The Chilean Agrarian Transformation: Agrarian Reform and Capitalist 'Partial' Counter-Agrarian Reform, 1964–1980

This article, which is published in two parts, is an empirical analysis of the Chilean agrarian reform (1964–1973) and 'partial' counter-agrarian reform (1974–1980). Its aim is to explain and interpret their logic and the changes they brought to Chile's agrarian property regime in particular and Chilean life in general. Chile's agrarian reform was successful in expropriating (under the Frei and Allende administrations, 1964–1973) the great estates of the hacienda landed property system. The capitalist 'partial' counter-reform then redistributed them (under the military, 1974–1980). CORA, the country's agency for agrarian reform, expropriated and subsequently redistributed 5809 estates of almost 10 million hectares, or 59 per cent of Chile's agricultural farmland. A large amount of the expropriated land (41 per cent) benefited 54,000 peasant households with small-sized family farms and house-sites. The rest of the farmland benefited efficient and competitive commercial farmers and agro-business and consolidated medium-sized farms. Of central concern is the role of the agrarian reform and subsequent 'partial' counter-reform processes in fostering the transformation of the erstwhile agrarian structure of the hacienda system toward agrarian capitalism. The redistribution of the agricultural land previously expropriated made possible the formation of an agro-industrial bourgeoisie, small commercial farmers, an open land market and a dynamic agricultural sector. While, however, under military rule, a selected few benefited with family farms and became independent agricultural producers, a large majority of reformed and non-reformed campesinos were torn from the land to become non-propertied proletarians in a rapidly modernizing but highly exclusionary agricultural sector.     

The Chilean Agrarian Transformation: Agrarian Reform and Capitalist 'Partial' Counter-Agrarian Reform, 1964–1980

This article, which is published in two parts, is an empirical analysis of the Chilean agrarian reform (1964–1973) and 'partial' counter-agrarian reform (1974–1980). Its aim is to explain and interpret their logic and the changes they brought to Chile's agrarian property regime in particular and Chilean life in general. Chile's agrarian reform was successful in expropriating (under the Frei and Allende administrations, 1964–1973) the great estates of the hacienda landed property system. The capitalist 'partial' counter-reform then redistributed it (under the military, 1974–1980). CORA, the country's agency for agrarian reform, expropriated and subsequently redistributed 5809 estates of almost 10 million hectares, or 59 per cent of Chile's agricultural farmland. A large amount of the expropriated land (41 per cent) benefited 54,000 peasant households with small-sized family farms and house-sites. The rest of the farmland benefited efficient and competitive commercial farmers and agro-business and consolidated medium-sized farms. Of central concern is the role of the agrarian reform and subsequent 'partial' counter-reform processes in fostering the transformation of the erstwhile agrarian structure of the hacienda system toward agrarian capitalism. The redistribution of the agricultural land previously expropriated made possible the formation of an agro-industrial bourgeoisie, small commercial farmers, an open land market and a dynamic agricultural sector. While, however, under military rule, a selected few benefited with family farms and became independent agricultural producers, a large majority of reformed and non-reformed campesinos were torn from the land to become non-propertied proletarians in a rapidly modernizing but highly exclusionary agricultural sector.     

'Sowing the Seeds of Their Own Destruction': Southern Planters, State Policy and the Market, 1933–1975

In this article, I examine the relationship between class, state and market. I analyse the process of class transformation, tracing the demise of the Southern planters. Scholars analysing the retrenchment of US agricultural policy in the 1970s frequently overlook the profound influence that this class segment had on the agricultural policy of price supports and production controls. Yet, this policy of supply management contributed to the transformation of the plantation–tenant system in the South. This transformation created an opportunity for the emergence of the civil rights movement, which further weakened the Southern planters and allowed for changes in agricultural policy. The retrenchment of agricultural policy between 1950 and 1975, then, must be understood in light of this process of class transformation.     

Specialization and Diversification in Agricultural Transformation: The Case of West Punjab, 1903–92

In this article, the role of crop specialization and diversification in agricultural transformation is investigated empirically. Changes in aggregate land productivity are associated structurally with inter-crop and inter-district reallocation of land use. Results from a region with the oldest history of agricultural commercialization in developing countries show that cropping patterns of subsistence agriculture changed substantially, with rising concentration of crop acreage in districts with higher and growing productivity. Rapid specialization in crop production was observed at the district level recently, after a phase with sporadic specialization. These changes reflected comparative advantage and contributed to the improvement in aggregate land productivity.     

以新型矿产资源观推进地矿经济发展方式的转变

新型矿产资源观含五个有机内涵,即：矿产资源的基础观、稀缺观、系统观、发展观、持续观。树立新型资源观必须始终坚持以科学发展观为指导,在经济全球化和知识经济背景下,高站位思考,超常规谋划,统筹兼顾,创新发展,立足资源、发现资源、延伸资源、超越资源。通过灵活运用新型资源观梳理传统资源,吸纳新兴资源,激活闲置资源,把资源优势转化为经济优势、产业优势、竞争优势、发展优势,加快经济发展方式的根本转变,推进地矿经济的跨越式发展。     

对当前湖南“三农”问题的战略思考

当今湖南农村经济的发展必须高度重视"三农"问题."三农"问题不仅制约着湖南的经济发展,而且可能引发种种矛盾,危及社会稳定,已成为全社会关注的焦点.庞大的农业人口与有限的农业资源的尖锐矛盾是湖南省"三农"问题的直接原因;而工业化道路偏差和城乡二元结构是体制原因."三农"问题导致农业低效率、农民贫困、农村不稳定等种种结果.解决的办法是进行农业战略性结构调整、大力发展民营经济、改革城乡分割体制、完善农村税费改革,以增加农民收入和为农民提供保障.     

Rural Population Growth, 1950–1990: The Roles of Human Capital, Industry Structure, and Government Policy

Human capital raises rural incomes, but this effect is swamped by higher returns to human capital in urban markets. This leads to "brain drain" from rural areas. Populations grow more rapidly in rural counties that have a diversified employment base. Farm population grows faster (or declines more slowly) in counties with relatively high farm income, and nonfarm populations grow faster in counties with relatively high nonfarm income. However, higher farm incomes lead to slower nonfarm population growth and vice versa. Rural county government services financed by local taxes or debt have neutral or negative effects on population growth.     

农村集体经济壮大的障碍、成因与建议——以陕西省为例

壮大农村集体经济是实现乡村振兴的战略任务,是实现"农业、农村、农民"走向"强、美、富"的必由之路,是夯实党在农村执政地位和执政基础的重要基石,更是全面建成小康社会的重要保证.近年来,虽然发展农村集体经济已取得阶段性成就,但总体而言与中央要求相比仍存在差距.为此,本研究通过对陕西省农村集体经济组织发展现状进行调查,从主导...     

新农村建设金融支持问题及发展策略研究

在社会主义新农村建设中,金融业起着至关重要的支持作用。但是,基于金融支持新农村建设的现状,中国在这方面依然存在农村信用基础薄弱、金融体系不完善、资金供求矛盾和保障机制落后的问题,可通过加强农村金融立法与信用体系建设;深化农村金融体制改革;规范引导民间金融以及建立风险补偿机制等策略,强化农村金融支持新农村建设的力度。     

农民对农地保障功能的主观认知差异及影响因素分析——基于浙、赣、桂三省506份农户调查

研究目的:实证分析农民对农地保障功能的主观认知及区域差异,应用排序选择模型研究农地保障功能主观认知差异的影响因素,并提出相关政策建议。研究方法:描述统计分析,排序选择模型。研究结果:浙、赣、桂三省506份农户问卷中,64.2%的农户认为承包地对他们生活的总体作用并不大,但94.7%的农户同时认为种田虽然不赚钱,但可以为基本生活提供最后保障;浙、赣、桂三省农民在"承包地对他们生活总体作用"这一问题的主观认知上存在显著区域差异;影响农民对农地保障功能主观认知的因素主要有人均耕地面积、农地收入占家庭总收入比重、村庄离县城(城市)的交通距离以及区域宏观区位特征等。研究结论:要大力提高农户农业收入,切实保障农民土地权益;要推进农地流转与使用制度改革,实现土地要素的有效流转和适度集中;应充分认识农地保障功能存在区域差异这一现实背景,考虑不同农户主体自身禀赋和区域资源、经济和社会发展条件的差异性,因地制宜进行农地产权制度创新。     

乡村公共法律服务体系建设的价值、困境与优化——基于社会治理视角

作为"送法下乡"活动在新时代的改进升级,乡村公共法律服务体系的政策构造与社会治理的多元合作、互惠共享等理念高度契合,其治理价值体现在保障村民权利、推进乡村法治、助力乡村振兴等方面。但当前乡村公共法律服务体系的建设还面临"环境—制度—主体"的三维困境,"半熟人社会"的现实环境将其限制在乡村治理外围;制度系统中互动机制缺失使多元主体协同无法实现;法律服务组织与政府行为失范制约了体系运行效率。文章认为:在社会治理创新背景下,乡村公共法律服务体系建设的优化,需要激活乡村内生力量,促进"三治"真正结合;构建良性互动机制,形成法律服务共同体;加强政策引导与激励,提升服务主体的服务意愿与能力。     

绩效与不足:建国初期农村信用合作社的借贷活动的历史考察——以鄂湘赣三省为中心

农村信用合作社是建国初期农村金融体系的重要组成部分，它的产生是新中国乡村借贷关系转型和现代化的标志之一。信用社借贷有利于农户的生产生活经营，推动了农村经济的恢复与发展，但其也存在一定的缺陷。     

转型与创新——基于“两型社会”建设的长株潭城市群空间转变之路

阐述了"两型社会"的内涵及对城市群空间配置的影响,从空间总体方略上探索长株潭城市群"两型社会"的转型和创新,就其产业空间、环境空间、新农村的建设及区域一体化等方面提出一些构想和思路.     

农村集体经营性建设用地流转收益分配研究——基于分配主体利益诉求及博弈理论

党的十八届三中全会明确提出,在符合规划和用途管制的前提下,允许农村集体经营性建设用地入市流转,与国有土地同地同权同价。研究农村集体经营性建设用地流转收益分配,可以为促进流转公平合理进行、保证农民权益提供相关借鉴。基于东北三省部分地区164个村的调查数据,采用统计分析和博弈理论Shapley值法,对农村集体经营性建设用地流转收益分配进行研究。研究结果表明:对农村集体经营性建设用地的流转收益进行分配,政府、集体经济组织和农民都有各自的利益诉求,政府要求成为流转收益分配主体,集体和农民都认为自己应该成为流转收益的主要获得者,且不赞成政府参与流转收益的分配。通过统计分析和博弈论Shapley法计算后比较,得出政府、集体、农民对农村集体经营性建设用地流转收益分配的比例分别为:25%~30%、50%~55%、15%~20%。根据以上研究结果,建议在农村集体经营性建设用地流转收益分配中,政府应分享一部分流转收益;集体应成为流转收益的主要获得者;农民可以获取少量流转收益。     

梯度养老:渐进城市化中的农民养老模式及农地角色分析——一项基于嵌入理论视角的田野研究

强调农地社保的"乡土养老话语"与强调土地流转的"社保养老话语"对农民养老与农地制度改革关系争论激烈.本文以河南省L村一组为田野案例,以动态嵌入为分析框架,审视农民养老与农地制度关系问题,考察当下养老议题中老年农民、农地制度、市场及三代家庭之间的互动机制.研究发现,在经济性增强的同时,老人种地行为更深度地嵌入"渐进城市化...     

国内矿业城市经济转型模式分析及启示——以焦作、临汾、淄博、大同为例

文章从接续产业发展的角度总结了焦作、临汾、淄博、大同四个矿业城市经济转型的模式。分别为:三大产业同步发展模式、民营经济发展模式、综合发展模式、矿业延伸与非矿产业发展模式。从四个老年矿业城市成功转型模式的分析中,提出了矿业城市可以借鉴的六点经验。     

城乡建设用地增减挂钩中农民利益保障对策研究——基于江西省《“增减挂钩”试点农民利益保障》专题调研

研究目的:为城乡建设用地增减挂钩中的农民利益保障提供对策建议,以利于"增减挂钩"工作的健康推进。研究方法:实证分析。研究结果:目前"增减挂钩"中,拆迁补偿标准是农民关注的焦点、集中安置是大多数农民的安置意愿、方便耕作是安置选址的关注点、生活成本的提高是农民集中安置到城镇最担心的问题;"增减挂钩"中影响农民利益的主要障碍因素包括:工作理念的偏差、农民利益保障的理论基础薄弱、公众参与机制不健全、农民利益保障监督机制缺失、忽视区域差异而盲目推进。研究结论:从以下几个方面来确保"增减挂钩"中的农民利益:(1)正确树立保障农民利益,促进城乡统筹的工作理念;(2)建立科学的公众参与机制,充分尊重农民意愿;(3)实施区域差异化城乡增减挂钩政策,因地制宜,稳步推进;(4)建立严格的农民利益保障监督机制;(5)积极探索农村宅基地退出机制。     

专业镇农产品销售与乡村游服务平台的构建研究——以中山市民众镇为例

本文根据中山市民众镇农产品和乡村游资源丰富,农产品市场价格波动而收益剧烈变化,乡村游宣传力度不够和配套设施不足而面临发展瓶颈的现状,在对电子商务在农产品和乡村游营销促进作用的研究的基础上,提出在该镇建立农产品销售与乡村游服务平台构建方案,形成“I＋N＋N”的专业镇集农产品销售与乡村游一体服务平台,以满足中小微乡村游企业发展和农产品销售的需要,推动当地以旅游业为主的第三产业的发展和农业经济的发展。