我国基金发展模式与治理结构的互动关系

一、基金发展模式对基金治理的决定作用 合理的基金治理结构是对投资者利益保护的重要环节。因此无论是基金发展模式的选择,还是基金治理结构的完善,其最终的核心焦点均在于投资者的利益保护。 1.基金发展模式的选择实质上就是基金治理结构的选择 证券投资基金的治理结构实质是协调基金相关利     

The sustainability of the current account in the Czech Republic,Hungary and Slovenia

The aim of this paper is to investigate empirically the sustainability of the current account in three Central European countries, the Czech Republic, Hungary and Slovenia, since their move towards market economy about 15 years ago. The analysis is based on the intertemporal approach to the current account which states that if real exports and real imports are integrated of order one then cointegration between them is a necessary and sufficient condition for the economy to satisfy its intertemporal budget constraint. On the basis of various unit-root and cointegration tests on the shares of real exports and imports in real GDP, this study concludes that the Czech Republic and Slovenia are not in violation of their intertemporal budget constraint and their trade imbalances are sustainable. However, the real exports and imports of these countries, and also the export, import measures of Hungary, do not seem to behave as random walks, excluding the possibility of cointegration between them.      

证券市场失败的教训：私有化、少数股东权利保护和投资者信心

简介：对公司治理结构的重新认识,一个函灵,在新古典主义的公司理财（Corporate Finance)理论中徘徊。这是一个与法律有关的幽灵－即,关于企业的实证理论如果没有考虑到法律制度这一变量并对其作出煌话,它就是不完善的。最近关于公司治理结构的研究发现,各国之间在所有权集中度、资本市场的发展、投票权的价值以及利用外部融资等问题上存在具有制度性差异。更为重要的是,这些差异看起来与对少数股东投资者的法律保护力度密切相关。反过来,这种法律保护的水平又似乎依赖于各国法律体系的性质与起源,且随之而改变。特别是在对投资者提供保护方面,普通法（COMMONLAW）体系远远超出了大陆法（CIVIL LAW）体系（尤其是法国大陆法体系）,反过来,这又鼓励了资本市场的成长与所有权的分散。结果,公司中就出现了所有权集中及所有权分散两种相反的体系,而每种体系均有各自不同的公司治理结构。     

Investment and Finance in de novo private firms: Empirical Results from the Czech Republic, Hungary and Poland

In this paper we use a survey of 281 Czech, Hungarian and Polish newly-established small private firms in order to shed some light on the constraints these firms face in the credit market. The results of our survey show that imperfections in capital markets in Central European economies do not seem to actually inhibit the growth of new private firms. Credit markets do exist for de novo private firms in the three Central European transition economies studied, and they provide quite a large amount of financing from an early stage of the existence of firms. Financial intermediation works reasonably well as far as de novo private firms are concerned: loss-making de novo firms have a lower probability of getting credit than profitable ones. Banks protect themselves against the risk of a deteriorating pool of borrowers by requiring collateral for their loans. We do not find convincing evidence concerning the existence of adverse selection. Loss-making firms are not ready to pay higher interest rates than profitable firms and are not more likely to ask for credit than profitable firms.     

养老基金在公司治理结构中的作用

养老基金等机构投资者在公司治理结构中的作用，一直是学术界十分关注的问题。在投资者保护法制不健全的国家和地区，机构投资者对企业进行监督，可能有助于改善公司治理结构。本文概述机构投资者与公司治理结构关系的理论基础，分析美国、英国及一些转轨国家养老基金或投资基金对企业的监督和影响，探讨养老基金在改善中国公司治理结构中可能发挥的作用，最后是结论性评述。 一、概述：机构投资者与公司治理结构 广义地说，关于公司治理结构，主要讨论的是企业的投资者通过何种途径保证其投资获得回报。该问题之所以重要，是因为在企业所有权与管理权分离的情况下，容易出现代理(agency)问题，即企业管理者(代理人)为了自己的利益为所欲为，损害投资者(委托人)的利益甚至使之血本无归。控制代理问题有多种办法，其中，在投资者权益保护不充分的国家和地区，所有权集中、让机构投资者加强对企业的监督，是减轻代理问题的有效方式。投资者保护的法律越不完备，所有权集中的程度可能就越大(Shleifer，Vishny 1997)。这是因为，与个人投资者相比，机构投资者可能有足够的能力和动力对企业进行监督和控制，从而保护自身的权益。应该指出，此处所有权的集中是在上市公司股份均可流通的情况下，通过市场力量形成……     

Italian Corporate Governance, Investment, and Finance

Italian industrial structure and financial markets have several distinct features. Italian firms are relatively small, few trade publicly and no corporate bond market exists. The limited types of external funds available to Italian firms makes them prone to financing constraints. We examine a panel containing over 1100 Italian firms. We find that firm size does not appear correlated with the severity of financing constraints. We also find that small firms are frequently mature. Our results suggest that young firms face financing constraints, while mature firms may develop relationships with lenders that lower the costs of external funds. Small, young firms appear to face the tightest financing constraints. Many firms are affiliatedwith pyramidal business groups. We find that affiliation with pyramidal businessgroups appears to reduce the effect of financing constraints. Our results haveimportant implications for government policy to promote small firm growth in Italy.     

New European Banking Governance and Crisis of Democracy: Bank Restructuring and Privatization in Slovenia

ABSTRACT

The paper makes three contributions to the understanding of the post-crisis European banking governance. First, it offers a more comprehensive approach to banking governance, beyond the Banking Union, through its concept of ‘New European Banking Governance’ (NEBG) that incorporates EU state aid rules and fiscal regulations. Second, it considers the impact of NEBG on democratic institutions and processes in EU member states, an under-researched topic in the literature on European banking governance. Finally, through its in-depth case study of Slovenia it considers the NEBG in relation to peripheral Eurozone states. It argues that the post-crisis banking governance framework of the EU not only severely constrained the Slovenian state in its policy choices but rearranged its policy-making institutions in a way that restricted and continues to restrict democratic banking policy formation.     

The impact of foreign macroeconomic news on financial markets in the Czech Republic, Hungary, and Poland

In this paper, we investigate the effects of euro area and US macroeconomic news on financial markets in the Czech Republic, Hungary, and Poland (CEEC-3) from 1999 to 2006. Using a GARCH model, we examine the impact of news on daily returns of 3-month interest rates, stock market indices, exchange rates versus the euro, and the US dollar. First, both US and European macroeconomic news has a significant impact on CEEC-3 financial markets. Second, the process of European integration is accompanied by an increasing importance of euro area news relative to US news. Third, there are country-specific differences: for example, the Czech stock market is relatively more affected by foreign news since the Copenhagen Summit in December 2002. In general, our results support the hypothesis of a deepening euro area influence on the CEEC-3 over time and a corresponding reduction in the relative importance of US shocks.     

Municipal Finance in Poland,the Slovak Republic,the Czech Republic and Hungary: Institutional Framework and Recent Development

The recent process of political and economic transition in eastern European countries has not only contributed to the decentralisation of political structure but also significantly enhanced the fiscal autonomy of municipalities in these countries. In this context many similar types of public activities have recently been assigned to local governments, and some taxes were also declared to be local taxes. To be sure, this type of fiscal decentralisation has caused some additional problems, particularly for safeguarding the quality of publicly provided goods and services and for co-ordinating intergovernmental fiscal transfers between the central and local governments. For instance, some criticise that many small-sized municipalities in the transition economies have suffered from financial bottlenecks and have not been able to receive sufficient financial support from the central government. However, such a fiscal devolution trend appears to continue. This study primarily deals with issues surrounding the impact of national fiscal policy and the regulatory framework on local governments' expenditure behaviour and their ability to mobilise necessary revenues under the particular consideration of the institutional and administrative co-operation with the central government and of the less well-developed financial market in Poland, the Slovak Republic, the Czech Republic and Hungary.     

EMU-related news and financial markets in the Czech Republic,Hungary and Poland

We analyse the impact of news on five financial markets in the Czech Republic, Hungary and Poland using a newly constructed data set in a Generalized Autoregressive Conditional Heteroscedastic (GARCH) framework. Macroeconomic shocks (on Gross Domestic Product (GDP), inflation rate, current account and trade balance) are constructed as deviations from expected values. Economic and Monetary Union (EMU)-related political and fiscal news is captured as news dummies. Macroeconomic shocks significantly affect short-term interest rates and, to a lesser extent, other financial variables. Political and fiscal news has an impact on long-term bond yields and exchange rates. News displayed prominently in our media sources has a greater impact on financial markets than other news and, in addition, the sources of news themselves matter. We also discover asymmetric effects of news within markets. Finally, using a pooled GARCH model we find that macroeconomic shocks have the strongest impact on financial markets in Hungary, while political news has the largest influence in both Hungary and Poland.     

Corporate Governance and Financial Performance of Companies in Poland

The research presented in the paper is aimed at examining the relationship between the level of corporate governance and the financial performance of listed companies in Poland. The corporate governance degree is expressed by the outcomes of a rating of 2003 performed by Polish Corporate Governance Forum. The attempted models are of ordered multinomial type. Endogenous variable represents the rating outcome (A−, B+, B, B−, and C+), while the exogenous variables include various financial indicators evaluated on the basis of the 2002 financial statements. The estimated ordered logit models show that the level of corporate governance of companies in Poland is associated with their ability to cope with the financial distress, as expressed by the degree of liquidity, profitability and the financial leverage variables.     

Changing composition of human capital The Czech Republic,Hungary and Poland1

We show that business education/occupations have expanded and that technical education/occupations have contracted in the Czech Republic and Poland since 1990. We interpret these changes as an adjustment necessary for their transition to a market economy. We do not find the same pattern in Hungary, which we attribute to the earlier timing of its transition. We construct an aggregate model in which labour reallocates in response to changing demand structure. When calibrated with the Czech and Polish data, the model generates a large movement of workers with technical education and experience into business occupations in the early 1990s. The discounted sum of output loss due to the gap between the demand structure and the composition of existing human capital amounts to between 8 and 40 percent of 1990 GDP.     

A Spoonful of Sugar: Privatization and Popular Support for Reform in the Czech Republic

We analyze the role of privatization in creating a constituency for economic reform, markets, and democratic institutions, focusing on the Czech Republic. Drawing on a 1996 survey, we examine the 1,459 respondents' opinions on reforms, economic policies and systems, the legitimacy of transition, and democratic values. Using ordered probit estimation, we find that receiving property through restitution is strongly associated with support for reform and markets. Concerning voucher privatization, we find positive effects for participants retaining shares, but little impact of participation alone. Our simulations suggest that policy designs have substantial consequences for citizens' support of reforms, markets, and democracy.     

财务治理、投资效率与企业经营绩效

较好的财务治理能够降低委托代理成本,降低股东和债权人的信息不对称风险,从而使企业运行效率更高。研究发现,投资效率在财务治理对经营绩效的影响中起到了部分中介的作用,即财务治理能够提高企业的投资效率,从而对经营绩效产生一定程度的积极作用。而这种积极作用主要是通过财务控制和财务监督实现的,财权配置和财务激励所体现的财务治理功能效果并不明显。因此,国内公司治理的重点可能已经不是监督和控制的问题,更多的注意力应当放在利益相关者之间的财权配置和财务激励上。     

QFII对创新投入及企业价值的影响

基于2007-2016年我国沪深两市A股上市公司数据,研究QFII持股对创新投入和企业价值的影响,并深入探讨行业特征和高管任职特征对QFII持股与创新投入的调节作用,以及创新投入在QFII持股与企业价值间的中介作用。结果发现：QFII持股有助于促进企业增加创新投入,行业特征和高管任职特征对两者关系具有显著调节作用;另外,QFII持股有利于提升企业价值,创新投入在两者间发挥了中介作用。最后,提出政府和企业应重视QFII的积极作用,通过制定相应政策吸引QFII投资。     

Empirical evaluation of nominal convergence in Czech Republic, Poland and Hungary (CPH)

We estimate a four variable structural vector auto regression (SVAR) model of the Czech Republic, Poland and Hungary economies in order to evaluate the links between the instruments of monetary policy and inflation outcomes. We find that the linkages between the interest rates and price levels are weak. However, the exchange rate constitutes the most important channel of monetary policy transmission for Poland and Hungary. For the Czech Republic, the link between interest rate rise and price level is rather indirect.     

公司治理、自由现金流与非效率投资

我国上市公司一方面因代理问题存在着低效率的过度投资,另一方面又面临融资约束导致的投资不足,使得资源配置效率低下.文章检验了我国资本市场上自由现金流与非效率投资之间的关系,以及代理问题和信息对称问题对两者关系的影响.我们发现,在企业投资过度的情况下,与代理问题的解释一致,自由现金流越多、代理问题越大的企业过度投资的情况越严重;在企业投资不足的情况下,与融资约束的解释一致,外部融资的缺口越大,信息不对称程度越严重的企业呈现出更为严重的投资不足.文章的结论对于完善资本市场功能、保护投资者利益、提高企业投资的决策效率具有参考意义.     

Non-standard methods in the privatization strategies of the Czech Republic,Hungary and Poland1

The Czech Republic, Hungary and Poland followed different strategies in the use of non-standard methods of privatization. In regard to restitution, the Czech Republic carried out physical return of property, Hungary weakly implemented financial compensation and Poland has not yet approved a programme. Management and employee buyouts were eschewed in the Czech Republic, took the form of employee stock ownership plans in Hungary and were accomplished chiefly by lease-purchase in Poland. The Czech mass privatization programme distributed a considerable amount of joint-stock company shares free through voucher auctions in which citizens participated directly or through financial intermediaries. In contrast, the Polish programme provided citizens free shares in investment trusts that exercise corporate governance over operating companies and restrure them for divestiture. Hungary's programme, which offered people only interest-free loans to buy some shares in intial public offerings, was abandoned soon after its start.     

Medical coverage for local national employees in the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland and Russia

Employers that must provide medical benefits for employees in Russia and other Eastern European countries cannot try to match the coverage they provide in the United States. This article, which focuses on the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland and Russia, summarizes the medical benefits provided by each government's social security system, describes other means of accessing medical care in these countries and outlines the insured supplemental benefit plans that may be available to employers in the local market.     

私募股权投资对公司治理模式的影响

私募股权已成为国际投融资市场上一支极其重要的力量,其中,以杠杆收购为特征的非风投私募股权投资是最具活力的部分,其以成熟企业为投资目标,着力于改善治理结构,提升企业的内在价值,为公司治理实践带来了一种创新模式。本文对股份制公司产生以来公司治理模式的发展轨迹进行了梳理,阐释了私募股权的运作方式、融资结构、收益分配等合约安排特点。在此基础上,深入剖析了私募股权机构积极投资者治理角色的产生机理及对被投资企业治理模式的创新性影响。