上市公司非公开发行的定价约束机制研究

私募增发股份是我国证券市场最近规范的再融资方式,已成为上市公司募集资金的主流渠道之一。发行定价是私募增发过程中的核心环节,也是亟待规范与校正的新课题。从典型案例看,由于各公司在定价基准日择取上的“百花齐放”,直接影响了私募增发的操作规范,导致作为私募定价约束的“九折规则”失灵,董事会的融资权(定价决定权及发行对象选择权)过大,为各式各样的寻租者及其利益输送行为提供了可乘之机,并诱发操纵股价隐患。因此,为保护中小股东利益,防范寻租行为,需强化私募增发的监管与定价约束。     

浅析上市公司定向增发定价基准日与发行价格的关系

近年来,越来越多的上市公司大股东和机构投资者热衷于参与上市公司定向增发,通过低吸高抛圈钱套利,大肆侵占小股东利益。这已成为近几年中国证券市场的普遍现象。上市公司大股东能够进行套利的根本原因在于定向增发的发行价格远低于即期市场价格,而发行价格又建立在由定价基准日决定的发行最低限价基础之上。本文从分析定向增发定价基准日的选择对发行价格影响的角度出发,通过案例分析对其关系进行研究,认为大股东倾向于选择董事会决议公告日作为定价基准日,变相压低发行价格,把定向增发作为利益输送或套利的工具。为了避免这种损害小股东利益的行为,应提倡将发行日的首日作为定价基准日。     

股市的投资机会——定向增发

定向增发是指中国的上市公司向一些条件符合的投资者实施的发行股份的行为,方式为非公开。定向增发投资以其高收益、低风险,使得众多投资者对其倍加关注。有两个必要的条件是定向增发应该具备的:第一个条件是针对于发行对象,其总数不允许超过10人,第二是针对于发行的价格,应不低于某日股票平均价格的90%,某日为指定日期之前20个交易日公司,指定日期为"定价基准日"。发行的股份在1年内不能转让(如果是大股东认购,则在3年内不能转让)。因为定向增发的融资方式对上市股份公司的业绩及盈亏情况没有太大的限制,整个发行的成本相比较其他方式而言也不高,操作方式也相对简便、容易获得监管层批准等优点,故很多公司愿意用定向增发的方式来扩大投投资,实现股东利益。从历史上的增发方案来看,定向增发能给投资者带来或多或少的投资机会。     

上市公司定向增发股票分析

定向增发降低了上市公司再融资的门槛,也是兼并收购及反向并购的有效工具。定向增发中会出现融资权力过于集中于董事会、定向增发管理过于宽松、认购资产质量良莠不齐、增发价格易被操控等问题。为此,提出约束规范董事会在定向增发中的作用及行为,严格管控定向增发,把握好增发中资产质量问题等建议。     

增发融资问题研究

增发融资是指上市公司以原股本为基础,再次筹集资金增加股本的行为。股份发行在经济周期上升时要高于债务发行,而增发融资更容易发生在公司自身股票价值上涨之后。在我国资本市场上,股权融资成本要低于债务融资成本,这与西方发达国家明显不一致,本文对其原因进行了分析,此外还分析了增发融资如何会导致股价下跌。最后揭露增发融资的缺陷即侵占流通股东利益等。     

美国私募发行证券的转售问题研究——兼论我国非公开发行证券转售制度的构建

私募发行的核心问题是注册豁免及转售规范。美国法从认购人资格、转售数量、信息披露、报告等各个方面对私募转售问题进行了规范。我国法律对非公开发行证券的转售规定过于简单，存在很大漏洞，建议借鉴美国私募的规定，完善我国非公开发行证券转售制度。     

增发融资问题研究

增发融资是指上市公司以原股本为基础,再次筹集资金增加股本的行为。股份发行在经济周期上升时要高于债务发行,而增发融资更容易发生在公司自身股票价值上涨之后。在我国资本市场上,股权融资成本要低于债务融资成本,这与西方发达国家明显不一致,本文对其原因进行了分析,此外还分析了增发融资如何会导致股价下跌。最后揭露增发融资的缺陷即侵占流通股东利益等。     

定向增发中的股价操纵研究

通过实证研究的方法,以2013年1月至2014年12月15日期间发出预案的共487起定向增发事件为样本,并根据发行对象的不同从长期和短期两个维度探讨了上市公司在定向增发预案公告时点的股价操纵行为,验证了近年大股东参与的定向增发在预案公布前仍经历较明显负向价格操纵,并揭示定向增发内幕交易情况依然较严重,且上市公司的股价操纵趋于长期。     

定向增发中的股价操纵研究

通过实证研究的方法,以2013年1月至2014年12月15日期间发出预案的共487起定向增发事件为样本,并根据发行对象的不同从长期和短期两个维度探讨了上市公司在定向增发预案公告时点的股价操纵行为,验证了近年大股东参与的定向增发在预案公布前仍经历较明显负向价格操纵,并揭示定向增发内幕交易情况依然较严重,且上市公司的股价操纵趋于长期。     

试论证券私募发行规范的适度性

私募发行是针对特定对象、以非公开方式、由特定规范加以规制的证券发行方式。其与公募发行相对应,同为资本市场中的融资渠道,能够满足发行人的不同筹资需求。源于私募发行自身的特殊性,私募法律规范的尺度把握应该合理,只有适度的规范才能够最大限度地方便私募发行人筹集资金,同时又较好地保护投资者利益。本文旨在从适度性方面探讨证券私募发行规范的完善,并从适度性角度提出完善我国证券私募发行法律规范的建议。     

Bayesian Premium Rating with Latent Structure

We propose a fully Bayesian approach to non-life risk premium rating, based on hierarchical models with latent variables for both claim frequency and claim size. Inference is based on the joint posterior distribution and is performed by Markov Chain Monte Carlo. Rather than plug-in point estimates of all unknown parameters, we take into account all sources of uncertainty simultaneously when the model is used to predict claims and estimate risk premiums. Several models are fitted to both a simulated dataset and a small portfolio regarding theft from cars. We show that interaction among latent variables can improve predictions significantly. We also investigate when interaction is not necessary. We compare our results with those obtained under a standard generalized linear model and show through numerical simulation that geographically located and spatially interacting latent variables can successfully compensate for missing covariates. However, when applied to the real portfolio data, the proposed models are not better than standard models due to the lack of spatial structure in the data.     

The development of the group accounts disclosure system in Japan

The Japanese disclosure system of consolidated statements was introduced in 1977 and extensively revised in 1997. The role of the bureaucracy has been significant in these developments and seems to be part of Japan's closed culture. However, other explanations could also be applied. In particular, although Japanese firms opposed such disclosures on the basis of preparation costs, the Japanese government had to modernize the disclosure system, including consolidation, in order to develop the securities market regardless of an individual company's interests.     

Moments of Compound Mixed Poisson Distributions

Recursive formulae are derived for the evaluation of the moments and the descending factorial moments about a point n of mixed Poisson and compound mixed Poisson distributions, in the case where the derivative of the logarithm of the mixing density can be written as a ratio of polynomials. As byproduct, we also obtain recursive formulae for the evaluation of the moments about the origin, central moments, descending and ascending factorial moments of these distributions. Examples are also presented for a number of mixing densities.     

The designing of corporate accounting law in Japan after the Second World War

After the Second World War, during the neutralization of the controlled economy of wartime Japan, a design for a Corporate Accounting Law was elaborated by the Investigation Committee on the Business Accounting System. The Investigation Committee tried to establish not only new business accounting standards but also a central and independent administrative organ of corporate accounting regulation on the basis of the Corporate Accounting Law. The Corporate Accounting Law was expected to lay the legal foundation of the new corporate accounting regulation regime in Japan. Nevertheless, even though the original design of the fundamental accounting law was never realized, it should be considered the starting point for our understanding of external accounting history in post-war Japan.     

The deliberation around accounting techniques: accounting for depreciation and foreign exchange in an Indian jute company, 1870-1900

This paper examines the way two accounting techniques, namely depreciation and foreign exchange, were deliberated on, between 1870 and 1900, in an Indian jute company whose shareholders resided in the UK. The arena for these deliberations was the conflictual relationship between controlling and non-controlling shareholders as to how best to account for depreciation and foreign exchange especially when the particular accountings affected distributional issues such as the dividend decision. The purpose of this paper is to analyse and explain the processes by which a company's accounting practices emerge and develop as a contest between different interests. Accounting framed the parameters of the deliberations and provided the language of power and dissent. The paper uses a rich archive that includes narrative and accounting material.     

Pricing Dynamic Insurance Risks Using the Principle of Equivalent Utility

We introduce an expected utility approach to price insurance risks in a dynamic financial market setting. The valuation method is based on comparing the maximal expected utility functions with and without incorporating the insurance product, as in the classical principle of equivalent utility. The pricing mechanism relies heavily on risk preferences and yields two reservation prices - one each for the underwriter and buyer of the contract. The framework is rather general and applies to a number of applications that we extensively analyze.     

Disclosure of government financial information and the cost of local government’s debt financing——Empirical evidence from provincial investment bonds for urban construction

China’s slowing economic growth and rapid urbanization have made local government debt financing a significant issue.This study uses a sample of China’s provinc...     

Guidelines for Manuscripts Submitted to The China Journal of Accounting Research

正The China Journal of Accounting Research"CJAR"(ISSN 1755-3091)publishes quarterly.It contains peer-reviewed articles and commentaries on accounting,auditing and corporate governance issues that relate to the greater China region.We welcome the submission of both theoretical and empirical research papers pertinent to researchers,regulators and practitioners.Authors should note:1 Submissions must be original     

International harmonization of Japanese accounting standards

Historically, Japanese accounting standards have been quite distinct from International Accounting Standards (IASs) which have been perceived as being modelled on British-American accounting standards. However, in the 1990s, after the publication of E32 in 1989 and the IASC-IOSCO Agreement in 1995, the Business Accounting Deliberation Committee (BADC), the standards-setting body in Japan, has pursued a policy of harmonization with IASs. Accounting standards relating to consolidated financial statements of companies that make cross-border offerings of securities or operate worldwide are being revised drastically. This paper focuses on the development of international accounting harmonization and its impact on Japan.