Technology transfer planning

This paper describes a process of technology transfer planning evolved in a government research establishment to help get research results adopted by government, professions and industry. The process involves close co-operation between the research team and specialists in communications and marketing to plan and undertake an active application campaign. The essential ingredients of a campaign are described and several practical examples quoted. Since employment of technology transfer planning should be reflected in improved return on research investment the process, although evolved in a government research organization, may be of wider interest.     

Technology transfer with moral hazard

This paper develops an incomplete contract model of the licensing relationship that is susceptible to the moral hazard problem. The optimal contractual form of licensing derived in the model generates predictions that seem to be consistent with actual practice. For instance, the introduction of inputs that are not contractible and costly explains the prevalence of royalty contracts in the licensing relationship. Moreover, the model is able to relate the size of the royalty rate to the parameters that represent the environments under which the concerned parties operate. Finally, the model can be naturally extended to analyze the choice of a technology holder between direct investment and licensing in an attempt to serve a foreign market.     

Technology transfer — amalgam of events

‘2nd International Fair for Technology Transfer’, CBI/UNIDO ‘Seminar on Basic Issues of Technology Transfer’, and ‘International Conference on Management of Technology Exchange’, The Netherlands, May 1980     

Technology transfer issues in licensing pharmaceutical products

The discovery and development of a new therapeutic agent may take five to ten years, cost in excess of £90m with a significant risk of product failure, due either to lack of safety or efficacy. Pharmaceutical companies require a new product every three to five years in order to sustain growth. This need is often met by licensing a product from a competitor. The evaluation of a potential licensing opportunity is a complex task in technology transfer since firstly, the time frame for decision taking is markedly foreshortened compared with the usual time involved when developing a drug from within the company. In addition the therapeutic field may be unfamiliar to the company personnel. The evaluation process involves a parallel but closely linked activity involving pharmacologists, toxicologists, pharmacy, pharmaceutical physicians, strategic marketing, legal experts as well as representatives from the major territorial international markets. This paper attempts to identify some problems in technology transfer which include organisational, attitudinal and behavioural factors. Possible topics for future research are identified.     

Technology transfer from government laboratories to industrial markets

The first purpose of this article is to explore the interface between Marketing and R&D. The intent is to illustrate the nature of the relationship that must be developed and maintained to assure the successful transfer of technology from Federal laboratories to the civilian and commercial sectors of the nation. The second purpose of this article is to explore how government participation affects the R&D—Marketing interface and other dimensions of the innovation process.     

Technology transfer and the creation of companies: the CSIRO experience

There is increasing interest worldwide in stimulating the emergence and growth of new technology–based companies, and in the role of public–funded research agencies in this process. This paper examines the experience of CSIRO, Australia's largest R&D organisation, in creating new companies, as part of its technology transfer activities.
Three modes of technology transfer are described, namely Non–Commercial Transfer, Commercial Transfer and New Company Generation. The technology transfer 'mix', that is the relative weight given to the different modes, has changed in CSIRO and in other public funded agencies in recent years. The increased importance being given to New Company Generation in CSIRO is attributed to the development of in–house commercial expertise, changing public expectations and the increased availability of venture capital.
CSIRO's experience with spin–offs and other new companies is analysed, and the challenges related to effective use of this mode of technology transfer are discussed.     

Technology transfer and the process of technological innovation: new concepts,new models1

Many so-called ‘technology transfer’ programs are based on the belief that the process is essentially one of communication rather than of innovation. As such, the designers and managers of such programs concern themselves with questions of how to transfer technology after it is already developed, rather than how to develop or adapt technology so that it is transferable. The net result, we believe, has been a very poor showing and a very low level of effectiveness. To design a successful transfer program one must develop a view of the flow of technology in an integrated innovation process, and this paper concludes with the presentation of a highly significant flow model in which the critical aspect is constant assessment of the non-technological factors during the entire course of the innovation cycle–including those related to marketing, regulations, capital and human resources.     

Technology transfer from government laboratories to industry: Canadian experience in the communications sector*

ABSTRACT Successful innovation is a complex process. It involves a multitude of factors usually coming together over relatively long periods of time. Neither governments nor industry can realistically aspire to manage all aspects of it. Although each case of technology development and its subsequent exploitation has its own unique set of variables, shaped by the nature of technology being developed, the mandates of the research organization and the technical and commercial competence of the recipient, there are common factors which can be identified as having Important bearings on the level of innovation.     

化工废弃物焚烧技术及其应用——访沈阳化工研究院高级工程师龙飞

焚烧技术以其简捷、有效的特点已成为三废治理最彻底的手段之一。在化工行业，焚烧法处理高浓度有毒有害废弃物正在广泛地被采用。国外在该领域起步较早，如美国、欧洲、日本等发达国家，应用的范围也很广，尤其在化工企业内，焚烧装置是不可缺少的治理设施。近年来，为实现可持续发展，人们在三废治理的同时，又提出了节能和回收利用资源物的要求。为此，国外在焚烧工艺和装置上也进行了更新和完善，并已发展成专业化处理厂，如丹麦，全国只有一个有机废弃物处理厂，将废弃物分类处理，有效利用各种废弃物特性及各废弃物处理过程所得物质和…     

流动注射分析的发展及应用

综述了国内外流动注射分析的发展,以及流动注射分析与分光光度法、电化学分析法、发光分析法、原子光谱法等技术的联用状况。流动注射分析系统具有能实现对污染物的快速定量分析的优点,它与计算机技术的结合可实现环境监测过程中的自动、在线分析,这将成为今后流动注射分析的主要发展趋势。     

Reverse knowledge transfer and subsidiary power

Rather than looking at the more typical inter-company level adopted in most B2B marketing, this study investigates how a subsidiary gains power within the context of the multinational corporation. Building on network theory and dependence theory, two approaches well-known in the B2B marketing literature, this study aims to test empirically the impact of reverse knowledge transfer, knowledge transfer from a subsidiary to headquarters, on subsidiary influence and autonomy. The survey-based data from 183 subsidiaries located in the UK suggests that reverse knowledge transfer significantly enhances the relative influence of the subsidiary within the broader multinational corporation. Moreover, we find that this association is (a) stronger when the level of internal embeddedness is high and (b) weaker when the level of external embeddedness is high. Finally, our results indicate that a higher level of subsidiary autonomy only occurs in conjunction with internally embedded reverse knowledge transfer.     

产权市场与医药技术转移

基于规范国有资产交易而诞生的中国产权市场经历了迅猛的发展,不仅有效地服务了国有资产的转让,而且形成了比较完善的、规范的交易体系和制度,成为了我国多层次资本市场的基础平台。产权市场的实践、交易制度及交易体系、所积聚的资源为医药技术转移提供了良好的技术资本对接平台,这对在目前我国尚不规范的、技术定价困难及企业信用不健全的市场环境下实现高效的技术转移具有重要的意义。     

Technology transfer as technological learning: a source of competitive advantage for firms with limited R&D resources

The objective of this article is to answer why and how firms in developing countries with limited R&D resources can gain sustainable competitive advantage through technology transfer (TT). Successful firms are those that can accumulate competence through internal technological learning after transferring technologies from external technology sources. Organizational intelligence, firm specificity of technology, and causal ambiguity are identified as three mediators between technological learning performance and several antecedents previously discussed in the literature. A survey of Taiwanese manufacturers is conducted to explore the technological learning phenomenon as an integral part of TT, which is important but often neglected. This article also provides an interesting research setting for the evaluation of technological learning theories.     

Long-range meteorological forecasting and links to agricultural applications

Reliable advance information about likely meteorological conditions during an agricultural season can potentially greatly benefit planning, risk management and productivity. In this article, we review the present state of production and dissemination of meteorological long-range (seasonal) forecast information and the use of such products in agricultural applications.There has been rapid development of dynamical prediction systems in particular, and several centres routinely provide seasonal forecasts of rainfall and temperature with global coverage. Currently the uptake of long-range forecast products by users has been limited, and the potential value is far from being attained. Various factors that inhibit usage are described. Further investment in the infrastructure is required, both in creating relevant specific products and in disseminating and applying them effectively. Investment in research is also required to investigate opportunities and beneficial strategies for a wide range of regions and activities, with closer interaction between the meteorological and agricultural communities and relevant intermediary agencies. Such development would complement separate ongoing efforts to improve the meteorological forecast systems and to improve agricultural management and technology.     

技术差距和跨国公司技术转移战略

本文研究的目的是解释近10年跨国公司在中国技术转移战略变化的原因。本文沿着Jian-YeWang和Blomstr觟m(1992)模型的思路,拓展了跨国公司与东道国厂商之间的技术差距决定跨国公司的技术转移的水平和速度理论分析。结论认为,跨国公司技术转移的程度与跨国公司和东道国厂商之间的技术差距相关,而技术外溢的程度、东道国接受技术转移的能力熏以及运用技术资源的相对成本都会对技术差距形成一定的影响。并用中国的实际案例和有关数据直接或间接验证了这一结论,最后提出相应的产业政策建议。     

掘进机采煤工艺

适用于矿田无法布置综采面的且是中厚煤层的边角煤,使用掘进机采煤,由巷柱式开采扩展到长壁鱼鳞后退式采煤的新工艺,是由掘进机和连续运输系统来完成的。采区布置为两条运输巷(顺槽)平行掘进,到工作面走向长度后,在两巷中部对开和各分左右两翼反向开采,既安全又提高了回采率。     

头孢硫脒的开发与成果转化

头孢硫脒是我国自主研发的全身抗感染类药物，是由上海医药工业研究院和广药集团广州白云山制药股份有限公司开发成功后，首先在国内上市的优秀品种。2006年荣获了我国创新药物国家级最高奖“国家技术发明二等奖”．2007年，头孢硫脒原料药及制剂的市场份额有了全面提升，已培育成国内抗生素药物中的“重磅炸弹”品种。     

技术标准与自主技术创新的探讨

分析了我国石油工业技术和技术标准与发达国家的差距,指出了石油工业发展的关键是自主技术创新,发展的目标是创新技术标准,提出了推动有效采用标准战略、参与标准制定战略的中国石油工业技术标准的发展策略。