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1.
    
Few studies have been performed to use the detailed healthy eating index (HEI) to estimate consumer demand for diet quality. In this article, we apply household production theory to systematically estimate consumer demand for diet quality using the HEI developed by the U.S. Department of Agriculture. The results show that consumers have insufficient consumption of food containing dark green and orange vegetables, legumes and whole grains. Age and education have a significant impact on consumer demand for diet quality, but income does not. The own‐price elasticities of demand for diet quality are inelastic. Simulation of tax scenarios indicates that a tax on sugar‐sweetened beverage may be more efficient than a tax on fats, oils and salad dressing in improving consumer diet quality. This information is critical for policies and programs that are designed to improve healthy food choices, thereby reducing the social cost of public health.  相似文献   

2.
[目的]“产业兴旺”是乡村振兴战略中的重要内容,探究中国水稻加工环节成本结构及影响因素,对促进我国农业一、二、三产业的融合,实现农业价值链转型升级,提升我国农产价值链竞争力具有重要的意义。[方法]通过微观调研数据,构建超越对数成本函数和要素需求函数,采用似不相关回归法(Seemingly Unrelated Regression)实证分析我国水稻加工厂的成本及要素投入的影响因素。[结果](1)稻米加工厂存在规模报酬经济,扩大规模可以降低稻米加工平均成本。(2)建立品牌、与农户形成合同关系、鼓励多元主体经营、公司成立时间、企业能够获得政府支持对降低加工厂的平均加工成本具有正向显著影响。(3)建立品牌、与稻农签订合同、企业负责人的年龄、受教育年限越高对提高加工厂资本投入,促进结构升级具有显著影响。[结论]应采取相关政策措施鼓励稻米加工产扩大加工规模,与上下游形成更为紧密的利益共同体,加强稻米加工企业的品牌意识进而提高我国稻米加工产业的成本竞争力,并鼓励具有更为丰富管理经验、接受更高教育水平的管理者担任企业负责人,在促进我国稻米加工行业的升级转型的同时,提高我国稻米副产品的深度开发利用。  相似文献   

3.
森林保险成本和价格与供求失衡分析   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
构成森林保险产品的成本有物业和设备成本、产品设计成本、宣传展业成本、查勘理赔成本、契约成本、赔付成本;在森林保险的构成成本中,以赔付成本为主的可变成本占总成本的67%以上,保险公司难以通过扩大经营规模有效分摊成本,森林保险价格具有刚性,较高的刚性价格抑制了森林保险的需求,造成森林保险供求失衡。  相似文献   

4.
中国主要林产品进口来源变动分析   总被引:9,自引:0,他引:9  
根据统计资料,分析了1997~2003年中国木材、人造板、木浆、纸板与纸产品的进口趋势,指出木材和木浆进口量不断增长,纸和纸板进口量比较稳定,变化幅度不大,而胶合板和单板业进口量在减少,但由于国内巨大需求,其数量仍然很大。在此基础上着重分析了中国上述林产品的进口来源,并指出了其变动的主要原因。  相似文献   

5.
介绍了企业环境社会责任和环境利益相关者,阐述了浆纸企业的环境社会责任——压力与转变,并用内容分析法对环境保护部2011年印发的《国家重点监控企业名单》中的部分浆纸企业进行了企业环境社会责任的网络沟通情况分析。结果表明:大多数中国浆纸企业没有很好的履行企业环境社会责任的同时,也存在在企业环境社会责任上面向公众型利益相关者的沟通缺失;浆纸企业需要继续提高企业环境社会责任意识,提高环境社会责任沟通中信息的准确性和扩展内容范围。  相似文献   

6.
    
Treating grazing pressure as an undesirable output of livestock grazing in a directional distance function improves understanding of how economic behaviour affects the environment. Field survey data from 193 livestock grazing households combined with remotely sensed net primary productivity (NPP) data on the Qinghai–Tibetan–Plateau was used to develop a directional output‐orientation distance function. The average efficiency of livestock grazing households is 0.817 when incorporating grazing pressure as an undesirable output, which means that households can achieve 18.3% more output and decrease proportional grazing pressure holding all inputs fixed. The relative shadow price of undesirable grazing pressure to good output grazing revenue is estimated to be between 1.795 and 3.986. According to the Morishima elasticity of substitution between inputs, there is a significant complementary relationship between grassland, labour and capital.  相似文献   

7.
    
In this paper we investigate the presence of productivity convergence in eight regional pulp and paper industries of U.S. and Canada over the period of 1971–2005. Expectation of productivity convergence in the pulp and paper industries of Canadian provinces and of the states of its southern neighbour is high since they are trading partners with fairly high level of exchanges in both pulp and paper products. Moreover, they share a common production technology that changed very little over the last century. We supplement the North-American regional data with national data for two Nordic countries, Finland and Sweden, which provides a scope to compare the productivity performances of four leading players in global pulp and paper industry. We find evidence in favour of the catch-up hypothesis among the regional pulp and paper industries of U.S. and Canada in our sample. The growth performance is at the advantage of Canadian provinces relative to their U.S. counterparts. The two Nordic countries, that had the lowest productivity levels in 1971, erased most of the gap and in some cases moved ahead of their North-American counterparts.  相似文献   

8.
    
This paper investigates the relevance of relative prices and world income as determinants of food exports for the top trading countries in the period 1992–2012 using a panel data framework. We find that price elasticities generally take lower values for processed goods, and the opposite holds for income elasticities. Processed goods are also characterised by an inverse relationship between price elasticities and average unit values. The analysis suggests that both emerging and advanced countries can be expected to increase their export specialisation in processed goods. Furthermore, developed economies can face fierce competition from emerging countries by enhancing the quality content of their processed good exports.  相似文献   

9.
从产业自身创新能力和产业外部环境二维角度建立评价指标体系,使用模糊综合评价法对福建制浆造纸产业的创新能力进行实证研究。结果表明:福建制浆造纸产业创新能力处于"一般"水平,产业规模、管理水平是制约福建制浆造纸产业创新能力最重要的2个因素。  相似文献   

10.
中国木浆造纸产业国际竞争力评价与发展对策研究   总被引:2,自引:1,他引:2  
分析了中国木浆造纸产业国际竞争力发展条件以及进出口贸易基本现状,以产品国际贸易竞争指数、产品平均贸易价格、产业和企业平均利润率水平为指标体系,定量评价中国制浆造纸行业连续11年的国际贸易竞争能力及变化趋势。研究认为,中国木浆造纸业产品国际贸易竞争能力较弱。在评价基础上,从体制、技术、管理等方面,提出了发展中国木浆造纸产业国际竞争力的对策建议。  相似文献   

11.
    
A production approach based on the translog cost function is used to analyze import demand for wheat differentiated by class and country of origin in the Japanese wheat flour milling industry. Results indicate that US wheat faces strong competition in the Japanese wheat market, but its multiple classes and end‐use characteristics enable the US to preserve the largest market share in Japan.  相似文献   

12.
目的 农业生产中有机肥替代化肥,既关系到面源污染的控制,又关系到农产品质量安全。方法 文章基于黄淮海与环渤海5省市480份蔬菜种植户调查数据,采用随机前沿超越对数生产函数测算农户有机肥—化肥替代弹性,实证分析社会资本发挥的驱动效果并进行异质性探究。结果 (1)有机肥的产出弹性约是化肥的产出弹性的3倍,表明有机肥增加更有利于单产的增加;同时,有机肥—化肥替代弹性为1.090,表现出有机肥对化肥较强的替代性。(2)综合社会资本正向促进农户有机肥替代化肥。其中,结构型社会资本与认知型社会资本均发挥显著影响。此外,家庭总收入水平更高、平均地块面积大于0.4 hm2(6亩)的农户更倾向于用有机肥替代化肥。(3)异质分析表明,认知型社会资本对“新一代”及高文化程度群体有机肥替代化肥决策的促进作用更明显,结构型社会资本对低文化程度群体有机肥替代化肥决策的促进作用更明显。结论 应加大对农户社会资本的培育力度,针对异质性群体,充分利用特定类型社会资本对绿色施肥技术的传播作用,并鼓励适度规模经营,提高农户收入水平,为有机肥施用创造配套条件。  相似文献   

13.
世界钢产量峰期出现在2000年以后,其高速增长动力主要来源于中国,而中国铁矿石原矿资源禀赋的劣势,愈发刺激了中国对国际海运铁矿石的需求,致使中国铁矿石需求的对外依存度较高,与此同时,作为铁矿石纯进口国的中国难以主导铁矿石定价权。2011年国际铁矿石市场正值高位运行,大部分铁矿石生产商在高价驱使下,选择大幅增加投资成本扩建产能,海运铁矿石市场供需基本面开始倒转。2015年以来,铁矿石中国到岸价大幅下跌,铁矿石生产巨头由于低廉的现金生产成本也只能勉强盈利或者维持在盈亏平衡线附近,高成本矿被实质性挤压出局。而美国量化宽松政策收紧乃至退出,导致金融流动性降低,进一步巩固了全球铁矿石市场"供强需弱"的格局。由于国内高成本铁矿项目的退出,中国铁矿石需求对外依存度将会进一步升高。  相似文献   

14.
柑橘较高的替代性和较长生产周期,致使柑橘价格波动较大,影响柑橘生产的稳定性。该文首先 依据供求弹性理论,采用那维拉模型,构建柑橘供给反应函数和需求反应函数;其次,以1998~2011年为 样本期,测度了柑橘长期供给弹性和需求弹性,厘清了影响柑橘供给和需求变动的主要因素。结果表明: 柑橘当期种植面积、当期单产水平对柑橘供给有显著正向影响,滞后两期价格和滞后一期产量有较显著负 向影响;滞后两期产量对当期柑橘需求正向影响显著,当期加工能力和柑橘滞后两期价格具有正向影响。 研究结论:柑橘长期供给弹性(0.9)大于其需求弹性(0.14)、柑橘出口和企业加工总量以及5年的生产 周期是影响中国柑橘生产波动的主要因素;中国柑橘市场形似发散型蛛网,价格波动导致生产不稳定趋势 加剧。因此,为维持柑橘生产的稳定性,需要适度控制种植规模,调整品种结构,扩大柑橘出口规模,提 高柑橘产品的精加工和深加工的能力。  相似文献   

15.
16.
《中国林业经济》2020,(1):1-4,10
林业碳汇是减缓气候变化、实现绿色发展的重要途径。在全球生态经济飞速发展的时代背景下,美国、瑞典、挪威等国日益重视碳汇带来的经济效益,我国健全林业碳汇市场势在必行。通过总结林业碳汇项目的发展状况,重点研究当前我国林业碳汇项目的供求机制和价格机制,以期为管理者调整供求关系、稳定价格提供依据,进而促进林业碳汇项目早日纳入全国碳排放交易体系。  相似文献   

17.
    
Access to transport infrastructure generates a range of benefits to the agriculture sector; many of which are difficult to measure directly. In this study, we use hedonic regression analysis of farm‐level data to examine the contribution of transport infrastructure to the value of farmland traded between 2009 and 2011 through its impact on farm productivity. We show that a one per cent reduction in the cost of transportation between farms and ports leads to a 0.33 per cent increase in land prices, and there is no significant difference between rail and road transportation at the aggregate level. Moreover, the benefits generated by particular types of infrastructure services vary between industries and with farm size, suggesting there are multiple channels through which public infrastructure influences agricultural production. Our findings help to inform future investment decisions in Australia and in other countries by providing new evidence regarding the benefits of existing transport infrastructure.  相似文献   

18.
本研究以浙江省中等立地水平的杉木林经营为例,从森林碳汇供给的视角,采用成本利润法来测算碳汇的供给成本,避免了造林成本法不区分林地的条件和类型缺陷。研究表明:碳汇供给的价格与林地的规模呈负相关,与预期的成本利润率呈正相关。在碳汇价格为18元/吨CO2e的价格水平下,经济理性的参与森林碳汇交易的最小经营规模为1 000.4 hm2。降低交易成本已经成为影响森林碳汇交易实现的关键。  相似文献   

19.
Estimation of Profit Functions When Profit is Not Maximum   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
This paper deals with derivation and implications of profit functions when profit is not maximum due to the presence of either technical inefficiency or allocative inefficiency, or both. We show that input demand and output supply, elasticities, and returns to scale are, in general, affected by these inefficiencies. We also show that the overall profit efficiency is not necessarily the product of technical and allocative efficiencies, meaning that technical and allocative inefficiencies are not necessarily independent. Estimation techniques are developed for both cross-sectional and panel data models. Working of the model is illustrated using a panel of 60 salmon farms.  相似文献   

20.
    
The performance of pulp and paper industries in four Canadian regions is compared based on the estimation of an input distance function, with and without pollutant outputs. Distance functions are techniques for the representation and estimation of multiple-output and multiple-input production technologies. They are quantity-based techniques. Non-marketed outputs such as pollutants can be easily incorporated into productivity analysis with the help of distance functions. This environmentally sensitive approach provides higher productivity growth estimates for all regions, indicating the need for adjusting conventional measures that ignore the non-marketed benefits of pollution abatement activities. The results also consistently indicate the presence of substantial differences in the regional levels of technical efficiency. Regional industries have not enjoyed similar rates of technological progress due to differences in their underlying structures. Productivity growth estimates for most regional industries remain weak or negative even after the recognition of pollution abatement efforts. Estimates of regional level costs of abatement for biological oxygen demand (BOD) and suspended solids (TSS) are provided.  相似文献   

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