Food Waste and Food Retail Density

ABSTRACT

This paper examines the relationship between food retail density and municipal solid waste. We test for correlations between the volume of solid waste and the number of food-at-home retailers (e.g., grocery stores) and food-away-from-home retailers (e.g., restaurants) at the county level in the state of Mississippi over 2007–2012. Since food scraps comprise the largest share of post-recycling municipal solid waste in the United States, we control for the overall level of economic activity to account for other sources of solid waste, as well as demographic factors, county, and time effects. We find that increases in food-at-home retailer density are negatively correlated with solid waste volume. Conversely, we find that increases in the number of food-away-from-home retailers lead to more waste. While we do not explicitly investigate the mechanisms, we discuss possible avenues such as increased food access in the case of food at home, and increased portion sizes and substitutability in the case of food away from home.     

Do discounted food products end up in the bin? An investigation into the link between deal‐prone shopping behaviour and quantities of household food waste

Household food waste is considered to be the largest share of food waste along the food supply chain. Given that its recoverability is also more challenging compared to food waste in other stages of the chain, most studies on household food waste adopt a pre‐emptive approach by aiming to identify and address consumer beliefs, attitudes and actions that are linked to food waste. In scientific literature, household food waste has often been studied in relation to the habit of purchasing discounted food products (DFP). However, findings have been contradictory. Specifically, while some authors found that deal‐prone consumers are usually of lower income and therefore display a wiser and more attentive attitude towards grocery shopping, other authors reported that the purchase of discounted products was usually linked to compulsive shopping, hence resulting in higher food waste quantities at home. Due to these discrepant findings, a definitive answer on the impact of DFP on household food waste does not currently exist in the literature. This paper analyses the correlation between the purchase of DFP and weekly household food waste quantities. To do so, we examine (a) the results of a food waste diary experiment carried out on a representative sample of 385 households in Italy in February 2017, and (b) the results of a 23‐items Computer Assisted Web Interview survey administered to the same householders, in which shopping habits were investigated. Results revealed no evidence of either a positive or negative relationship between the purchase of DFP and household food waste quantities. Frequency of grocery shopping was the only variable found to have a significant impact on household food waste quantities.     

农民收入水平对农村家庭能源消费结构影响的实证分析

本文依据调查资料,利用层次分析法实证分析了农民收入水平对农村家庭能源消费结构的影响,得出结论:农户的收入水平对农村家庭生活用能源种类的选择影响较大,因此不同收入水平的农户家庭能源消费的结构存在较大的差异;人均收入在4000元以下的农户,户用沼气的权系数最大,人均收入超过4000元的农户,液化气的权系数最大;农户的收入越高,对能源的舒适性、便利性、卫生特性的要求越高,农户的收入越低,对能源的经济性则考虑得越多;使用无成本、又便利的户用沼气非常适合在收入水平较低的农村地区推广。     

黑龙江省居民消费价格指数(CPI)上涨因素分析

从价格指数的主体性和价格指数的结构性分析,食品价格是拉动价格总水平上涨的主要动力,耐用消费品价格上涨明显.工业消费品价格依然低迷,部分工业品价格涨幅扩大.2007年影响黑龙江省居民消费价格指数上涨的因素是:居住类价格上涨对总指数有一定影响,食品价格上涨是居民消费价格总水平上涨的主导因素,经济发展是物价上涨的内力推动.     

我国城乡居民食用农产品消费需求弹性比较——基于2003-2012年省级面板数据

文章利用AIDS模型,采用省级面板数据,对城乡居民主要食用农产品消费支出弹性及需求价格弹性进行估算,分析预算支出和价格变动对食用农产品消费的影响。结果表明：城乡居民对水产品和肉禽的消费支出均富有弹性,对粮食、植物油、蛋类和鲜瓜果的消费支出均缺乏弹性。农村居民对肉禽和蔬菜的支出弹性明显高于城镇居民。城乡居民对水产品的需求量对价格波动很敏感,但对粮食、肉禽、植物油、蔬菜和鲜瓜果的自价格弹性均为缺乏弹性。价格波动对城镇居民食用农产品消费的影响更大,而收入变动对农村居民食用农产品消费的影响更大。以上发现可为政府采取差别化政策引导居民改善食品消费结构及促进农业结构升级提供借鉴。     

农户收入决定及其区域差异--基于2011年中国社会状况综合调查数据的实证分析

本文基于Mincer收入方程构建了农户收入决定方程,利用2011年中国社会状况综合调查（ CSS）数据定量研究了农户收入的决定因素和农户收入差距的成因,期望能为农民增收政策的制定提供科学的参考依据。研究发现劳动力人数、劳动力平均受教育年限、物质资本和社会资本对农户收入具有显著的正效应,劳动力平均年龄和家庭负担率对农户收入的影响为负;分东中西部进行的区域比较,发现上述因素对农户收入的影响存在显著的区域差异,物质资本、教育和社会资本是农户收入差距的主要影响因素。     

消费与中国经济结构调整问题研究

本文认为,消费环节使生产出来的产品得以最后完成其为产品,同时为生产创造出新的动力,消费问题也日益凸显其在经济结构调整中的战略意义。实现消费结构的升级,扩大消费者的有效需求,客观上要求我们要从增加居民可支配收入和缩小收入差距着手,关键是实现我国经济产业结构的优化升级,这就要求我们在经济结构的调整中要注重以满足消费需求为生产导向,同时注重发挥市场在经济结构调整中的基础性作用。     

农村居民收入及其分配差距对消费需求影响的实证分析

农村消费对我国经济增长起着举足轻重的作用。通过实证分析,我国农民的收入与消费水平呈正相关关系,收入是影响农民消费最直接、最具决定性的因素。目前我国城市化水平低下、农村剩余劳动力转移困难、农村中非农产业发展迟缓及收入分配差距加大等原因,对农民收入及消费水平的提高产生了较大负面影响,已成为我国农村消费市场一直启而不动的根本原因     

城镇居民收入群体消费函数分析

城镇居民消费函数的建立应该充分考虑到居民之间消费行为的差别,这样就可以使得消费函数更加准确地描述居民的生活状况。依据我国的城镇居民可支配收入数据把城镇居民划分成高、中、低三个收入群体,并且结合消费数据对三个收入群体的消费函数形式进行计量检验,证明提高低收入群体的可支配收入水平有利于提高消费率。     

Saving for Retirement: Understanding the Importance of Heterogeneity

A large number of households spend much of their working lives not engaged in saving for retirement, in contrast to the basic proposition that motivates the lifecycle model of consumption. This article discusses the relationship between this observed savings behavior and three specific areas of heterogeneity in the household consumption problem: budget constraints, savings motives, and preferences. Using the Surveys of Consumer Finances, the article shows that saving for liquidity (precautionary motives) and saving for specific purchases (like housing and education) compete with saving for retirement and may explain why the median household approaches the last years of its working life with only a year’s worth of income in financial assets. Another part of the explanation is shown to be high discount rates or rates of time preference, which cause households to engage in “buffer-stock” saving over the earliest years of their working lives. Heterogeneity in motives and preferences for saving present a challenge to financial professionals and policy makers who hope to encourage more people to save actively for retirement. JEL Classification D910     

中国政府消费与居民消费关系研究

政府消费对居民消费存在着挤出效应、挤入效应。本文在典型的新古典经济学的分析框架下,引入凯恩斯主义中的当期绝对可支配收入研究政府消费与居民消费的关系,发现中国居民消费率与政府消费率、可支配收入占比之间存在阶段性的协整关系,政府消费对居民消费存在加强的挤出效应;政府消费与居民消费共生,互为Granger因果;政府消费对居民消费的动态效应开始为挤入,后为更强挤出。如果在新经济增长阶段中国政府消费职能从推动经济建设向提供公共产品过渡,中国政府消费对居民消费的作用也将从挤出变为挤入。