中小城市老年人日常休闲活动的时空特征——以常德市武陵区为例

日常休闲活动是老年人健康幸福生活不可或缺的部分。本研究以常德市武陵区为例,运用地理空间分析方法,按照需求-行为-设施分析思路,揭示城市老年人日常休闲活动需求与供给的时空规律。分析发现：（1）益智和康体是城市老年人主要休闲活动类型,休闲活动时间分配存在显著的类型差异,益智类平均时长最长,其次为康体类,公益类休闲活动的平均时长最短。（2）老年人户外休闲活动主要集中在10:00、15:00、19:00三个时间段,对应的活动空间主要集中在居住区、附近街道和城市广场、公园等,活动空间半径存在显著的类型差异。（3）老年人休闲活动需求以及建立在休闲活动需求上的闲暇行为与城市休闲设施供给总体空间匹配度较高,其中游憩类休闲活动与休闲活动设施的匹配度最高,其次是文化类活动,最后是康体类活动。据此建议,中小城市应进一步重视老年人日常休闲活动需求-行为-设施供给三个层面之间的匹配,加强老年友好城市与社区建设。     

Emerging leisure market among the South African black population

Tourism plays an increasingly important role in the South African economy. Steady, gradual improvement in the socioeconomic position of the Black population has led to an increase in holiday activity and this sector of society is expected to account for the majority (55.3%) of the domestic tourism market by the turn of the century. Poor perception by the White population of the widening leisure interests of the Black sector means that the tourist industry is making insufficient planning provision for the forthcoming rapid expansion of this market area and the Black population is still faced with limited recreational choice.     

Working leisure: entertaining guests in gated tourist resorts

In the contemporary tourism sector, entertainment is a particular type of service that is increasingly provided by specialised categories of tourist and leisure workers, such as (adventure) sport instructors, tour guides or reps, or ‘pub crawling’ cicerones. However, little attention has been paid so far to the complex intermingling between work and leisure that sustains the routine ‘working leisure’ practices of this ‘entertainment staff’. By building upon the Foucauldian concept of biopower and Hardt’s notion of affective labour, this article examines how entertainment is routinely generated as a service by tourist entertainers in an enclosed tourist resort in Italy. In particular, an in-depth qualitative analysis, combined with an account of a personal experience, was used to structurally frame tourist entertainers’ daily ‘playful working’ practices into three interrelated and functionally complementary dimensions: regimentation, hostessing and experiential rewards. The findings show that entertainment, and hence a successful tourist experience, is effectively (re)generated only when ‘working (through) leisure’ practices both constrain and gratify the workers. This result corroborates the ambivalence of entertainment as biopolitical affective labour that is a subjugating but also a liberating practice.     

The future of cruise shipping

Cruise shipping has experienced inconsistent growth since the 1950s but in the 1990s the industry's main market sector - senior citizens - will increase dramatically. Modern luxury cruise vessels will be built to take advantage of the growing demand for quality travel products. The boat itself will provide the tourist resort facilities. Theme cruises and convention cruises will exploit other growing market sectors. High capacity boats, able to compensate for seasonal variation in demand, will have mass market appeal with their wide range of leisure facilities. In conjunction with the airlines the market will expand into ‘fly-cruising’. The potential for expansion in the 1990s is enormous.     

开埠后青岛城市建设与旅游业发端

青岛开埠之后,德国殖民当局制定了严格的城市规划,进行了交通和市政等一系列的现代化建设,青岛逐渐成为东方典型的欧式城市,位于胶州湾畔的区位优势逐渐显露出来,城市旅游功能也日益凸现.随着大规模城市的建设,城市景观和旅游业相关条件形成,旅游资源的开发和旅游活动的快速发展,旅游业由此发端.     

The new economy as a gateway to leisure travelling: experiences of highly skilled Indian professionals in Europe

This article investigates India’s professionals’ tourist mobilities during on-site assignments in continental Europe. The concept of experiential cultural capital is introduced to highlight the sociocultural symbolic significance of experiences of travelling for leisure enabled by one’s professional career. The study (conducted between 2007 and 2013) is based on ethnographic research online and in-depth face-to-face interviews with 76 Indian expatriates working in the information, communication and technology (ICT) sector in Brussels. This complementary approach of online and offline research enabled the observation of practices of status distinction, which deepened the understanding of Indian professionals’ tourist mobility. The data of the lived experiences of leisure travelling enabled by professional career trajectories illustrate practices of capital accumulation. In addition, they show how India’s youth, inscribed in new economy sectors, such as the ICT sector, seize the volatile opportunities offered by changing global economic and political conditions. Moreover, this research indicates how occupational identity is intertwined with particular practices of leisure travelling as the organisational culture might influence leisure opportunities. Therefore, by participating in and managing this symbolic resource of tourist mobility, professionals signal their economic success to their family and peers in order to be recognised as such.     

Forecasting leisure and tourism - scenario projections for 2000–2010

This article considers likely future trends in leisure time and tourism. The economic climate over the next 20 years is usually predicted to produce an increase in tourism. However, there are clearly discernible limits to the growth of tourist demand in the industrialized countries, due to changing economic conditions, modified consumer behaviour and new technologies. Increasing leisure time will be allocated to other uses besides tourism. The composition of the tourist population will alter, with increasing proportions of, eg senior citizens. There will be greater emphasis on individual/self-determined holidays, and on educational and recreational pursuits. Increasing environmental awareness will effect planning policies and tourist demand. An interdisciplinary, long-term approach to tourism planning is recommended.     

‘It’s a Harsh Fact of Life with the RMA’: neo-liberalism and the realities of community sports facility development by the private sector in New Zealand

Despite the importance of facilities as primary sites for delivery of leisure and sport services, there has been a scarcity of academic literature on the provision of community sports facilities and the processes through which they are developed. In particular, this paper provides empirical analysis of leisure facility provision with a focus on practice and experience of policy and planning actors. By employing a case study approach and semi-structured interviews, the study identified a sharp contrast between the discourse of neo-liberalism and the realities of a highly regulated environment for the private sector under a national legislation of New Zealand, namely the Resource Management Act 1991. While both public and private actors recognised benefits of the resource consent process in mitigating the negative environmental impacts and facilitating public input, the findings also revealed its potential impediments to both private and philanthropic developments and their potential resultant benefits to communities and social citizenship due to its costly, restrictive and undifferentiated nature. Consequently, the paper suggests that future research needs to examine empirical evidence of how social citizenship and citizen engagement are enhanced by both public and private sectors through planning and development of community sports facilities and services.     

也谈休闲城市与城市休闲

本文对休闲城市的标准做了较为系统的整理,对城市休闲的基本问题从规划实践的角度做了较为全面的阐述,对城市休闲的产业体系、城市休闲的游憩方式与城市休闲的空间构成等问题进行了深入研究。     

城市游憩导向的公园绿地深度开发——以上海市为例

公园绿地是一类重要的城市游憩资源,城市游憩对公园绿地开发有重要的导向作用.本文首先通过比较游憩和旅游在设施、目的地等方面选择上的差异,来说明城市游憩对于公园绿地功能开发的意义;其次通过分析政府导向型公园绿地开发存在的问题,引出城市游憩导向的概念;再次通过比较城市游憩导向的公园绿地开发与传统园林绿化的不同特点,构建城市游憩导向的概念框架;第四,通过对城市游憩导向概念框架中深度开发的内涵解析,探讨公园绿地发展的新方向;最后,以上海市为例,从综合开发、整体开发、开发内容的深化以及管理模式的更新等4个方面对城市游憩导向的公园绿地深度开发进行了实证研究.     

Professional travellers and tourist practices

This study analyses to what extent conventional tourism is part of the experience of professional visitors. Following the literature on mobilities, this paper assumes that leisure and work increasingly intermingle in time and space. Empirical work based on a survey of conference attendants in Barcelona confirms this stance, and invites to reframe professional life ‘in mobility’ as performed as part of a wider package of everyday activities. Public transport and mobile communication are analysed as facilitators of such convergence, highlighting how professional travel is situated in flexible spaces and flows. These findings provide insights for urban (tourism) policy, insofar as they demonstrate that planning for specialised spaces is not sufficient to reduce visitor pressure on the main tourist ‘sights’.     

A spatial approach for the management of groundwater quality in tourist destinations

Water resources and tourism need to be thought of in an integrated way, in order to provide urban planners and tourism managers with tools to promote water security and water equity. The objective of this paper was to apply an index capable of identify problems at the water-tourism interface, based on a spatial approach in GIS, meant to support the management of groundwater quality in tourist destinations. This index was applied to a tourist destination in northeastern Brazil, which uses groundwater to maintain its tourism infrastructure. The geographic phenomenon analyzed showed a spatial pattern between water use and tourism, with probable influences in hydrochemistry of groundwater. We suggest that the use of the propose index associated to GIS may be part of strategic planning efforts contemplating the interaction between tourism, urban management and water security, thus guaranteeing the infrastructure essential to strengthening the economy of a tourist destination.     

旅游区服务产品特性分析及管理策略

旅游区是人们观光、休闲的主要对象，是现代消费中不可缺少的组织部分，加强旅游区的服务质量管理，对于提高旅游者的满意度有着十分重要的意义。文章分析和强调了旅游区服务产品的个性特征，如服务内容的复杂性、发散性，服务设施的室外性，服务消费的非完全排他性等，并以此为依据，有针对性地提出了旅游区服务质量管理策略。     

世界博览会与城市旅游:互动中共创辉煌

从世界旅游发展角度看，一个半世纪的世博会发展轨迹，也是近现代城市旅游活动发展、成熟历程的缩影。世博会通过文化旅游活动、休闲娱乐活动、主题公园、旅游服务业和参观游览者等诸多方面，与城市旅游活动之间形成互相依赖、互相推动、共同成长、共铸辉煌的互动发展关系。     

宜居应宜闲:论现代宜居城市的休闲融入问题

宜居城市应该同时是宜闲城市,因为城市居民日益增多的闲暇时间和收入要求宜居城市充分发挥宜闲功能,宜闲是获得城市居民对宜居认同的重要保证,也是国外评选宜居城市的一个重要依据.但宜闲问题在当前我国宜居城市建设和评价中没有得到应有的重视.我们今后在规划与建设宜居城市时,要正确处理好城市居民居住、生产和休闲的关系.要注意将休闲理念融入城市理念,将"乐闲"规划纳入城市宜居规划,将旅游业发展纳入城市产业发展规划,要重点发展社区休闲.让社区休闲承担起城市休闲的主要功能.     

英国出境旅游产品分析

本文通过英国旅行社出境旅游产品的类别分析和价格差异对比,总结了出境旅游产品的5种基本特性,在产品差异原因分析时发现,旅游目的地的旅游资源差异固然是旅游产品差异的主基石,但目的地接待服务水平高低反而是当地旅游业发展的主导因素,在休闲旅游阶段,其作用胜过旅游资源本身,甚至超过了资源。     

Terrorism and tourism as logical companions

The symbiotic relationship between terrorism and tourism needs to be understood and acted on, not just in terms of security and marketing, but in terms of such factors as planning, site development, employment policies, political risk analysis and emergency management. This article looks at the relationship between tourism and terrorism from several perspectives. The political and economic impact of terrorism on tourism is assessed, including the sensitivity of the tourism industry to general political strife and the vulnerability of travellers and tourist facilities to terroristic activity. The nature of terroristic violence and the objectives of terrorist groups are evaluated to determine why and how attacks on tourists and facilities may fit the organizational and political objectives of terrorist groups. Finally, the article suggests how the industry and policy makers must proceed to reduce the vulnerability for tourists and the travel sector.     

转型期居民对城市公园免费开放的感知分析——以广州市为例

转型期城市公园的免费开放是城市政府及公园管理部门面临的迫切任务,然而,国内外学术界鲜有关于居民对公园管理政策感知的研究.在2009年广州市施行公园免费开放政策背景下,文章以市区5个典型城市公园为对象,对公园访问者进行了随机抽样调查,运用因子分析、方差分析等定量方法对问卷数据进行统计分析,研究发现:1.近半数被访者对公园免费开放政策持肯定态度,近1/3的被访者反对该政策,其余持中立态度;2.分析居民对公园免费开放政策的感知因子,得出3个正面感知公因子和4个负面感知公因子;3.运用方差分析研究了不同人口学特征群体对公园免费开放政策的感知差异,发现不同年龄、职业群体对“丰富市民休闲生活”、“促进休闲旅游业发展”等正面公因子和“导致商品娱乐设施价格上涨”、“影响公园休闲环境”等负面因子的差异明显.最后,根据公园免费开放存在的问题,提出了改善公园管理政策的相关建议.     

基于同位模式的休闲产业空间集聚特征研究

产业集聚是经济地理学的经典议题,但现有研究主要集中在制造业和生产型服务业,对基于消费逻辑生长的旅游休闲服务产业关注不足,尚未充分揭示其集聚特征。文章借助地理信息科学领域的空间分析算法,以广州城市休闲娱乐业为例,对城市休闲产业集聚特征展开探索式研究。具体而言,该文基于地理空间分析中的最大团挖掘算法,编制出同位模式,对184249条广州市的休闲兴趣点(POI)数据,计算最为流行的空间共现关联,以此捕捉城市休闲产业空间集聚的基本组合模式,得到如下结论:第一,同位模式可以准确地捕捉出城市休闲产业的集聚模式,休闲产业基本上以三阶为组团单位(即3类业态),在城市空间上呈现出广泛的分布,四阶为组团单位的流行度显著降低,五阶基本不具备流行度。第二,在所有流行团中,美容美发店这类POI的中心度最高,是关联其他休闲业态的最核心要素,而美容美发和餐饮的组合,在三阶、四阶流行团中出现的次数最多,是休闲产业的集聚核,构成了城市各个休闲中心和节点的基本功能。第三,以资源为导向和需要特定产业环境的休闲产业,基本不具备流行度。该研究创新性地将空间同位模式应用到城市休闲产业中,且较为精准地捕捉到现有研究尚难以揭示的休闲产业集聚模式,积极推动了基于海量数据的城市旅游休闲产业集聚研究,其发现能直接为目的地营销、产业行业管理与城市规划提供新的决策支持。     

Specialisation versus diversification: A simple model for tourist cities

By developing a simple general equilibrium structure, this paper compares the welfare effects of tourism specialisation and economic diversification in tourist cities. We discovered that tourist cities with limited carrying capacity easily suffer from side effects, particularly Dutch disease, when faced with rapid tourism growth. Therefore, such cities should actively use revenue that is generated from the booming tourism sector to pursue economic diversification for the sake of sustainable urban development.