浅谈资本结构和筹资决策

筹资是企业资金运动的起点,而企业筹资的核心问题是确定合理的资本结构。所谓资本结构是指企业各项长期资金来源的数量构成比例,资本结构与资本成本是相互影响,相互制约的,不同资本结构决定着资本成本的高低,进而对企业未来的经济效益产生重大影响。良好的资本结构为企业未来资本运营奠定良好的基础,而不合理的资本结构就象先天不足的婴儿会影响后天发育成长一样,对企业今后的资本运作埋下隐患。在总资本报酬率一定的情况下,综合资本成本越低、企业的剩余收益就越多。反之,资本成本越高,企业的剩余收益就越少。资本成立的高低取决于资本结构。因此,要降低资本成本,就要在筹资决策中选择最佳的资本结构。     

EVA在我国国有企业业绩评价中的应用

经济增加值EVA(Economic Value Added，)是由美国学Stewart提出在20世纪90年代发展起来的一种评价公司经营业绩的新的综合评价指标。即企业资本收益与资本成本之间的差，也即一定时期的企业税后经营净利润(NOPAT)与全部投入资本成本之间的差额。若EVA为正值，表示公司获得的收益高于为获得此项收益而投入的资本成本，即公司为股东创造了新价值；若EVA为负值，则表示股东的财富在减少；若EVA为零，说明企业创造的收益仅能满足投资预期获得的收益，即资本成本本身。EVA计算总的思路是：对报告期营业净利润进行一系列的调整得到税后净利润(NOPAT)；然后，用资本总额乘以资本加权平均成本(WACC)得到占用资本的资金成本；     

资本经营如何避免步入误区

军工集团（以下简称集团）资本经营工作起步晚，时间短，主要局限于集团下属企业为数不多的合资、买壳和股份制改造。在集团资本经营过程中，应努力避免步入以下误区。 一、经营管理避免各自为战 集团（总部）作为投资中心，应统一部署和安排集团企业的资本经营。如任由集团下属企业各自为战，则必定出现多头经营，既分散了集团有限的财力，又影响集团战略的实施和资源整合目标的实现。集团应尽快制定出资本经营的政策和方针，以规范集团总部与下属单位的资本经营行为。二、经营方式切莫唯购并是举 购并是资本市场、产权市场中企业资本经营…     

入世与企业资本经营

我国入世对企业的影响是全面而深刻的。如何抓住外商在华投资形态、方式和结构变化的机遇，应对国际资本的冲击？企业应充分认识资本经营的战略性和紧迫性，探索适合本企业资本经营之路，尽快实现从生产经营到资本经营的转变。一、入世将改变国际资本在华投资的形态、方式和结构１．外商控股购并将取代合资合作的投资方式改革开放以来，外国资本在华直接投资主要采用合资合作的方式，这种投资形式约占其在华投资的７０％。但是，自１９９５年以来，跨国收购和兼并已成为跨国公司对外直接投资的主要方式，目前已占其全部直接投资的８５％以上…     

电力施工企业须加强资本运营

为加速提高施工企业自我积累能力和盘活现有存量资产，笔者提出施工企业开展资本运营工作的一些简要思考，供讨论。对“资本”的认识与分析传统的观点认为“资本”＝“资产”，其实是不同的，资产只是指静态的固定资产和流动资产，重在使用，而资本是指通过运作实现增值的生产资料和货币，重在经营，就施工企业来讲，并不是所有的资产都能在建设施工过程中创造价值，有些闲置的资产可能还要消耗成本。因此只有资产参加创造价值或利润才能成为“资本”，施工企业搞资本运营的目的就是搞活现有的国有静态资产，通过加强资本运作，为施工企业的…     

上市高科技企业资本结构特征分析

企业有多种筹资方式,它们的资金成本各不相同。每个企业都要研究全部资金中各种资金的构成问题。在企业筹资中,企业应确定最佳的资本结构,并在追加筹资中保持最佳结构。资本结构既对国家宏观经济产生影响,也对企业微观经济产生影响。资本结构受许多因素的影响,在不同的经济和社会环境中,资本结构各影响因素对企业的影响作用是不同的。因此分析企业资本结构特征,对企业的筹资决策,以及在风险、收益、成本三者之间寻找最合理的兼顾点有重要的意义。在资本结构决策中,已形成几种理论：净利理论、营利净利理论、传统理论,这三种理论都…     

社会资本与企业权益资本成本——经济体制转型下社会资本工具效用的异质性

本文基于社会关系网络主体异质性视角， 以 2010～2018 年沪深A 股非金融行业上市公司为研究样本， 结合外部环境深入分析异质性社会资本与权益资本成本的关系。 结果表明， 异质性社会资本对权益资本成本的影响存在差异： 权力性社会资本提高了企业权益资本成本， 而市场性社会资本则对权益资本成本起降低作用； 外部环境在异质性社会资本影响权益资本成本过程中发挥调节作用； 从影响机制来看， 代理成本和信息不对称分别在权力性社会资本、 市场性社会资本与权益资本成本关系中发挥路径传导作用。 研究结论为企业构建社会资本动态调整机制、 有效防范社会资本风险提供经验证据。     

整合与企业并购效益的关系、计算与实现

论文首先分析了整合与并购收益的关系，指出整合的有效性是关系企业并购成败的关键因素之一；然后着重论述了用成本收益法对整合与企业并购效益的分析和计算，指出在完全有效的资本市场中，企业并购的收益和成本最终取决于整合收益和整合成本；最后，探讨了通过整合实现企业井功效益的途径。     

煤炭企业人才资本投资收益分析

一、企业人才资本投资的成本与收益 企业人才资本投资是企业通过一定量的成本投入,增加企业人才管理水平或专业技术水平的一种投资活动。这是企业按照企业的目标、方向有选择地对本企业人才进行的一种投资行为。目的是努力开发企业人才资源潜能、提高企业产品技术含量、降低企业管理和生产成本、减少人才流失、创造企业文化和建立学习型组织等,促进企业向高层次现代企业组织更快地发展。     

资本、资金、成本管理模式构想

遵循资本、资金、成本控制相互融合的财务理念，通过明确资本回报（Capital）、资金（Fund）运营和目标成本（Cost）控制的责任主体、运行程序、管理方法、考核机制、奖惩措施，将企业资本、资金、成本管理有机结合起来，使之按照一条主线，三管齐下，贯穿到企业生产经营全过程，实现财务管理一体化目标，确保实现企业效益最大化目标。它是在新形势下，运用西方经济学理论和系统管理理论，提出的对油田企业具有针对性的财务管理新方法。[编者按]     

The influence of mergers on firms' product‐mix strategies

This study draws on the institutional and resource‐based theories of the firm and examines whether multi‐product firms use mergers as a strategic tool to reconfigure their product‐mix toward high‐profit products. We propose that mergers facilitate product‐mix reconfiguration by relaxing institutional and organizational constraints on resource redeployment. Analysis of data from the U.S. hospital industry reveals that, relative to non‐merging hospitals, merging hospitals increased their presence in profitable, insured services but did not shift away from low‐profit services used by the uninsured. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Mergers and acquisitions by Chinese firms: A review and comparison with other mergers and acquisitions research in the leading journals

In recent years, an increasing number of Chinese firms have been engaged in acquisitions both inside and outside of China. Nevertheless, our understanding of Chinese merger and acquisition (M&A) activity is limited because a majority of M&As in the past 100 years have been performed by firms from developed countries and it is those M&As that have been the focus of prior research. Thus this paper aims to address the following research questions: What are the new insights gained from Chinese M&A research? What are the emerging future directions of Chinese M&A research? To address those questions, this article provides a thorough literature review of the most recent M&A research in top journals and studies of M&As both inside and outside of China. Consequently, we identify both new insights from Chinese M&A research and the research gaps that Chinese M&A research needs to fulfill compared with general M&A research in top journals. We further highlight the important and unique characteristics of Chinese M&As and call for future research.     

On the utilization of resources: perspectives from the U.S. telecommunications industry

The issue of resource utilization is important in the resource-based stream of work, since the ability of firms to utilize resources is a key indicator of their competitive abilities. This paper specifies why some firms might be better at utilizing resources than others. Thereafter, it demonstrates how to empirically ascertain differences in resource utilization patterns between firms using the U.S. telecommunications industry as a context. The data envelopment analysis procedure (DEA), which is a firm-level resource utilization measure, is used. This procedure can be useful for the resource-based approach research agenda since performance is measured in resource terms. DEA is applied to measure variations in different dimensions of resource utilization for the firms making up the local operating sector of the telecommunications industry. The use of DEA to guide empirical research and address theoretical issues within the resource-based paradigm is illustrated, using the resource utilization index for the telecommunications firms as the measure of strategic performance. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Bricolage as a Path to Innovativeness for Resource‐Constrained New Firms

Evidence suggests that both nascent and young firms (henceforth: “new firms”)—despite typically being small and resource‐constrained—are sometimes able to innovate effectively. Such firms are seldom able to invest in lengthy and expensive development processes, which suggests that they may frequently rely instead on other pathways to generate innovativeness within the firm. In this paper, we develop and test arguments that “bricolage,” defined as making do by applying combinations of the resources at hand to new problems and opportunities, provides an important pathway to achieve innovation for new resource‐constrained firms. Through bricolage, resource‐constrained firms engage in the processes of “recombination” that are core to creating innovative outcomes. Based on a large longitudinal dataset, our results suggest that variations in the degree to which firms engage in bricolage behaviors can provide a broadly applicable explanation of innovativeness under resource constraints by new firms. We find no general support for our competing hypothesis that the positive effects may level off or even turn negative at high levels of bricolage.     

Emerging Market Firms' Internationalization: How Do Firms' Inward Activities Affect Their Outward Activities?

Research summary : In this study we examine how an emerging market firm's inward international activities (“inward activities”) are related to its outward international activities (“outward activities”) by focusing on the role of the firm's gain from its inward activities. On the one hand, drawing upon the organizational learning perspective, we propose that a firm's gain from inward activities may facilitate its outward activities through improving its resource fungibility. On the other hand, we draw upon the prospect theory to propose that a firm's gain from inward activities may hinder its outward activities by discouraging the firm's top managers from taking risks that are inherent in outward activities. With detailed data from a sample of manufacturing firms in China, we find empirical support for both lines of arguments . Managerial summary : Are emerging market firms with higher inward gain more likely to engage in outward internationalization activities? We argue that it depends upon how a firm uses its gain from inward activities. If the firm can improve its resource fungibility (particularly organizational resource fungibility) from its inward gain, it is more likely to engage in outward activities. If the firm cannot improve its resource fungiblity, the answer is no. Our findings suggest that for emerging market firms, internationalization is not just a path toward new markets; instead, it reflects how these firms exploit and explore what they have learned from their interactions with foreign firms at home in foreign markets. Therefore, managers must think more strategically on developing (organizational) resource fungibility from their inward activities . Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Hold-up of anti-competitive mergers

We construct a model of endogenous mergers and study some issues of whether and how to control mergers, taking into account firms equilibrium response to policy. Anti-competitive mergers benefit competitors more than the merging firms. We show how such free-riding reduces firms incentives to merge (holdup). Firms delay merger proposals, hoping other firms will merge instead. The final result, however, is an overly concentrated market. Merger control may thus preserve competitive markets. In the presence of holdup, even reasonable policies such as requiring divestiture or using cost-benefit analysis, may be worse than not controlling mergers at all.     

Autonomy and dependence of international cooperative ventures: an exploration of the strategic performance of U.S. ventures in Mexico

Researchers have begun to view international cooperative ventures as complex, multiparty organizations in which foreign and local firms and the venture itself all have distinctive roles. This approach has important implications for the venture strategies of foreign firms in emerging economies. This study explores relationships between the resource contributions of parent firms and U.S. managers' assessment of venture performance in a sample of established U.S.–Mexican ventures. The research suggests that mature cooperative ventures are expected to achieve autonomy from parent firms in key areas at the same time that certain forms of strategic dependency also are important to success. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Behind M&;As in China and the United States: Networks,learning, and institutions

Few scholars would dispute the argument that mergers and acquisitions (M&As) are different in China and the United States, but we know little about how they differ. This article reports one of the first studies that systematically compares and contrasts how M&As differ in these two countries. While prior research on M&As tends to emphasize economic and financial explanations while treating firms as atomistic actors severed from their institutional and network relations, we develop a new theoretical framework based on relational, behavioral, and institutional perspectives. We not only consider firms as learning actors embedded in network relations, but also compare and contrast their M&A patterns between China and the United States, two distinctive institutional contexts. We find that both a firm’s structural hole position and its learning orientation (exploration/exploitation) in alliances have direct and joint impacts on subsequent M&As. Further, such impacts differ across the two countries, due to their institutional disparities.     

That special someone: When the board views its chair as a resource

Research summary: Many boards view their chairs as valuable resources. We predict that whether a board adopts such a view depends on the board chair's human and social capital. Data from S&P 500 firms suggest that while a board chair's human capital increases the probability that the board views him or her as a resource, social capital has no overall effect. In a post‐hoc investigation, however, we find the board chair's independence to be an important boundary condition for the effect of social capital. With this exploratory research, we aim to spur research devoted specifically to board chairs. Such research will become increasingly important over time as firms continue to separate their CEO and board chair positions. Managerial summary: The purpose of this research was to determine the factors that lead a board of directors to view its chair as a valuable resource. We expected that board chairs with high human and social capital would be more likely to be viewed as a resource by their colleagues. Surprisingly, only human capital exhibited such an effect overall. Social capital increases the likelihood a chair is viewed as a resource when the chair is independent, but actually decreases the likelihood a chair is viewed as a resource when the chair is either the current or former CEO. These results suggest that boards generally value human capital in their chairs, but view social capital through a somewhat more complex lens. We explore the possible implications of these findings in the article. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

‘Keep out’ signs: the role of deterrence in the competition for resources

To explain resource heterogeneity, past research focuses on how rivals' resources are hidden from firms and firms accordingly have difficulties accessing them. We argue that resource heterogeneity may also arise when firms are deterred from a technological space upon being shown what resources rivals already possess within that space. To illustrate this deterrence effect, we use patent reexamination certificates, which indicate strategic stakes within a technological space without materially disclosing additional details of the underlying technologies and hence avoid the confounding effect of attracting competition through disclosure. We demonstrate how rivals' reexamination certificates within a technological space induce a firm to subsequently allocate less inventive effort in that space, based on two mechanisms—indications of rivals' developmental speed and exclusionary ability. We further develop these two mechanisms by arguing that the deterrence effect is stronger when rivals' speed is enhanced by their downstream capabilities, or when rivals' exclusion is enhanced by their litigation experiences. Findings suggest that a firm's path of resource accumulation evolves through avoidance of rivals' paths, and deterrence may constitute a viable alternative theory of resource heterogeneity. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.