The Role of the Proximate Principle in the Emergence of Urban Parks in the United Kingdom and in the United States

Abstract

Residences located close to urban parks frequently sell at a premium. The increased home values represent a ‘capitalization’ of a park’s value to proximate homeowners and this phenomenon has been termed ‘the proximate principle’. The evolution of the principle from squares and gardens in small private estates to large park areas occurred with the development of Regent’s Park in London. The proximate principle’s dissemination into the new industrial cities of the UK first emerged at Prince’s Park in Liverpool, but it was still confined to private developments. Its transition into the public sector occurred with the development of Birkenhead Park. The data showing that Birkenhead Park was potentially a self‐financing venture funded by the enhanced value of proximate profits were widely disseminated and provided the financial rationale for many subsequent urban parks in other UK cities. This principle was absorbed by Frederick Law Olmsted on two early visits to Birkenhead Park and incorporated into the design of Central Park in New York City, the first large urban park in the US. Olmsted meticulously documented the impact of Central Park on adjacent property values and demonstrated that the park made a ‘profit’. These data were crucial in verifying the legitimacy of the proximate principle and in providing the justification for large urban parks in a host of other US cities. Although these data are naïve when viewed through the lens of modern social science, recent studies using sophisticated techniques have confirmed the fundamental legitimacy of the proximate principle.     

中国乡村旅游发展模式研究--成都农家乐与北京民俗村的比较与对策分析

本文比较了成都农家乐与北京民俗村的发展历程、发展模式与政府规制办法,指出乡村性是乡村旅游的核心,乡村旅游的标准管理、规模经营与经营者的“飞地化”导致乡村性的消失,主张乡村旅游应从主题、地格与氛围三方面塑造与维系乡村性,应该强化特色分类管理、合理规划、坚持“本地化”与改进土地政策以保持乡村旅游的健康发展。     

EDI and the Internet in the E-Business Era

This article presents cost effective guidelines to assist hotels of all sizes with the usage of electronic data interchange (EDI) in the Internet e-business era. The evolution of web-based EDI makes it easier for hotels of all sizes to support their business processes with traditional EDI technology, but without the extensive capital outlay in computer hardware and software. This is an attempt to encourage investment in basic EDI technologies before implementing more sophisticated applications. The focus is to allow hotels of all sizes to improve their competitive advantage with successive EDI technological advances.     

中国旅游产业结构变迁对旅游经济增长的影响

文章从产业结构合理化和高级化两个维度考察了中国旅游产业结构变迁的特征,通过构建计量模型分析了旅游产业结构变迁对中国旅游经济增长的影响,并验证了该影响的可靠性。结果表明:(1)整体看我国旅游产业结构的高级化程度在提升、合理化程度在波动中下降,但区域差异明显;(2)旅游产业结构变迁对我国旅游经济增长的影响具有区域普遍性和持久性,但影响力在下降;(3)旅游产业结构变迁对旅游经济增长影响力的大小具有时段性特征,但比较而言,旅游产业结构合理化是推动旅游经济增长的基础性动力。针对上述结论,文章进一步讨论了其成因并提出了相关建议。     

地名在风景名胜区的应用

文章全面介绍了中国以风景名胜命名政区的历史与现状，对其中合理与不合理的原因进行了分析，尤其对徽州地区改名黄山市带来的负面影响进行了深入分析，并据此对风景名胜区发展提出了几条建议。     

试论京郊乡村旅游发展中的问题与对策

北京作为中国的首都和国际著名的历史文化名城,旅游业正在突飞猛进地向前发展。在北京市居民的经济收入普遍提高的情况下,其旅游需求出现巨大的变化。北京的城市居民已不满足于对一般名胜古迹的欣赏,而是选择了依山傍水、空气清新的京郊乡村旅游。然而,京郊乡村旅游在大力发展的同时,也出现了许多这样和那样的问题与不足,并大有制约京郊乡村旅游向前发展的趋势。笔者针对当前京郊乡村旅游在发展中存在的问题进行了论述,并提出了自己的建议及对策。     

Oligopoly and the resort cycle in the Bahamas

Markusen's “profit cycle” and the influence of oligopoly are applied to Butler's notion of the resort cycle. The stagnation and decline associated with the latter stages of the resort cycle can be explained by industrial organization and the oligopolistic position of the major suppliers. The study area of Paradise Island (Bahamas) appears to be a clear example of how the corporate strategies of a major supplier can dramatically influence the resort cycle process. Resorts subjected to long-term oligopoly can experience eventual declines in the number of visitors because of an emphasis on market share and competitive stability, at the expense of innovation and diversification.     

Financing the lodging industry in the next millennium

Lending to the industry has seemed to occur in 5-year cycles where lenders alternate between a period of marked flexibility with generous lending terms and then followed by a period of austere lending terms. During the last decade of the 20th century indications are that there is prudence both in the demand and supply markets and some expect that this environment will persist long enough into the new millennium to prevent the recurrence of the boom and bust cycle of hotel financing. With many new financial instruments and new sources of financing introduced in the last decade of the century this paper presents the results of a Delphi study about lodging financing in the next millennium. It highlights the predictions of selected experts from the lodging and financial services industries.     

Employment in tourism: The jaws of the snake in the hotel industry

For many years, the capacity of technologies to automate jobs was more visible in industrial settings. However, the latest advances have generated systems (through self-service technologies, online and mobile applications, and robots) that are capable of replacing human tasks in service environments. The question is whether these trends are already taking place in the tourism industry. Using data from hotels in Spain, France, Germany, and Europe as a whole, this research demonstrates that in the past 10 years, there has been a decrease in the intensity of the human labor required. This trend is occurring especially in high-end hotels, and it points to a reduction in human labor in the hotel industry.     

关于当前多媒体教学中教师角色的思考——以旅游教育教学为例

多媒体教学是对传统教学方式的一场革新 ,新的教学环境和教学方式要求教师必须明确自身角色。本文针对目前多媒体教学中存在的问题 ,以旅游教育教学为例 ,从思想认识、技术水平和管理制度三个方面入手 ,分析了多媒体教学中教师的角色 ,提出了相应的建议 ,期望有助于促进多媒体教学应用     

饭店工程和设备管理课程教材教学改革

文章以实践和调查为基础,对目前旅游院校的旅游、饭店管理专业开设的工程和设备管理课程的教材体系和教学内容进行了分析研究.指出了学科在专业定位,教学目标,教学内容和教材体系上存在的问题,提出了适合于旅游、饭店管理专业使用的饭店工程设备管理课程的教学内容和教材体系的改革意见和方法.     

Redefining the Recruitment Niche for the Guide Association in the United Kingdom

This article shows how the concept of a recruitment niche can be valuable in understanding the difficulties the Guide Association in the United Kingdom has in recruiting new volunteers. Understanding Guiding as career volunteering, within serious leisure, shows how the distinctive ethos of the existing volunteers contributes to the social construction of the recruitment niche. The defining boundaries of the niche restrict the ability to recruit new volunteers. Thus the article gives an example of how a recruitment niche for a voluntary organization can be defined using the socially constructed ethos of volunteers involved in career volunteering rather than by characteristics such as level of educational attainment. It also demonstrates the implications of this for voluntary organizations wishing to increase recruitment.     

饭店工程和设备管理课程教材教学改革

文章以实践和调查为基础,对目前旅游院校的旅游、饭店管理专业开设的工程和设备管理课程的教材体系和教学内容进行了分析研究。指出了学科在专业定位,教学目标,教学内容和教材体系上存在的问题,提出了适合于旅游、饭店管理专业使用的饭店工程设备管理课程的教学内容和教材体系的改革意见和方法。     

旅游合同一方当事人的认定探微

谁是旅游合同的当事人？这是摆在法院面前的一个既简单又复杂的问题。文章从旅游合同纠纷的实际案例出发,试图解决作为复杂问题的旅游合同一方当事人的认定难题。尽管赞同法院裁决时否定单位的旅游合同当事人资格的做法,但不接受其裁决理由,并提出了两种诠释路径：一种是基于现行法制,否定单位具有旅游合同当事人资格的正当性;另一种是面向未来,通过完善立法,承认单位是旅游合同当事人,但赋予作为受益人的旅游者直接请求权。前者适用我国《合同法》有关间接代理的条款,认定单位不是当事人,只是旅游者的代理人;后者建议完善《合同法》有关利他合同的规定,立法确认旅游者作为受益人得就其损害向旅行社提出违约赔偿。     

Tourism administration in the USA

The attitudes of US federal level administration to tourism in the USA over the past 20 years are discussed in relation to the background and signing into law of the 1981 National Tourism Policy Act, the first major piece of US tourism federal legislation since the 1961 International Travel Act. Focus is on the interplay between the Administration, Legislature and the private sector which led to the development of the Act. After a period of uncertainty the Act appeared to reaffirm federal support for tourism by raising it to Under Secretary level responsibility in the Department of Commerce and by establishing a new agency, the US Travel and Tourism Administration. However, since then the Administration has appeared to back-pedal by authorizing only a small budget and low staffing levels at the USTTA.     

帮您了解我国古代佛教造像艺术

朋友,您可能游览过世界各地,也可能走遍了祖国的万里山川,看过许多美丽的自然风光,也感受过无数的人文景观,可是当一座座古代佛教造像映入您的眼帘时,您对它了解得多吗?