生态旅游内涵再论－－兼与郭舒先生商榷

生态旅游在世界范围内发展迅速，对生态旅游的概念内涵如何理解存在不同观点。文章阐述了生态旅游的产生背景，对生态旅游的主体行为进行了分析后，综合性地给出了生态旅游的内涵，同时，简要地分析了生态旅游资源、生态旅游产品和生态旅游的分类。     

城镇化发展背景下乡村生态旅游管理思考

<正>随着我国城镇化建设持续推进，为乡村生态旅游发展带来了契机，由此吸引了大量的城镇居民前往乡村旅游，从而推动了乡村经济发展，提升了村民的生活水平。对此，文章首先简单阐述了乡村生态旅游的内涵和重要价值，接着探究了乡村生态旅游发展中存在的问题，最后针对这些问题提出了城镇化背景下乡村生态旅游管理提升策略，以期推进乡村经济高质量发展。     

生态旅游可持续发展--亚太地区部长级会议述评

生态旅游是 2 0世纪 80年代中后期在国际上产生并迅速发展起来的一种新兴旅游产品 ,为了使世界各国政府和企业更好地认识发展生态旅游带来的经济、社会和环境效益 ,进一步促进全球生态旅游的可持续发展 ,联合国通过召开一系列的国际会议来介绍和交流世界各国发展生态旅游的成功经验 ,研讨如何进一步促进全球生态旅游的可持续发展。2 0 0 2年 2月 11日～ 13日 ,世界旅游组织在马尔代夫召开了“亚太地区生态旅游可持续发展部长级会议” ,来自亚太地区 2 0多个国家和世界组织的近百名代表聚集在一起 ,共同对亚太地区生态旅游可持续发展进行了交…     

生态旅游内涵再论——兼与郭舒先生商榷

生态旅游在世界范围内发展迅速 ,对生态旅游的概念内涵如何理解存在不同观点。文章阐述了生态旅游的产生背景 ,对生态旅游的主体行为进行了分析后 ,综合性地给出了生态旅游的内涵 ,同时 ,简要地分析了生态旅游资源、生态旅游产品和生态旅游的分类。     

多元主体协同参与下的丽水生态旅游发展策略分析——以升级版诗画浙江大花园最美核心区建设为例

浙江丽水建设诗画浙江大花园最美核心区的宏伟规划,为发展生态旅游创造了得天独厚的优势,使得丽水的生态旅游进入到了新的发展阶段。文章对丽水生态旅游发展现状进行深入调研,探寻发展过程中存在的问题,并以问题为导向,抓住诗画浙江大花园最美核心区建设的有利契机,积极探索多元主体协同参与下的丽水生态旅游发展策略。在充分发挥多元主体自身优势的基础上,打造升级版诗画浙江大花园最美核心区,促进丽水生态旅游高质量发展,发挥生态旅游对丽水地方经济的拉动作用。     

话说生态旅游——中国生态旅游研讨会札记

年初,由中国旅游协会生态旅游专业委员会等单位共同举办的中国生态旅游研讨会,对当前世界新兴的生态旅游活动进行了比较全面的探讨。 (一) 要了解生态旅游,必须从人类和大自然的关系说起。人类是大自然之子,生命来源于大自然,人类社会的发展必须与自然环境     

中国生态旅游研究热点演变与趋势——基于CiteSpace知识图谱分析

生态旅游是旅游研究中的重要分支,在可持续发展理念和生态文明建设实践的影响和培育下,我国生态旅游理论研究和实践都取得了长足的进展。本文选取CNKI中国学术期刊网络出版总库的中文核心期刊和CSSCI来源期刊,对高关注度文献、关键词、作者、期刊特征进行了分析,基于CiteSpace知识图谱分析,结合生态旅游实践发展,将中国生态旅游研究划分为3个阶段,探索阶段的研究主要集中于内涵和理念的认知,发展阶段的研究热点主要有自然保护区域、生态旅游发展和生态建设等,深化阶段的研究主题更丰富,与乡村振兴、生态文明等战略的联系更紧密。最后,从基础理论与研究框架构建、生态旅游地健康价值与知识内涵、典型地域系统性研究、市场规律与培育、生态旅游影响及其演化规律、与地域文化互动融合、管理技术与社区参与7个方面对未来中国生态旅游研究趋势进行了预测。     

可持续发展的选择——"2002·中国生态旅游论坛"述评

生态旅游的迅速发展 ,引起了世界范围内的关注 ,2 0 0 2年 5月 ,来自全世界 132个国家的公有、私有及非政府部门的 10 0 0多名代表聚集加拿大魁北克 ,出席了根据联合国 2 0 0 2年“国际生态旅游年”的活动计划 ,由联合国环境署 (ＵＮＥＰ)和世界旅游组织(ＷＴＯ)发起的世界生态旅游峰会 ,会上发布了《魁北克生态旅游宣言》 ,对各国政府、私营部门、国际机构、非政府机构、学术机构和地方社区组织等就开展生态旅游提出了具体的建议。为了响应联合国关于 2 0 0 2年“国际生态旅游年”的决定和《魁北克生态旅游宣言》的各项建议 ,由中国社会科…     

从生态旅游的三大效益再论生态旅游活动的形式--兼与刘德谦先生商榷

生态旅游理论与实践面临的核心问题是：其追求的三大效益之间由于存在复杂的关系而难以同时达到最大化。如果严格限制所有的生态旅游为特殊专项化的活动形式，则存在许多未解决的问题。为了达到生态旅游持续的综合效益最大化，我们应该遵循生态经济学的原则和规律，同时引入技术手段，根据不同生态旅游系统的旅游承载量来开展不同形式的生态旅游活动，而对于人工自然型地域生态旅游系统则应积极开发大众化的生态旅游产品。     

生态旅游与当地居民利益－－肯尼亚生态旅游成功经验分析

生态旅游已成为当今世界旅游业的热点，然而不适当或不科学的生态旅游开发已使很多生态保护区遭受了不同程度的损坏。本文以曾经是世界生态旅游成功的典范国家肯尼亚为例，分析了生态旅游的成功与当地居民利益之间的关系，试图提供给旅游开发者和经营者一个发展良好生态旅游的借鉴。     

国家公园生态旅游的本土化路径研究

中国生态旅游资源丰富,生态旅游发展潜力巨大,但实践的泛化造成生态旅游发展陷入困境,生态旅游形象受损。如何利用国家公园建设契机塑造有影响力的生态旅游品牌,是一个亟待研究的课题。在梳理中外生态旅游实践的基础上,本文认为,基于文化观念、生态资源与实践环境等差异,中国国家公园开展生态旅游需立足国情,建议重点从5个方面探索本土化路径：一是明确开展生态旅游的现实目标是生态资源的安全,价值目标是人与自然和谐相处;二是明晰生态旅游的内涵与外延,以此严格界定生态旅游实践内容与形式;三是重点从良性互动的社区参与和科学的自然解说系统两个方面,加强生态旅游科学实践,重塑生态旅游形象;四是利用研学旅行和自然教育等生态产品消费契机,提升公众生态文明素养;五是加强生态旅游制度建设,推动国家公园成为生态旅游和生态文明建设的示范基地。     

Residents’ perspectives of a newly developed ecotourism project: an assessment of effectiveness through the lens of an importance–performance analysis

Understanding the perceived importance and performance of various components of ecotourism to residents living in the area it is undertaken is crucial to the overall success of an ecotourism development project. This study examines residents’ perceptions of the importance and performance of ecotourism components (i.e. environmental conservation, economic wellbeing, promotion of local arts and culture, local participation, and fair share of resources), including overall ecotourism development, at the Gaurishankar Conservation Area (GCA) – a recently implemented ecotourism development project in Nepal. This study also examines the effect of socio-demographic, economic, and psychological factors on a perceived gap between the importance and the performance of ecotourism components. Findings suggest that the ecotourism development project at the GCA should concentrate on improving the economic wellbeing of residents, and on overall ecotourism development. Findings also suggest that residents’ inclusion in benefit-sharing mechanisms was associated with a reduced perceived gap between the importance and performance of ecotourism components. A comparison among different geographical segments of residents indicated that the perceived gap between importance and performance varies across different locations.     

Ecosystem Tourism: A Resource-based Philosophy for Ecotourism

Ecotourism has become a popular form of tourism development and marketing in the past ten years, often harnessing the growth in public concern over the wise use of natural resources. In most cases, however, impacts on the ecosystems that are the resource base for ecotourism products are either externalised or their consequences incorporated into the natural evolution of tourism products. This paper is an attempt to stimulate debate on the role that more holistic resource management should play in ecotourism developments. We contend that this can only be achieved through an understanding of ecological science. Credible ecotourism must be firmly based in scientific ecological principles that define ecosystem integrity, especially the resilience of ecosystem processes to disturbance. Such tolerance should be the fundamental measurement against which ecotourism products are monitored.We introduce the term 'ecosystem tourism' to summarise this agenda to define truly sustainable ecotourism development.     

Ecotourism and Certification: Confronting the Principles and Pragmatics of Socially Responsible Tourism

Many ecotourism proponents advocate certification as a means to distinguish legitimate ecotourism from counterfeit ‘greenwashed’ products. This paper discusses efforts by certification advocates operating in global arenas to generate standards for measuring compliance with one dimension of widely accepted definitions of ecotourism, the stipulation that it should provide benefits to local communities. The paper then presents an ethnographic case study from Belize that reveals disagreements among ecotourism stakeholders in Belize and between them and international experts about the meaning of several key terms: who should count as ‘local’, what should count as ‘participation’ by locals, and what constitutes a ‘benefit’ to local communities. The author argues that divergent perspectives on these issues must be recognised and accommodated in the process of harmonising or standardising certification criteria for ecotourism; failure to do that could imperil both the principled and pragmatic rationales behind the requirement that ecotourism provide benefits to local communities.     

The community participation process in ecotourism development: a case study of the community of Sogoog,Bayan-Ulgii,Mongolia

Theories on community participation in ecotourism development advocate obtaining maximum levels of both community control and benefit to achieve sustainable tourism. This paper explores issues in community-based ecotourism development in a small, remote community in western Mongolia. It assesses the community's desire to develop ecotourism, their understanding of the issues involved and the feasibility of the process in a poor herding community, where 63% are herdsmen, frequently absent with their herds. Using responses from 100 participants together with interviews with key stakeholders, it describes and analyzes the difficulties in establishing community participation and ecotourism implementation. Findings revealed that long-term viable community-based ecotourism development in remote areas requires close collaboration and sustained support from trusted community leaders and from knowledgeable and committed outside stakeholders. Approaches need to be carefully tailored to local circumstances, not “one size fits all”. Key areas of concern were environmental and cultural, including fears that their tradition of hospitality might be compromised, perceptions of the local NGO's benefits to the community and local, often naïve, expectations of ecotourism development. Despite fears, over 90% of those interviewed were willing to participate in an ecotourism project in this high-risk, unforgiving economic and climatic setting.     

Magnitude of ecotourism in Costa Rica and Kenya

An examination of ecotourism patterns within Costa Rica and Kenya reveals differential magnitudes across an array of relevant criteria. If measured in terms of specialized accommodations, visits by specialist ecotourists, direct social and economic impact, activity space, or government investment, ecotourism is a relatively minor activity. More congruent with the popular image of these two countries as high profile ecotourism destinations are total tourist activity time, ecotourism as a visitor motivation, and indirect revenue generation, all of which are substantial or major. It is argued that this touristic form of development and practice exists in a symbiotic relationship with mass tourism, and the more intensive types should be considered as a type of the latter.     

Self-identification of ecotourists

Although ecotourism has frequently been examined in the literature, a consensus has not yet been reached globally as to what constitutes ecotourism. This paper suggests an alternative to the continuing debates among tourism researchers regarding their own views on what ecotourism should be and on who ecotourists are. Instead, this paper contends that tourists’ own self-interpretations of ecotourism and self-identification of ecotourists may be a more meaningful and practical way forward. This study examines the ecotourism market for West Virginia by applying this self-identification approach. The results indicate that 39.4% of respondents knew about the term “ecotourism”, and that 22.2% or 12.0 million of the state's visitors in 2008 were ecotourists. By comparison to non-ecotourists, these self-identified ecotourists were found to be more environmentally concerned and responsible, more dedicated to nature, more supportive of tourism accreditation programs, and more likely to patronize businesses with good environmental practices, even at a higher cost. This has significant implications for sustainable tourism development in the state as these findings can help to convince tourism operators who may see the potential benefits through being involved in a certification program proposed by West Virginia Department of Protection. Research limitations and future research needs are discussed.     

Local perspectives of ecotourism development in Tawushan Nature Reserve, Taiwan

This paper examines local responses to potential ecotourism development in the Tawushan Nature Reserve located in southeastern Taiwan. Community attitude and intention toward four dimensions of ecotourism, including conservation of natural resources, preservation of cultural tradition, sustainable community development, and participation in ecotourism planning and management, were measured. Furthermore, the paper examines whether or not there is congruence between community attitude and intention toward ecotourism development. Analysis is based on data collected using face-to-face questionnaire interviews in two indigenous communities consisting primarily of the Paiwan ethnic group. The study findings show that local people hold generally positive views of the measures necessary to achieve ecotourism; however, their intentions to engage in behaviors to support these measures do not entirely match with their positive views. This suggests that while local residents may support ecotourism development based on international guidelines, their intentions to act will depend on local environmental, social, and politico-economic conditions. It is suggested that issues related to community empowerment, relationship between government and communities, value conflicts introduced by ecotourism development, and the dynamics among and between various community groups will need to be addressed if positive community intention to participate in ecotourism is to be encouraged.     

生态旅游概念识别及其比较研究--对中外40个生态旅游概念的定量分析

伴随着生态旅游的快速发展而涌现出的大量生态旅游概念使旅游研究者和旅游利益相关者对生态旅游概念产生了困惑.这种困惑使生态旅游的核心标准和规则在实际的应用中被扭曲和误用.本文运用内容分析的方法,通过对中外当代近10-15年内40个有影响力的生态旅游概念的分析,提炼出生态旅游概念架构所遵循的8个标准规则,它们是:以自然为基础、对保护的贡献、当地社区受益、环境教育、道德规范与责任、可持续性、旅游享受体验和文化.并以这些标准规则为基础,对中外生态旅游的概念进行比较,得出中国未来的生态旅游研究应更加关注旅游目的地管理的结论.