Toward an explanation of betting as a leisure pursuit

This paper uses an analysis of betting decisions to explore the motivations underlying offcourse horserace betting — a leisure activity which accounted for a turnover of £4.3 billion in the UK in 1989/90. Specifically, four possible motivations are considered: financial gain, intellectual challenge, social interaction and excitement. A testable proposition is developed, linking each motivation to a particular time period in which the bet is placed and as to whether the bet is placed at starting price. Hence, four distinct subsets of the aggregate betting population are defined. The proposition is tested by examining betting behaviour in each subset according to three bet characteristics — financial return, average stake and degree of risk taken, where the value of each characteristic is held to be indicative of an underlying motivation. The results indicate significant support for the proposition that individuals vary in their motivation to bet which is reflected in the nature and timing of their betting activity.     

Children's Recreational Physical Activity

This study explored children's participation in recreational (physical) activities and the extent to which this participation was influenced by individual and household socio-demographics and characteristics of the social and physical environment. Travel and activity diaries were used to collect data on out-of-home recreational activities for a random sample of 4,293 children in primary schools in the Netherlands. These data were investigated in relation to measures describing the social and physical living environment. Specifically, a Bayesian belief network was proposed because it derives and represents simultaneously all direct and indirect relationships between the selected variables. Results indicated that participation in various types of recreational activities was directly related to the socio-economic status of the household, the perceived safety of the neighborhood, the size of agricultural area in the neighborhood, travel distance, and day of the week. Planners and designers are recommended to find a good land use mix, and specifically make sure that they focus their attention on safety issues, as these factors stimulate children's participation in recreational physical activities.     

场所依赖(place attachment):一种游憩行为现象的研究框架

"场所依赖"理论是解释"某些地方与人之间似乎存在着一种特殊的依赖关系"这个客观现象的有效理论工具,并已成为西方休闲和游憩研究的一个热点,而在我国仍然处于空白状态.本文讨论了场所和场所依赖的概念及其发展,介绍了西方场所依赖研究的最新进展.文章的主要贡献包括:(1)首次将以游憩为角度开展研究的场所依赖理论引进我国;(2)用数学方法示意理解场所依赖的结构;(3)构建了场所依赖理论的CDEEM研究框架.文章还探讨了场所依赖理论的应用前景.     

Social Stratification in Recreational Fishing Participation: Research and Policy Implications

Using the multiple stratification hierarchy perspective, this study examined the combined effects of age, race and ethnicity, gender, and socioeconomic status on recreational fishing. Sample data from 3,000 Texas residents were used to develop logistic regression models corresponding to three dependent variables for fishing participation. The dependent variables were measures of participation ever, in the past 5 years, and in the past 12 months. Gender, race/ethnicity, and age were the most consistent predictors across the three dependent variables. Gender and age exhibited a negative effect on fishing participation across the three models. Results for race/ethnicity were mixed. An analysis of predicted probabilities did not reveal strong evidence of a multiple stratification hierarchy in recreational fishing. The article concludes with implications associated with angler recruitment.     

Alternate Measurement Approaches to Recreational Customer Satisfaction: Satisfaction-Only Versus Gap Scores

This study blends service quality and importance-performance methodologies to extend previous research beyond traditional customer service domains. The study examined water-based recreationists' importance and satisfaction ratings across a battery of 19 individual attributes within four domains relevant to outdoor recreation satisfaction (facilities, services, information, and recreation experience). Both the satisfaction-only item scores and gap scores (difference between importance and satisfaction level) were analyzed to determine their relationship within their respective satisfaction domain and with overall satisfaction. The satisfaction-only measures were found to be significantly better indicators than the gap scores of domain-level and overall satisfaction. The items were found to be stronger predictors within the four satisfaction domains than within the overall satisfaction model.     

Recreational Conflict Is Affective: The Case of Cross-Country Skiers and Snowmobiles

The authors conducted a field experiment to test the assumption that subjective feelings are important in recreation conflict. During a weekend, cross-country skiers in a popular recreation area were assigned randomly to an experimental group who were exposed to an operating snowmobile, and a control group who were not exposed. Both groups completed a self-report questionnaire to provide information on their subjective experiences during their outing. The experimental group answered the questions five to ten minutes after encountering a snowmobile. Participants were not informed about the connection between the snowmobile and the investigation, and the questions regarding effects were answered before any clues were given about snowmobiles being an issue. Results showed that relative to the control group, skiers who encountered a snowmobile had their affective quality significantly reduced. Moreover, encountering a single snowmobile had an effect on participants' beliefs about the extent to which noise from snowmobiles disturbed the quality of ski-touring in general.     

Artificial Reefs as Recreational Scuba Diving Resources: A Critical Review of Research

This paper reports on the increasing practice of developing and promoting artificial reefs as sites for scuba diving tourism and recreation. A comprehensive definition of artificial reefs is presented that encapsulates the diversity of structures used by marine recreationists, particularly scuba divers, followed by a review of existing literature that specifically examines artificial reefs as a resource for the conduct of recreational scuba diving. Three main thematic areas were identified in the existing literature: social dimensions, socioeconomic impacts and environmental engineering. A typology of artificial reefs is offered to better describe and categorise artificial reef structures according to unit characteristics that may influence recreational use such as material used, appearance, complexity and cost. The paper presents a conceptual model that identifies the components of an artificial reef scuba diving experience and discusses the potential of artificial reefs to act as tourism resources and management tools to redistribute scuba diver numbers away from natural reefs. Directions for future research are suggested, emphasising collection of data on aspects of the artificial reef scuba diving experience to better inform marine resource management.     

Management of Conservation in Spaces of Recreational Use

Summary

The tourist area (TA) Lago Gutierrez is located in the reservation area of National Nahuel Huapi Park, Patagonia, Argentina. Its ecological landscape is composed of mountains with glacier lakes, cascades, and forests of Nothofagus. These attractions facilitate activities such as trekking, bathing, hiking, picnics, and camping among others.

This TA, has an intense tourist and recreational use, which creates disorder, and so measures have been taken by management in order to recuperate different sectors of varying degrees of ecological impacts. For example, the transfer of a camping site located in a stand of coihues trees (Nothofagus dombeyi).

The objectives proposed were to identify tourist and recreational impacts and the perceptions of visitors concerning these impacts, in order to propose management measures in Gutierrez TA.

Using the LAC (Limits of acceptable change, Stankey et al., 1985) methodology, theauthorstookintoaccount physical, biological, and social variables: coihue renewals, bare ground, the number of people, their activities, behavior, spontaneous paths, control, and information. They also carried out non-participative observations, and administered questionnaires and interviews to visitors and others.

The results show that the management measures applied to the TA are insufficient. Evidence of this is in the low recovery of the forest undergrowth and paths, widening of pathways, littering, damaged trees and other impacts.     

The Recreational Value of Rohtas Fort,Pakistan

This study evaluates the use value of Rohtas Fort, in province Punjab (Pakistan). Employing the Individual Travel Cost Method, the study estimated the total annual consumer surplus as US$ 8.71 million and the total recreational value as US$ 11.70 million (which is 0.05% of total GDP of Pakistan in the year 2013). The major influencing factors of visitation frequency were observed as travel cost, household income, age, household size, education and sex. Visitors were highly satisfied from the museum as against the waste disposal services. Cleanliness is a major problem faced by visitors with the highest priority index value of 0.88. Based on high willingness to pay for the entrance fee, the authority can increase the entrance fee which will add to the revenue generation for the Fort and ultimately the authority would have resources for renovation/maintenance projects. The authority should arrange the appropriate waste disposal system for the Fort.     

Recreational benefits from a marine protected area: A travel cost analysis of Lundy

Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) have been proposed in many countries as a means of conserving parts of the marine environment. In some cases, MPAs may also confer recreational benefits. In this paper, a travel cost model is used to estimate the non-market recreational benefits arising from the Lundy Island Marine Nature Reserve (MNR). The estimated mean consumer surplus for visiting Lundy was found to range from £359 to £574 per trip. The designation of No Take Zone (NTZ) has also contributed to higher consumer surplus values. This result provides a strong economic justification for the designation of MPAs for recreational as well as conservation purposes.     

Coping with Stress in Outdoor Recreational Settings: An Application of Transactional Stress Theory

This study uses a transactional model of stress and coping as a way to understand how outdoor recreationists deal with negative setting elements during a recreation experience. Within the transactional model, coping behaviors can be viewed as the result of on-going transactions among personal and environmental factors, perceptions of threat or stress, and the perceived effectiveness of coping strategies. The current study focuses specifically on the relationship between reported levels of stress and the types of coping strategies used by recreationists in Glacier National Park. Findings suggest that certain behavioral and cognitive coping responses to stress are associated with different levels of reported stress. Specifically, respondents with lower levels of stress were more likely to engage in certain cognitive adjustments to cope with detracting situations. Respondents reporting higher levels of stress were more likely to engage in either direct action aimed at changing the environmental conditions or are displaced entirely from the recreational setting. In addition to these primary findings, the study discusses the range of coping behaviors employed.     

Modeling Spatial Patterns of Recreational Boaters: Vessel,Behavioral, and Geographic Considerations

Abstract

A regression-based framework for modeling recreational boating patterns and estimating preferred on-water destinations was introduced. A survey of 500 boaters provided model input regarding vessel, behavioral, and geographic characteristics. This information was used to construct a travel network within a Geographic Information System to identify major network intersections (pivots) and to calculate the distance traveled along network segments between intersections, as derived model input. Model estimates of preferred destinations and use intensity were compared to mail survey results for validation. The average error between reported and estimated boating destinations was 4.3 miles for a regional application and 3.0 miles for a sub-regional application. In addition to vessel and behavioral considerations, the results highlighted the significance of geographic and network variables in modeling the spatial patterns of recreational boaters and destination choice.     

Baby boomers turning grey: European profiles

Globally, the senior or “grey” tourism segment is of increasing importance, reflecting a richer aging population with good health and a desire to travel. Though this niche is traditionally described as homogeneous, grey tourism comprises different subgroups. Identifying the profiles, preferences, and behaviors of these subgroups has become an important task for organizations competing to satisfy tourist demands. This study classifies the factors that most influence mature travelers' decisions. Using a database of 3458 respondents from 35 European countries, four new grey tourism market subgroups were identified. These were named “explorers”, “livewires”, “vacationers”, and “homebodies”, to reflect different preferences and behaviors. The implications for destination marketing and management are also discussed.     

Estimating Congestion Costs and Segmenting Motivations for Recreational Festivals

This paper aims to evaluate the willingness to pay (WTP) of visitors to reduce congestion and to segment the market of visitors by motivations. A double-bounded dichotomous choice contingent valuation method and survival analysis are adopted to estimate congestion costs for tourists. Analysis of variance is used to test the satisfaction and the WTP of tourists among the segmented motivation groups. Exploratory factor analysis method is conducted to extract four major factorial dimensions, and cluster analysis was performed to identify the characteristics of visitors' motivations into three clusters. The average amount that a tourist is willing to pay to mitigate congestion is US$2.22. The most important market segmentation is the “pursuit of multiple goals”, which has the largest segment of the market. Festival managers need to mitigate overcrowding and identify the segmentation information to develop effective strategies and to refine advertising campaigns to attract more people.     

Resource Investments and Loyalty to Recreational Sport Tourism Event

ABSTRACT

Sport tourism events have a marketing possibility in the Japanese tourism industry. The ultramarathon is a very popular recreational sport event in the world. This type of sport tourism event has shared with completive and enjoyment factors in relation to participant's motivation. Loyalty is a very important factor with attendance to recreational sport events. Generally, as many researchers indicated, that participants' loyalty will lead to repeat attendance or purchase. However, there is no consensus as to how loyalty develops. In the files of recreational sport tourism event research, the process leading to participants' loyalty with a specific event is not evident.

The purpose of this article is to test a conceptual framework of the development of loyalty (Morais et al., 2004 Morais, D. B., Dorsch, M. J. and Backman, S. J. 2004. Can tourism providers buy their customers' loyalty? Examining the influence of customer-provider investments on loyalty. Journal of Travel Research, 42(3): 235–243. [Crossref] , [Google Scholar]) that is grounded in resource theory. According to the proposed model, when participants and organizers invest specific profiles of resources in each other, the participants tend to develop a bond with the customer and become dedicated to maintaining a stable relationship. The model is used to discuss the mixed results of current loyalty from recreational sport event tourists to organizers and to outline future research efforts.     

现代城市游憩商务区体系建设研究--以武汉市为例

游憩商务区及其相关概念是城市旅游空间利用的重要形式,本文在明晰基本概念与内涵的基础上试图厘清RBD、TBD和CTD之间的衍生关系,探讨游憩商务区体系发展演化的驱动机制和演进模式,并以武汉市为例系统地研究了在城市整体背景下如何面向市场依托现有资源建设RBD体系,以期为城市理性、科学地开发利用旅游空间提供参考.     

基于游客行为的乡村地区游憩价值研究——以北京市延庆县为例

研究乡村地区游客动机行为以及游憩价值十分必要.文章选择北京市延庆县作为案例地,采用现场观察和个人访谈以及问卷调查获得研究数据,通过描述性统计、相关分析以及回归分析,对乡村旅游者对目的地的选择行为、消费行为以及乡村地区的游憩价值进行了研究.发现乡村地区游客以北京市和目的地周边城镇的中青年居民为主,收入高于平均水平,涵盖多种职业;在选择目的地方面更重视亲近和享受自然,体验乡村文化是次要动机;游客以自费出游为主,人均年出游次数为7.62次,每次花费249.86元,吃、住、交通费用都较低.以旅行次数为因变量,旅行成本、人口统计因素和个人对乡村景点质量的偏好为自变量,采用旅行费用法的计数模型进行回归,发现旅行次数主要受到旅行费用和家庭收入的影响,性别、年龄、职业以及对乡村环境的支付意愿也有影响,以此为基础计算的每人每次消费者剩余为1724 14元,其中包括了多种价值.     

Author profiles

The following notes are an abbreviated summary of eight reports prepared by groups of delegates considering particular aspects of tourism development. These views are not necessarily those of the Conference as a whole, but do reflect approaches and opinions which have a bearing on current practices and trends. The subject headings are indicated.     

社区支持农业型市民农园休闲模式研究

近年来出现的以社区支持农业模式运营的市民农园,为我国都市居民休闲方式及城乡可持续发展均提供了新理念与实践案例,但目前国内旅游及休闲学界缺少对这一现象的研究.文章选取社区支持农业模式运营的北京郊区“小毛驴市民农园”为案例,运用质性研究方法,提出都市农夫休闲EARTH模式,即Education(教育)-Association(社交)-Relaxation(放松)-Trust(信任)-Health(健康)模式.期望研究成果能为相关决策提供支持,提高相关部门对社区支持农业型市民农园休闲模式的重视:加强对都市居民的自然、环境和社会教育(education),增强社区联系(association),满足都市居民到农园的放松需求(relaxation),建立社会信任(trust),倡导健康生活方式(health),从而促进城乡可持续发展.