基于专利计量的金砖五国国际技术合作特征研究

利用来自OECD的主要科技指标数据库中2001—2010年USPTO授权专利,数据从发明人国家和专利权人国家两个维度,采用专利国际合作发明和跨国拥有专利所有权两类指标,研究了金砖五国的国际技术合作特征。结果表明:金砖五国的国际技术合作活动非常活跃,中国和印度是全球国际合作发明专利数量增长最快的国家;金砖五国各国的国际技术合作程度存在较大差异;在跨国拥有专利所有权方面,金砖五国的专利权"输出"量明显大于"输入"量;专利产量、地域临近性以及政治、历史因素是影响金砖五国的国际技术合作倾向性的重要因素。     

金砖国家在国际创新合作网络中的地位和角色研究

金砖国家是世界科技创新的重要新兴力量,虽受到国际形势的影响其专利合作网络规模有所下降,五国之间的合作并不紧密,但它们的网络地位稳中有升、态势向好。中国在国际专利和论文合作网络中的活跃度和影响力均不断增强,具有信息和资源控制的巨大优势;俄罗斯与印度地位相似,但俄罗斯的国际专利与论文合作地位均有所提升,而印度的地位正在弱化;巴西在论文合作网络中相对较具优势地位,但在专利网络中巴西则与南非共同位于边缘区。     

金砖银行 搭起BRICS桥梁

尽管外媒屡次唱衰金砖五国(BRICS),但金砖国家开发银行的成立则说明了金砖五国的合作已经迈入实质性阶段,绝非外界所说的"一盘散沙"。那么,金砖国家开发银行将在哪些领域助力金砖五国之间的合作,应该如何与五国的平衡发展接轨,一些悬而未决的问题又该如何解决?金砖国家开发银行并非摆设金砖国家开发银行标志着金砖国家的合作进入了机制化的进程。"金砖国家之间的合作开始让人觉得比较虚,通过金砖银行的成立,我们感觉到金砖国家的合作     

中国在新兴技术领域的国际科技合作模式及其影响因素

基于Worldwide数据库中的专利数据,利用文献计量方法分析了中国四大新兴技术领域的国际合作模式,并构建回归模型测度了现有国际科技合作模式对专利质量的影响。结果表明:中国在四大新兴技术领域的专利活动的国际化模式存在一定差别,且中国对国际科技合作专利拥有控制权的专利较少;国家创新指数和合作国家数对中国国际合作专利质量的提高有较大影响。     

基于科学计量学的金砖五国科技合作现状及建议

本文利用科学计量学的方法,对金砖五国合作发表的国际论文和专利,以及中国政府资助的国际合作项目进行了分析。分析得出,金砖国家之间的科技合作截至目前还多停留在各国政府资助的层面,而且政府资助的力度也还不大,金砖五国民间的科技合作及产出成果极少。根据以上合作现状,建议从国家层面制定面向金砖国家的科技合作策略,选择重点合作领域,加强青年科技人员的交流,选取有合作基础的单位承担合作项目,以取得更好的合作效果。     

从SCI合著论文看金砖五国间科研合作

以美国科学引文索引数据库扩展版数据库(SCI-EXPANDED)和社会科学引文索引数据库(SSCI)收录由金砖五国合著并发表于2001—2012年的16 807条论文题录数据为研究对象,分析了21世纪以来五国科研合作的开展情况,在一定程度上揭示出:10余年来,金砖国家之间的科研合作产出规模总体保持增长;金砖国家间合作关系的建立常常要借助于其他国家的参与;五国的合作重点有较多共同性的同时,也存在一定差异;五国间的合作对各国科研影响力提升有较为明显的促进作用;中国应当力争通过以我为主的方式,在强化双边合作的同时寻求建立更多多边合作关系并集中优势领域,以强化在金砖国家间科研合作中的领头地位。     

基于SRCA和Lafay指数的“金砖五国”服务贸易结构竞争力分析

本文基于1999—2009年"金砖五国"服务贸易发展的相关数据,主要采用修正后的SRCA指数和Lafay指数,对五个国家的服务贸易发展的总体现状及结构竞争力进行剖析与比较。结果表明,虽然"金砖五国"服务贸易总量发展迅速,但行业内部结构失衡导致国际竞争力水平普遍偏低,竞争优势主要体现在旅游、运输等传统服务部门,而金融、保险、通讯、专利使用费和特许费等新兴知识技术密集型服务部门份额偏低,呈现出比较显著的竞争劣势;同时结果也表明五个国家的服务贸易产业间贸易的模式尚未改变。     

金砖五国农业合作潜力测度研究

金砖国家都是人口大国,农业、特别是粮食的安全供给异常重要。在经济全球化的大背景下,金砖国家面临着共同的机遇和挑战,有必要加强农业合作。从便捷性、友好性和互补性方面探讨了金砖国家农业合作的潜力,特别考察了农业资源条件和产品产出及贸易方面的差异性和互补性;通过构建农业合作潜力系数和潜力指数评价模型,预测性地评价了金砖五国2015和2020年农业合作的潜力特征,可以为金砖国家相关部门的决策提供参考。     

“金砖国家”拓展经济合作的对策——中国国际问题研究所汪巍先生访谈录

"金砖国家"在加强贸易、投资、金融等领域合作的过程中,也在世界银行、国际货币基金组织等国际金融机构的改革中扮演更加重要的角色,"金砖国家"正积极推动国际货币体系改革、国际金融机构改革和国际金融监管改革;"金砖国家"密切协调配合,进一步倡导多边主义和国际关系民主化,共同维护发展中国家的合法权益,有助于加快发展中国家经济发展和世界经济复苏;"金砖国家"合作机制有利于我国在"十二五"时期营造有利的国际环境,同时对于世界的稳定、和平与发展也具有深远的建设性意义。不久前,本刊记者就"金砖国家"拓展经济合作的若干问题采访了中国国际问题研究所汪巍先生。     

“一带一路”倡议背景下中国与土库曼斯坦国际合作问题研究

土库曼斯坦是"一带一路"沿线国家,与中国具有长期而稳定的国际合作关系。在对土库曼斯坦外商投资情况进行概述的基础上,本文对中国和土库曼斯坦的国际合作情况进行了分析,并对中土两国国际合作的情景进行了展望,为在"一带一路"倡议框架下深入推进中土两国国际合作提供了借鉴。     

Globalization of technology: Network analysis of global patents and trademarks

This study explored how the structure of globalization of technology via intellectual property networks has changed longitudinally, and compares the structures of global trademarks and patents. It suggests that network analysis provides useful tools for describing recent trends in the globalization of technology. Network analyses describe which countries have higher technological capabilities, and also how countries are mutually connected for technological collaboration or transfer. In addition, network analysis confirmed that both the trademark and patent networks have become decentralized over time.     

Monitoring the technological performance of a small economy using patent data: the case of denmark

The technological performance of the Danish economy is assessed using data on patenting. It is shown that small and medium-sized countries are more inclined to protect their innovations using patents taken out inforeign countries. Foreign patentjowsjom and to Denmark are considered, and a comparison with tradejows is attempted. The Danish economy has its sectoral strengths in technologies related to the agro-industrial complex and, more general, in areas linked to its specialization in international trade. The rate of growth ofpatent classes is finally considered to assess the vital of Danish technological perfomance. Patenting can be a vital instrument to gather information to design appropriate technology policies which may be crucial to strengthen the economic performance of small countries.     

The BRICS’s Bank,Institutional Framework,and Other Current Limitations

Abstract:

Based on Polanyi’s concepts of embeddedness, disembeddedness, and the double movement, the aim of this article is to show that the new development bank (NDB) established by Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa (grouped as BRICS) lacks an institutional context to spur growth and development, similar to the growth that occurred during the Bretton Woods era. First, I examine some of the BRICS’s strengths, such as growth rates, share of world GDP (gross domestic product), and the level international reserves as a percent of the world total. Second, I outline the BRICS’s and other Third World countries’ need for financing. I maintain that the main flaw in the BRICS’s bank is that it follows market rationality in obtaining and granting resources, and that China (the most important member of the BRICS) is still dependent on the G7’s economies. Finally, I remark that as long as the NDB follows market fundamentals, it will be less likely to achieve growth.     

Forecasting welding technology

The case for multinational is described. The experience of the CMEA countries in the field is original from the point of view of (a) a general procedure of the forecasters' interaction developed in the permanent system in the followup of trends and the forecasting of welding science and technology; (b) complex use of different kinds of information (expert estimation, patents, publications, etc.); (c) the relation to decision-making in international technological policy.     

Do export and technological specialisation patterns co-evolve in terms of convergence or divergence? Evidence from 19 OECD countries, 1971–1991

Several researchers looking at the development of international export specialisation patterns have shown that there is a weak tendency for OECD countries to exhibit decreased levels of specialisation. This finding is in contrast to findings made by other authors, who found increasing technological specialisation. The first aim of this paper is to investigate whether these contradictory findings are due to a `real world' phenomenon, or whether the explanation is purely technical, by comparing the development of export specialisation to specialisation in terms of US patents, using the same methodology and level of aggregation. The second aim is to analyse the extent to which countries and sectors display stable specialisation patterns over time, also both in terms of exports and in terms of technology. The paper confirms that the OECD countries tend in general to become less specialised in terms of exports. The evidence is less conclusive with regard to technological specialisation, as the results are mixed in the sense that just about half of the countries tend to exhibit increased levels of specialisation, while the other half tend to exhibit lower levels of specialisation. In terms of country and sectoral stability of specialisation patterns, it can be concluded that both trade specialisation and technological specialisation patterns are path-dependent. In comparison, however, trade specialisation patterns are more stable than are technological specialisation patterns.     

R&D internationalisation patterns in the global pharmaceutical industry: evidence from a network analytic perspective

This study adopts a Social Network Analysis (SNA) perspective to investigate global R&D internationalisation patterns of the pharmaceutical industry. We use co-inventorships identified in pharmaceutical patents granted by the US Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) between 1996 and 2013, giving rise to an international collaboration network by drawing a cross-country link when a patent lists at least two inventors located in different countries. We describe changing R&D internationalisation patterns by exploring network structures as a whole as well as the changing role of different countries. The results show that R&D internationalisation indeed has gained momentum in pharmaceutical innovation, in particular after the year 2006. The network has developed from a mono-centric, star-like network – with the USA constituting the only hub – to a more distributed and dense network. The relative decline of the USA has not taken place at the expense of emerging economies but at the expense of European countries.     

The Effect of Technological Impact upon Patent Renewal Decisions

This paper analyzes the relationship between the technological impact of US patents, as measured using patent citation analysis, and the renewal decisions made by their owners. A significant positive relationship was discovered between these variables across a number of time periods. For example, 60% of patents uncited in the first eight years after publication were renewed at that point, compared with over 90% of patents cited more than 50 times in the first eight years. The relationship between citations and renewals remained highly significant even after controlling for differences between internal and external citations, and differences in technologies and patent ownership. Further analysis was undertaken into the relative influence of technological impact and maintenance costs upon renewal decisions. This analysis revealed that after patent maintenance fees were doubled for patents applied for after August 1982, a larger proportion of patents was maintained at each renewal point despite the increase. These patents also had a greater technological impact than patents applied for prior to the increase in maintenance fees, reflected by the larger number of citations they received. It may thus be inferred that the technological impact of patents had a greater influence upon renewal decisions than economic concerns regarding the costs of their renewal.     

The Effect of Technological Impact upon Patent Renewal Decisions

This paper analyzes the relationship between the technological impact of US patents, as measured using patent citation analysis, and the renewal decisions made by their owners. A significant positive relationship was discovered between these variables across a number of time periods. For example, 60% of patents uncited in the first eight years after publication were renewed at that point, compared with over 90% of patents cited more than 50 times in the first eight years. The relationship between citations and renewals remained highly significant even after controlling for differences between internal and external citations, and differences in technologies and patent ownership. Further analysis was undertaken into the relative influence of technological impact and maintenance costs upon renewal decisions. This analysis revealed that after patent maintenance fees were doubled for patents applied for after August 1982, a larger proportion of patents was maintained at each renewal point despite the increase. These patents also had a greater technological impact than patents applied for prior to the increase in maintenance fees, reflected by the larger number of citations they received. It may thus be inferred that the technological impact of patents had a greater influence upon renewal decisions than economic concerns regarding the costs of their renewal.     

Knowledge technological proximity: evidence from US and European patents

The purpose of this paper is to explore the correlation between the technological proximity measures in three areas: USA, Japan and the Europe. In each economic area, we use information from two international patent systems to construct the technological proximity for 240 large international firms. In particular, we select firms’ patents from United States Patent and Trademarks Office data and European Patent Office data. In order to compute the technological proximity, we follow the methodology developed by Jaffe [1986. “Technological Opportunity and Spillovers of R&D: Evidence from Firms’ Patents, Profits and Market Value.” American Economic Review 76 (5): 984–1001], where a technological vector is based on the distribution of patents of each firm across technology classes. Since the Jaffe distance assumes that spillovers only occur within the same technology class, but rules out spillovers between different classes, we develop also a distance measure which exploits the Mahalanobis norm to identify the distance between different technology classes based on the frequency that patents are taken out in different classes by the same firm. The contribution to the existing literature is to investigate the robustness of the technological proximity measure and the extent to which it may be affected by patent system features.