Development of a Scale to Measure Social Capital in Recreation and Sport Clubs

ABSTRACT

Social capital's measurement has been limited and an effective scale is needed. This research employed focus groups and interviews and a panel of experts to provide understanding and items for a social capital scale in sport and recreation setting. After a pilot study the Club Social Capital Scale (CSCS) was completed by 1,079 members of sport and recreation clubs. This 42-item scale included the factors trust, friendship, acceptance, reciprocity, norms, and governance. Exploratory factor analysis resulted in a 20-item four component (governance, norms, friendship-acceptance, and trust-reciprocity) CSCS. Confirmatory factor analysis confirmed the potential four or five factor model and the hierarchical structure. The CSCS is the first psychometrically developed instrument to measure the factors underlying social capital rather than its outcomes. It can inform policy makers or sport and recreation administrators to establish baseline social capital in their organization and the efficacy of interventions or changes in policy.     

旅游活动对城市旅游目的地社会资本的影响分析——以济南市两社区为例

在对旅游影响和社会资本进行分析解构的基础上,对济南市芙蓉街社区和曲水亭街社区进行了实证调查。结果表明,感知旅游影响方向和内容对社区社会资本各维度影响具有差异性;因旅游活动导致的居民不同居住类型和参与经营程度对社区社会资本影响呈现差序格局。因此,需要动态监控旅游对城市社区的消极作用,提升原住户角色,促成旅游社区和谐发展。     

Effect of Event Service Quality and Satisfaction on Happiness Among Runners of a Recurring Sport Event

The consumption of sport events through direct participation can influence participants’ perception of happiness with that experiential purchase given the time and resources invested in that experience. The purpose of the study was to examine how sport event service quality aspects operationalized through the physical environment, interaction, and outcome factors influence overall satisfaction with the event and experiential happiness. Data were collected from 300 runners who participated in 5k and 10k races. Structural equation modeling analysis revealed the positive effect of outcome and physical environment factors on satisfaction with the event and the positive influence of event satisfaction and outcome quality on experiential happiness. The overall expectations on the quality of the event experience can be a focus for event managers aiming to achieve social marketing goals related to positive psychology from the event participation.     

A Community-Based Tourism Model: Its Conception and Use

Community participation in the tourism planning process is advocated as a way of implementing sustainable tourism. There are, however, few studies that detail tangible and practical ways to promote or measure participation. This paper reviews the principal theories used to discuss community participation, including the ‘ladder of citizen participation’, power redistribution, collaboration processes and social capital creation. These theories form the basis for defining a community-based tourism (CBT) model. The paper shows how this model can be used to assess participation levels in a study site, and suggests further actions required. The model is applied in a case study in Palawan, the Philippines, where an indigenous community previously initiated a community-based ecotourism project. The project resulted in a number of problems, including conflicts with non-indigenous stakeholders. The model identifies the current situation of the project and provides suggestions for improvement.     

The Potential Impact of Mega Sport Media on the Travel Decision‐Making Process and Destination Choice—The Case of Portugal and Euro 2004

The paper is concerned with exploring how the media coverage of mega sport events influences the travel decision‐making process and destination choice of potential travellers. The decision was made to use Euro 2004 and Portugal as a case study in order to discover the conceptual factors relevant to this phenomenon. The methodology consisted of a comprehensive literature review and in‐depth interviews with potential travellers. The data suggest that Euro 2004 did not do much to induce travel to Portugal among the informants, and this raised questions regarding the effectiveness of this type of promotion for destination marketing. It suggests that most destinations using this technique may have to employ strategic leveraging techniques if any tourism benefits are to be derived. If this is not done, the tourism marketing potential may fail miserably and result in a loss of the investment made by the government and public bodies that invest in these events for tourism purposes.     

“Skankalicious”: Erotic Capital in Women's Flat Track Roller Derby

Erotic capital refers to the use of sexuality for personal gain and has been theorized as a particular source of power (some) women can leverage to advance their interests (Hakim, 2011 Hakim, C. (2011). Erotic capital: The power of attraction in the boardroom and the bedroom. New York, NY: Basic Books. [Google Scholar]). With its overt sexuality, women's roller derby provides an ideal opportunity to investigate erotic capital. Locating erotic capital within a specific time, space, and context, I draw upon third-wave feminism and use in-depth conversational interviews and participant observation to reveal ways “derby girls” perform their sexuality and use it to advance their collective and individual interests. This analysis introduces erotic capital to the leisure literature and demonstrates the intentionality of women's resistance to, and reproduction of, gendered stereotypes, particularly with respect to sexuality. In so doing, the findings highlight a need for rethinking traditional conceptualizations of empowerment whereby resistance equals empowering and reproduction equals disempowering, and initiates a new direction for feminist scholarship in this regard.     

社会资本对生态旅游收益与居民环保意识关系的调节效应

生态旅游社区居民是否具有环保意识,是当地生态旅游能否可持续发展的关键因素。因此,如何培养社区居民的环保意识是当前面临的重要挑战。有研究表明,经济收益能够作为激励因素增进居民的环保意识,然而这种激励方式的有效性却受到了另外一些学者的质疑。基于文献研究,文章提出社会资本在生态旅游收益和居民环保意识之间具有调节作用的假设。实证检验结果表明,社会资本是一个调节变量,正向调节生态旅游收益与居民环保意识之间的关系。该研究结论对于生态旅游实践具有重要的管理启示。     

人力资本、社会资本及心理资本对酒店员工的协同作用

酒店是劳动密集型的工作场所,员工不仅需要一定的人力资本,而且更需要社会资本与心理资本,研究这3种资本对酒店员工绩效与组织承诺的协同作用具有理论与现实意义。文章通过实地调研,运用逐步回归方法实证探讨这一问题,研究结果表明：酒店员工的人力资本、社会资本和心理资本都与员工绩效、组织承诺显著相关,且心理资本与社会资本、人力资本能对员工绩效、组织承诺产生协同作用。因此,酒店应该重视员工的社会资本与心理资本,并协同开发这3种资本,以便提高员工绩效,减少流失率。