2005年最佳商业与管理书籍

不久前,《经济观察报》推选出了10本“2005年最佳商业与管理书籍”,这些书籍分别讨论了当前管理实务界的热门话题,阅读这些富有启迪意义的书籍,可能会帮助我们发现新的市场机会,极大地拓宽我们的视野,为我们提供新的战略思维模式,帮助我们改善领导力和改善具体做事的方式等。本刊在这里对这些书籍作一简要介绍,有兴趣的读者不妨挑选几本来阅读。——编者     

Developing and Using Forecasting Models of Consumer Durables The Case of Color Television

Predicting the future sales of new and established products is a critical activity for companies to be able to plan and control their operations. Forecasting consumer durable sales is an especially difficult and challenging task since the marketplace is always changing. Barry Bayus, Saman Hong and Russell Labe present the concept of a market-driven forecasting model and discuss an application involving the forecasting of color television industry sales for RCA's Consumer Electronics Division. An important aspect of this application is that a single approach or model was inadequate to accurately forecast sales over the entire period since the introduction of color TV. Econometric and simulation models which were developed are described, along with their forecasting performance and management acceptance and use.     

中小企业进行技术创新的意义与策略选择

中小企业的技术创新不仅对企业自身的成长和竞争力的提高起决定作用,而且在促进经济发展和增长方式的转变中起重要作用。中小企业由于受到多种因素的制约,技术创新能力还不强,从宏观和微观两个角度来说,可通过制度环境的改善、产业集聚、转变技术模仿模式、以市场为导向开展技术合作等措施来提高中小企业的技术创新能力。     

Reducing the level of switching costs in mobile communications: The case of Mobile Number Portability

Switching costs are one of the most important economic forces that affect market competition in mobile communications. Both theoretical and empirical studies have shown that switching costs reduce market competition leading to higher prices, lower product and service quality, and lower customer welfare. Given their negative consequences, national regulatory authorities have designed policies aimed at reducing switching costs and fostering competition. One of the most important of these, in the mobile communications industry, is mobile number portability (MNP). The aim of this paper is to investigate the effect of MNP on switching costs in mobile phone services. First, a hierarchical Bayes model is proposed to measure switching costs at the customer level and to investigate the impact of MNP on them. Second, this study examines the drivers of MNP adoption by customers using a binary logit specification. The results reveal that this regulatory policy has significantly reduced the cost of switching and that MNP adoption partially depends on customer-related variables.