区域劳动力市场划分及其指标分析

区域劳动力市场的运行直接决定了区域内生产要素的配置结构,进而影响区域经济的发展水平。如何划分区域劳动力市场,这是区域劳动力市场评价中的重要问题。文章对若干经典的区域劳动力市场划分方法进行归纳和比较,对区域劳动力市场划分的原则和采用的指标进行分析,论述了区域劳动力市场划分的步骤和方法,并且基于“十一五”时期的背景进行了案例设计。     

Firm Size Distribution in Small Samples

Sutton (1998) has recently proposed a theoretical lower bound to firm size inequality when a market is made of several independent submarkets. His results are valid asymptotically, as the number of submarkets becomes arbitrarily large. We show that, in small samples, his results can be interpreted as a positive relationship between an index of firm size inequality and the number of submarkets. We also test this relationship in the Italian motor insurance market.     

有关劳动分工的几个概念的内涵及其辨析

扩大的个体劳动是从人对自然界的作用的角度来考察由一组劳动者一段时间内所进行的劳动;集体劳动是从自然界对人的作用的角度来考察一组劳动者在一段时间内所进行的劳动;使得个体劳动变成既是个体劳动,同时又是集体劳动的,是人类个体通过进行群体活动和通过使用由其他人类个体制造的设施和工具而与其他个体劳动所发生的必然关系;劳动合作或协作是集体劳动的自然实现形式;劳动分工是劳动合作/劳动协作的社会实现形式;为了实现劳动分工,每一个人类共同体都要经历两个过程,其中一个过程是劳动分工的技术分工过程,另一个过程是劳动分工的社会分工过程。     

The Role of Expectation on Job Search and the Firm Size Effect on Wages

We formulate dynamic games which give a rationale to the firm size–wage effect that the sheer firm size increases wages. We postulate that past wages of large firms are known to new employees, while those of small firms are not. Large firms can credibly induce workers to expect high future wages and reduce turnover, while small firms have no choice but to be myopic and pay low wages. The equilibrium wage differential obtains under the same worker characteristics and production function. We provide empirical evidence that workers' expectations depend on firm size and affect wages as predicted by our model.     

The Impact of Children on Wages, Job Tenure, and the Division of Household Labour

In the absence of typical exclusion restrictions, covariance restrictions are used to obtain estimates of the effects of children on household behaviour. Using data from the PSID on two age samples, children are found to have a significant impact on many household decisions. However, while in the young sample exogenous fertility cannot be rejected, in the older sample this is not the case. Finally, if the average household had one less child, the male-female wage differential would decrease by 9.5 %.     

企业规模研究的最新进展

学术界关于企业规模的研究文献大致可以归为四大类.第一类是关于企业规模分布的,主要讨论企业增长、规模以及最终的分布形式.第二类是关于企业规模报酬的,主要讨论企业的规模与其盈利性之间的关系.第三类是关于企业规模决定的,主要讨论企业规模(边界)的影响因素.第四类是关于企业规模极限的,主要讨论企业规模最大能有多大.本文集中讨论这四类文献在理论和经验方面的最新研究进展.     

原始工业化时期的劳动分工与社会分工

中国的原始工业化发生在明清时期,在这一时期,以传统家庭经营制度为基础的乡村手工业迅速增长,不仅市场范围空前扩张,生产组织形式逐渐演进,而且劳动分工、专业分工、社会分工和劳动生产率都发生了诸多的变化。家庭内部"男耕女织"的传统劳动分工模式被打破,行业内部的专业化分工更加细密,城乡之间的社会分工也有了新的发展,但由于技术进步迟缓和人口增长过快等因素的影响,人均的产量和劳动生产率并不高,即出现了斯密化增长与过密化增长交织并存的现象,并对后来的近现代乡村工业化形成了深刻的影响。     

社会资本概念的学科异同与维度划分

在Bourdieu对社会资本进行系统分析以后,不同领域的研究者开始从不同学科角度对社会资本概念进行解释。社会学、经济学和政治学学科对社会资本及其内涵的理解有差异也有联系,社会资本概念可以从二维、三维、四维等角度进行维度划分,并以此为基础进一步明确社会资本概念。     

Inter-Temporal Decompositions of Labour Market and Social Outcomes

This paper compares the Wellington (1993) and Smith and Welch (1989) decompositions of changes in labour market outcomes over time. The two examples considered are differences by gender in educational attainment and the gender wage differential. The results suggest that even though the procedure developed by Wellington (1993) has been favoured in recent research, the Smith and Welch decomposition is a more informative approach.     

房价上涨对企业规模分布的影响研究

企业规模分布不仅可以反映某一产业的竞争状况和发展模式,还会对一国经济增长产生重要影响,如企业规模分布 、创新与全要素生产率等.文章以1999-2007年中国房价快速上涨为背景,利用工业企业微观数据,实证考察了省级层面房价上涨对企业规模分布的影响.研究结果显示:总体来看,房价上涨更不利于中小企业成长,并使企业规模分布进一步趋于不均匀.中介效应模型的进一步研究显示:成本效应 、信贷效应和挤出效应是房价上涨影响企业规模分布的三条作用路径.文章的研究不仅对企业规模分布理论研究形成了有益补充,也为认识房价上涨对实体经济的影响提供了新的视角,更为政府制定政策以减缓房价上涨对实体经济的冲击提供了科学依据.     

Adam Smith on Relations of Subordination, Personal Incentives and the Division of Labour

In elaborating his stadial approach to economic and social progress, Smith placed special emphasis on the evolution of the conceptual pair authority/subordination. The aim of this paper is to analyse the reciprocal relations which link together the evolution of the relations of subordination, personal incentives, and the division of labour with special reference to the agricultural and the commercial stages. In the former case, Smith pointed out the exclusive role performed by personal incentives in increasing labour productivity, a role which is consistent with his manifest preference for the figure of the 'independent small-scale proprietor'. In the latter case we note a change of emphasis due both to the pervasive role of the division of labour in increasing labour productivity, and—as a by-product of this change—to the emergence of a new form of relation of subordination. In this new context the division of labour engenders a new form of property polarisation, one connected no longer to land but to capital accumulation. Moreover, because of its harmful effects on the mental capacity of manufacturing workers, the division of labour appears to act as an obstacle against social mobility, and this in turn further reinforces the process of property polarisation.     

审计重要性水平、事务所规模与审计意见

文章以财务重述公司为样本,探讨了审计重要性水平、事务所规模与审计意见之间的关系.研究发现,重要性水平影响审计意见的类型,超过重要性水平的错误更容易被出具非标意见;不同规模的事务所对重要性水平的执行标准是有差异的,规模大的事务所对超过重要性水平的错误更加敏感,"大所"在执行审计业务时,时超过重要性水平的错误报表更容易出具非标意见.研究结论支持"大所"出具的审计意见更严格、审计服务质量更高这一论断.     

企业规模、市场力量与创新:一个文献综述

自熊彼特提出创新理论以来,市场结构与创新之间的关系一直是经济学家们关注的热点问题之一。本文梳理了半个多世纪以来关于熊彼特假说的主要理论和实证文献。在实证文献综述中,从创新投入和创新产出两个维度,按照文献的发展脉络和逻辑关系,阐述了每篇文献的研究思路、研究方法、样本选择及主要结论。本文还简介了国内外学者对中国创新决定因素问题的研究。     

马克思的分工理论与中国当前的社会分工

在由农业社会向工业社会的转型中,中国的社会分工发生了根本性变化。分工在推动生产力快速发展、创造大量物质财富的同时,也在慢慢变革着生产关系,产生了许多深层次问题。马克思的分工理论唯物辩证地阐述了分工的产生、运动及消灭的运动规律,为我们认识、分析及解决当前的社会分工问题提供了科学的理论依据和行动指南。     

论社会分工、企业分工和企业网络分工——对分工的再认识

社会分工是人类在生产过程中形成的一种生产关系 ,它的产生和发展是由社会生产力的发展所决定的。服务业的产生可以称为第四次社会分工。社会分工形成的机制是市场 ,在当前条件下 ,政府也参与社会分工的调节。企业内部分工是社会分工的产物 ,产生于工场手工业阶段。在资本主义条件下 ,企业内部分工是资本所有者的一种生产安排。社会分工与企业内部分工存在替代关系 ,二者的替代取决于这两种分工的生产效率。企业网络分工是介于社会分工和企业分工之间的一种分工 ,适合于具有密切联系和相互依赖的企业。随着经济发展和科学技术的进步 ,社会分工、企业分工和企业网络分工将不断发展和深化     

The Social Structure of the Australian Urban Labour Market: 1976–1991

Abstract
The changing social structure of the labour market has both distributional and efficiency implications for Australian society. This article analyses the increase in the employment inequality among Australian urban neighbourhoods (that is, Collectors Districts or CDs) between the 1976 and 1991 censuses. When CDs are ranked by socioeconomic status we find that the employment rate falls by more in the low status areas than in other areas. Given that participation and population growth rates are higher in the high status areas, this phenomenon is likely to be driven by differences in employment levels. Shift share analysis of changes in employment levels shows that the lower demand for workers who live in the low status areas has led to falls in employment in those areas. Therefore the structural shift in the Australian economy has been a major explanation of the differences in employment rate within Australian cities. The results raise questions about the current ability of Australia's economy to adjust to the structural change necessary in an open economy .     

Financial Analysts,Firm Quality,and Social Responsibility

We suggest that financial analysts have an incentive to follow the stocks of socially responsible companies, because such stocks meet the growing demands and psychology of the investment community, who want to combine the usual investment goals with social responsibility. Socially responsible investors prefer to hold stocks of companies they perceive as socially responsible or of high quality. Financial analysts then help brokers' marketing efforts by supplying investors with more analysis for stocks of socially responsible or high-quality companies. Using scores from Fortune surveys on perceptions of community and environmental responsibility as a measure of social responsibility and Fortune survey measures of quality as a measure of company quality, we find evidence that stocks of socially responsible and high-quality companies are indeed followed by more financial analysts. The positive relationship among social responsibility, company quality, and analyst following remains significant even after controlling for the effects on analyst following of firm size, share price, the volatility of stock returns, and market-to-book value of equity.