经济增长与社会公平:公共支出的均衡激励机制

本文就经济增长与社会公平构建了财政结构方程均衡激励模型。利用中国的经验数据实证分析发现,经济增长与社会公平在我国确实存在着替代关系,公共支出对经济增长的非均衡激励是这种替代关系存在的决定因素,公共支出对经济增长与社会公平存在均衡激励机制,但中国的均衡激励机制不健全。我们的政策建议是:明晰各类公共支出的属性,规范各自职能,确保各类支出按属性规定的功能激励经济增长与社会公平;扩大中间收入阶层的力量,尊重纳税人的声音,建立公共支出民主投票政治机制,从制度上保障公共支出均衡激励经济增长与社会公平。     

国际贸易中企业社会责任壁垒的演进与应对

企业社会责任理论上不应成为贸易壁垒,然而在现实中常常被发达国家作为贸易保护的借口而成为变相的贸易壁垒,并且日益成为当前可持续发展理念下影响我国外贸发展最难以跨越的障碍,不可小视。了解企业在国际贸易中容易遭遇的企业社会责任壁垒的影响,提出有针对性的应对策略,尤其是政府、行业协会和企业三方联动,有效地化解企业社会责任贸易壁垒,积极促进我国对外贸易。     

Strategic Distortion of the Objectives of Trade Policy

Abstract

By employing a simple three-country model in which there are two exporting countries and one consuming country, this paper analyses the consequences of one-country strategic distortion of the objectives of trade policy. It finds that although an exporting country can benefit from strategic distortion, it would be preferred that the importing country distorts its policy. Furthermore, it is found that preferential trading agreements can emerge endogenously.     

The reduction of the UK budget deficit: a human rights perspective

This paper contributes to new thinking in economics by employing a human rights perspective to examine the budget deficit reduction strategy of the UK coalition government, as set out in 2010 in the June budget and October Spending Review. Focusing on economic and social rights, the paper explains the human rights obligations of governments and key human rights principles. As examples of how they should be applied to examine the deficit reduction strategy, it examines the implications of the policy changes for child poverty and gender equality, and finds that in both cases there is evidence to suggest non-compliance with the human rights obligations of the UK government.     

Skill Intensity in Foreign Trade and Economic Growth

This paper explores the link between trade structure, trade specialization and per capita income growth. It is argued that industrial upgrading in export specialization patterns has a positive long-run growth effect, while the effect of structural change in industrial import patterns is in principle ambiguous. A standard empirical growth model is augmented by various measures of structural change. The hypothesis that not trade per se matters, but that various types of trading activities impact differently on economic growth is tested on a sample of 45 countries (OECD members and selected Asian and Latin American countries) over the period 1981–1997. The data set comprises exports and imports for 35 manufacturing industries at the 3-digit level of the ISIC classification which are grouped according to skill intensity. The results of the dynamic panel estimation point towards a positive long-run growth effect arising from trade specialization in medium-high-skill-intensive industries. Further, important distinctions between the skill intensity of export and import patterns and their respective influence on economic development, as well as between the group of developing countries and OECD members are observed in this relationship.JEL classification: C23, F43, O19, O41, O57The author is grateful to Michael Landesmann and Robert Stehrer (wiiw), Neil Foster and Jesús Crespo Cuaresma (Department of Economics, University of Vienna), Michael Peneder (Austrian Institute of Economic Research) and two referees for valuable comments. This research is based on Jubiläumsfondsprojekt Nr. 8954, financial support by Oesterreichische Nationalbank is gratefully acknowledged.     

外贸产业价值链的重构模式探讨

随着国内外市场一体化,全球生产、营销供应链的一体化,我国外贸体制的改革,外贸经营权的放开,在外贸产业价值链中,专业外贸企业原有的靠政策优势占据的价值链中的垄断地位已受到威胁。笔者运用价值链分析工具,通过分析外贸产业价值链的构成,分解和整合价值链的各项活动,重新定位价值链的战略环节,探讨了外贸产业价值链的重构,为外贸企业构筑新的竞争优势提出新的思路。     

外贸地域结构优化与经济增长关系研究——以福建省为例

随着中国对外贸易的稳步发展,福建省的外贸经济支撑与带动作用不断凸显,已成为国内领先的外贸大省。现有研究福建省对外贸易的成果多侧重于外贸整体态势、产业提升、外贸产品结构及外贸关系等方面,从国家（或地区）角度分析,外贸地域结构对经济增长的促进作用,更能促进外贸结构的优化。     

论经济平等权

近年来,因经济利益受到侵害而产生的法律争议越来越多,其背后所凸显的经济平等的理念诉求与权利安排逐渐引起人们的高度关注.本文通过对经济平等的分析,首次提出经济平等权的概念.在探讨经济平等权存在必要性的基础上,本文从内涵、性质、特征、权利类型等方面对其进行了法律界定,并对经济平等权和经济自由权进行了比较,进而对我国经济平等权制度进行考察,揭示了当下制度中存在的一些瑕疵与不足,并初步提出我国经济平等权制度的优化思路及建议.     

论民营对外贸易的经济贡献及发展策略

民营对外贸易的快速发展,拉动了国民经济增长,推动了所有制经济结构调整,增加了就业机会,扩大了财政收入和外汇储备,加快了外贸体制改革步伐。但仍存在准入门槛过高、出口退税滞后等诸多问题。为促进民营对外贸易的发展,管理部门要营造平等竞争的政策环境,进出口商会及中介组织要增强规范管理与服务,民营企业也要提高自身的竞争力。     

对外贸易与我国经济增长——基于中国宏观经济基本假设条件的理论分析

近年来我国经济增长中伴随着对外贸易连续高速增长,且出口多于进口,外汇储备不断增加的现象。此现象是由我国生产力不平衡结构、引进技术进步机制、劳动力过剩和强政府控制力等特定的中国宏观经济基本假设条件所导致的。基于这些基本假设条件构建的结构模型可以较好地解释我国对外贸易与经济增长的内在关系及其变迁机制。     

基于创新社会管理视角下中国经贸发展对策研究

中国正处于经贸高速发展的时期,加强并创新社会管理已经成为新时代的主题。为了适应社会主义市场经济发展和社会结构深刻变化的新情况,在分析中国经贸发展概况及社会管理对其影响的基础上,提出了优化出口产品结构等对策建议,在转变经济增长方式的同时,实现创新社会管理。     

古巴社会保障制度及对我国的启示

古巴作为经济发展缓慢的国家,其社会保障事业的发展水平却位居世界前列。古巴社会保障制度经历了初步建立、快速发展和新改革三个阶段。经过三个阶段的发展,古巴已经建立了国家主导、保障充分、可持续发展的社会保障制度。目前,我国社会保障制度的建设已经取得了一些成就,但相对于其他国家仍然比较落后,为此,我们应该学习和借鉴古巴发展社会保障制度的经验,建立和完善我国的社会保障制度,为我国社会、经济的稳定发展打好基础。     

Monetary Union and the Transatlantic and Social Dimensions of Europe's Crisis

With a comparative case study of the social welfare systems of an urban and a rural county in the United States, I explore variation in local welfare implementation by examining organisational strategies. Service provision in the rural county is less diverse and less effective than in the urban county due to place-based factors; however, in the urban county more financial resources and capacity translates into more regulation of the clientele as well as resistance to neoliberal practices. Organisations whose existence depends upon benevolent elites adapt to their funding requirements by regulating clients of social services, including tactics of surveillance, elaborate verification, and restriction. The enforcement of low-wage work that is bracketed by national policy is highly constraining, but can be challenged through a welfare organisation when the right conditions are present for an empowered grassroots approach. These findings are situated within the more general literature on the changing governance of welfare.     

区域经济一体化的理性选择--建立自由贸易区及其相关理论问题

经济全球化和区域经济一体化是当今世界经济发展的两个并存的重要趋势.区域经济一体化是指地域相邻近的两个以上国家,在国际分工不断深化和经济联系愈紧密的基础上,通过政府间谈判并以签署协定形式,相互采取比区域外国家更为开放、更为自由的贸易投资政策,并在体制框架和调节机制上结合成为经济合作组织或国家经济集团.其组织形态有南南型、北北型及北南型区域经济一体化.亚洲与其他地区相比,区域经济一体化的实际进展不大,真正称得上区域经济一体化的组织只有东南亚国家联盟.     

Trade integration and regional income disparities in a growth model with the service sector and footloose capital

This paper proposes a North–South growth model of endogenous industry location which is consistent with recent empirical work showing that regional income disparities have increased in many countries with the process of trade integration. The model incorporates a service sector that benefits from intersectoral knowledge spillovers from the manufacturing sector. We find that, when these spillovers are local, trade integration leads to an increase in interregional real income inequality.     

The Impact of Social Segregation on the Labor Market Outcomes of Low-Skilled Workers*

We study the impact of network homophily on labor market outcomes in a search-and-matching model with two job search channels: the formal market and social contacts. There are two worker types: low-skilled and high-skilled workers. The homophily level determines whether the referral networks of the two types are mixed or segregated from each other. We show that there exists an intermediate homophily level that minimizes the unemployment rate and maximizes the wages of low-skilled workers. Complete integration does not maximize the welfare of low-skilled workers, unless it improves their productivity. We argue that our model can explain the empirical findings on the labor market effects of the Moving-to-Opportunity experiment and the integration of immigrants.     

弱势群体的经济成因及其社会保护

弱势群体源于社会变革和公民个体的生活变迁。弱势群体与一般社会公众的生活距离和区别,不仅在生活内容和生活水平上,也包括心理方面的特殊性。弱势群体的产生和存在对社会的稳定、发展有不可忽视的消极影响。着力转化、提升弱势群体是社会控制和政府管理的重要课题。     

社会人属性和企业治理效率的改善

基于经济人假设的代理理论及其指导下的企业治理实践产生了一个低效的治理效率.独立董事初步显示了社会人属性对企业治理效率的改善.如果存在足够的具有社会人属性的经营者,那么股东将愿意更多激励和更少监督经营者,这将是一个帕累托改进,因而能够改善企业治理效率.     

国外农村社会保障财政支持的实践及启示

通过对国外尤其是德国、日本和韩国等典型国家对农村社会保障财政支持的实践考察认为,中国在农村社会保障的财政支持取向中应注意五个方面:财政支持农村社会保障要符合本国国情;财政支持应体现社会保障应有的社会性和福利性;财政为主的多元化筹资是制度发展的重要保障;财政对农村社会保障的支持水平要适度;财政对农村社会保障的支持应体现项目的差异性。     

The Role of Migration in the Variety and Quality of Trade: Evidence from Germany

We explore the migration‐trade nexus in the case of Germany over the period 2000–09, disentangling the two dimensions of intra‐industry trade (vertical and horizontal). We find that immigration is positively and significantly related to intra‐industry trade. However, the magnitude and statistical significance of migration's impact on trade are considerably higher for horizontal intra‐industry trade and increase with the difference in the level of development between Germany and the partner countries. This pattern is consistent with the view that information flows between migrant communities and their country of origin may be more important for consumer goods (where trade in varieties prevails) and that this information effect is more important if trading countries are very different.