Foreign Currency Derivatives versus Foreign Currency Debt and the Hedging Premium

This paper compares the effect on firm value of different foreign currency (FC) financial hedging strategies identified by type of exposure (short‐ or long‐term) and type of instrument (forwards, options, swaps and foreign currency debt). We find that hedging instruments depend on the type of exposure. Short‐term instruments such as FC forwards and/or options are used to hedge short‐term exposure generated from export activity while FC debt and FC swaps into foreign currency (but not into domestic currency) are used to hedge long‐term exposure arising from assets located in foreign locations. Our results relating to the value effects of foreign currency hedging indicate that foreign currency derivatives use increases firm value but there is no hedging premium associated with foreign currency debt hedging, except when combined with foreign currency derivatives. Taken individually, FC swaps generate more value than short‐term derivatives.     

The Intertemporal Relationship Between the Currency Spot Market and the Currency Option Market

This study examines the lead/lag relationship between currency option and currency spot markets for the Deutsche mark and the Japanese yen. Using intraday currency option transactions data for the year 1989 and applying a European type currency option pricing model, pair data series of the implied and the observed exchange rates are compiled. Causality tests are then employed to test the causal relation between the observed and the implied exchange rate changes. The results indicate that the currency spot market leads the currency option market by about ninety minutes.     

The Determinants of Foreign Currency Hedging: Does Foreign Currency Debt Induce a Bias?

In this paper we use UK data to present strong empirical evidence that explains the mixed results in previous studies with respect to the effect of financial distress on the demand for corporate hedging. We build on recent studies that have identified a strong link between foreign currency (FC) debt use and leverage. Given this relationship, we show that using leverage variables as proxies for financial distress and the failure to distinguish between FC debt users and non‐users causes misleading inference. More specifically, when we partition our sample of FC hedgers into firms that use and do not use foreign debt, we show that leverage variables are significantly related to the FC hedging decision for firms that use FC debt either in isolation or in combination with FC derivatives but not for firms that only use FC derivatives. This suggests that FC debt users are influencing these results. However, we also find that other financial distress cost proxies with no obvious link to FC debt use are significant determinants in the corporate demand for FC hedging, including derivatives use.     

Foreign Exchange Risk,Hedging, and Tax-Motivated Outbound Income Shifting

Although outbound income shifting to low-tax jurisdictions provides tax savings, it is often accompanied by nontax costs. In this study, I examine whether foreign exchange (FX) risk constrains tax-motivated outbound income shifting by U.S. multinational corporations. My findings indicate that exposure to greater currency volatility is associated with less outbound income shifting, and this effect is stronger for firms with foreign affiliates using foreign functional currencies. I also investigate whether hedging facilitates outbound income shifting. Consistent with hedging lowering costs associated with exchange rate volatility, I find that U.S. firms that use more currency derivatives tend to shift more income to low-tax foreign jurisdictions. Overall, these findings suggest that FX risk is an important cost of outbound income shifting.     

The Trading Volume of Currency Options and the Spot Exchange Rate

This paper estimates the interrelation between the spot exchange rate of the Israeli currency, the new Israeli shekel, to the U.S. dollar, and the trading volumes of put and call options on the U.S. dollar in the Tel Aviv Stock Exchange. An increase in the trading volume of calls is positively correlated with an increase in the spot exchange rate of the dollar on the same day and the following day, but with a lower coefficient. Similarly, an increase in the trading volume of puts is related to a decrease in the spot price of the dollar on the same day of trade, with a smaller effect on the following day.     

简单汇率形成机制下的汇率预期和货币选择

本文探讨了目前人民币汇率形成机制下的汇率预期问题。通过理论模型,本文证明了在简单的人民币汇率形成机制下汇率预期所具有的特点,以及汇率预期和利率因素对微观经济主体货币选择的影响;而实证结果验证了人民币与美元的名义利率差以及与预期有关的信息变量的变化,对微观经济主体的汇率预期及货币选择具有显著影响。本文的结论对人民币汇率形成机制改革条件的启示是显而易见的:一方面,汇率形成机制的改革应以强制结售汇制度的放宽为前提;另一方面,汇率形成机制的改革应当选择人民币利率低于美元利率、我国的贸易收支顺差减少以及国外直接投资流入速度放慢的时候启动,这将为人民币汇率的浮动创造有利条件。     

Foreign Exchange Gains and Losses: Impact on Reported Earnings

During the period 1974–77 firms affected by Statement 8 of the Financial Accounting Standards Board dealing with foreign currency translation responded to the FASB's invitation to comment. In this study, the reported exchange gains and losses of firms that submitted comments to the FASB and a broad sample of multi-national companies are examined. There is limited evidence that FASB respondents suffered greater swings in pretax earnings as a result of FASB than did other multinationals.     

筒单汇率形成机制下的汇率预期和货币选择

本探讨了目前人民币汇率形成机制下的汇率预期问题。通过理论模型，本证明了在简单的人民币汇率形成机制下汇率预期所具有的特点，以及汇率预期和利率因素对微观经济主体贷币选择的影响；而实证结果验证了人民币与美元的名义利率差以及与预期有关的信息变量的变化，对微观经济主体的汇率预期及货币选择具有显影响。本的结论对人民币汇率形成机制改革条件的启示是显而易见的：一方面，汇率形成机制的改革应以强制结售汇制度的放宽为前提；另一方面，汇率形成机制的改革应当选择人民币利率低于美元利率、我国的贸易收支顺差减少以及国外直接投资流入速度放慢的时候启动，这将为人民币汇率的浮动创造有利条件。     

Pricing and Hedging of Contingent Claims in Term Structure Models with Exogenous Issuing of New Bonds

If calibrated to an observed term structure of interest rates that only covers a finite range of times-to-maturity an HJM-model of the term structure of interest rates will eventually die out in finite time as bonds reach maturity. This poses problems for the pricing and hedging of certain contingent claims. Therefore, we extend the HJM-model in such a way that it lives on an arbitrary time horizon and possesses term structures that cover a constant finite interval of times-to-maturity. We consider the pricing and hedging of contingent claims in this framework.     

中国外汇储备与货币供给量的关系——基于双对数模型

2001年以来,持续的双顺差促使外汇储备量迅速积累,人民币升值压力增大,为了维持人民币汇率的稳定,政府不得不加大货币投放量来回笼外汇市场上过多的外汇。通过建立外汇储备和货币供给量(M1、M2)之间的双对数模型,进行实证分析得出结论:外汇储备的增加确实推动了中国货币供应量的增加,并且外汇储备变动给M1带来的影响大于M2。因此,应适当控制外汇储备规模消除外汇储备超额增长的制度性原因,完善货币政策工具,积极进行金融创新。     

基于本外币政策协调的人民币汇率改革思路

人民币汇率超稳定背后是汇率固化,已经不能适应宏观金融调控和经济结构调整的需要,有必要基于二元经济转换进程中本外币政策协调来安排人民币汇率改革:把汇率政策纳入货币政策框架,保持利率和汇率改革的协调,实行有管理浮动汇率制度,辅以灵活的汇率政策,并积极发挥汇率政策的经济结构调整效应。     

法定数字货币对外汇主体监管的影响

法定数字货币替代纸币流通,并发挥跨境支付结算功能将是大势所趋,届时将对现行的市场监管方式产生深刻影响.本文从外汇主体监管视角出发,初步分析了法定数字货币流通且用于跨境支付所带来的影响,就如何提升外汇主体监管成效做了探索性研究,提出了建议,为未来的外汇主体监管工作提供一定的参考.     

中越边境地区本外币兑换市场建设的思考

近年来,公安部进一步加大对广西中越边境地区＂地摊银行＂的打击力度,使＂地摊银行＂为核心的中越本外币结算体系受到影响,因此规范和促进中越边境本外币兑换市场发展就显得尤为重要。本文在深入分析目前中越边境人民币与越南盾民间兑换市场现状以及存在问题基础上,提出以个人本外币兑换特许业务方式带动边境地区本外币兑换市场发展的基本思路,并就越南盾与人民币买卖、越南盾调剂市场的设立等方面进行制度安排,旨在解决长期困扰中越边境金融秩序的＂地摊银行＂问题,实现边境金融市场良性、持续和健康发展。     

外汇储备增长对货币供应量与物价水平影响的研究

本文首先介绍了中外学者关于外汇储备对货币供应量与物价水平影响的不同观点;然后,基于中央银行的资产负债表和货币数量理论,对外汇储备增长对货币供应量对物价水平的影响进行了理论分析;最后,重点结合我国的实际,分别从短期和长期两方面对外汇储备对我国货币供应量与物价水平的影响进行了实证检验。     

Longevity Bonds: Financial Engineering, Valuation, and Hedging

This article examines the main characteristics of longevity bonds (LBs) and shows that they can take a large variety of forms which can vary enormously in their sensitivities to longevity shocks. We examine different ways of financially engineering LBs and consider problems arising from the dearth of ultra‐long government bonds and the choice of the reference population index. The article also looks at valuation issues in an incomplete markets context and finishes with an examination of how LBs can be used as a risk management tool for hedging longevity risks.     

Exchange Rate Exposure,Foreign Currency Debt,and the Use of Derivatives: Evidence from Brazil

This paper studies the exchange rate exposure and its determinants for a sample of nonfinancial Brazilian companies from 1996 to 2006. The results indicate that the number of firms exposed to exchange rate fluctuations is higher in periods of crisis and under a fixed exchange rate regime. In addition, the results point out that, although companies' international activities, operational hedging, and financial policies are important determinants of firms' exposure, the changes in companies' exposure that took place when Brazil moved from a fixed to a floating exchange rate regime were mainly driven by changes in companies' foreign currency borrowing and the use of derivatives that occurred in that period.     

货币发行中买入国债与外汇的不同逻辑含义

买入国债和买入外汇的货币发行都以有价证券为担保,但其经济意义却相去甚远。买入外汇的货币发行能应对我国目前的经济问题,但是,因为采取这种发行方式的计划经济体制已经缺失,继续这种发行方式则会使我国管理层在缓解旧的矛盾的同时,面对新的更为严峻的挑战,所以买入外汇的货币发行方式一定要尽快向买入国债的货币发行方式转变。     

外汇储备币种结构理论的研究评述及展望

我国的外汇储备主要以美元为核心,随着近年来美元的不断贬值,我国的外汇储备迅速缩水,因此,加强币种结构管理成为了当前我国外汇储备管理中的最重要一环。本文首先系统地介绍了关于外汇储备币种结构选择的三大理论：资产组合理论、海勒——奈特模型和杜利模型。然后总结了基于以上理论,国内外学者对外汇储备币种结构进行的研究,并指出了现有理论的不足。最后,对今后的研究方向进行了展望。     

State Price Density,Esscher Transforms,and Pricing Options on Stocks,Bonds, and Foreign Exchange Rates

Abstract

The state price density is modeled as an exponential function of the underlying state variables, and the Esscher transform is used to specify the forward-risk-adjusted measure. With the aid of state price densities, Esscher transforms, and characteristic functions, this paper provides a consistent framework for pricing options on stocks, interest rates, and foreign exchange rates. The framework discussed is quite general and is related to many popular models.