垄断势力、市场势力与当代产业组织关系

在微观经济学理论中，生产集中和产品差异常常被认为是市场结构形成的两个重要因素，生产集中导致形成垄断和寡头市场结构，而产品差异与生产集中密切联系，但它又是一个重要的、独立的市场结构因素，即垄断竞争市场结构形成的重要因素。事实上，生产集中和产品差异在成为市场结构形成的两个重要因素的同时，又会导致形成两种性质完全不同的市场控制行为，并且，这两种控制行为产生的经济绩效和福利影响也完全不同。对这两种市场控制行为性质的区分，不仅有助于我们深化对产业组织理论的认识，也有助于我们了解和把握当代产业组织关系的重大变化和发展趋势。     

商誉的范围经济下的市场力量

商誉的范围经济是续生产上的规模经济和范围经济之后，给企业带来竞争优势的另一来源。其背景是商品种类的日益扩张以及消费者的不完全信息和高搜早成本。本文在对消费者行为的行为经济学研究基础上，通过具体区分两类信息不对称，解释了商誉范围经济的来源。进一步分析了企业如何能够通过这种范围经济获得市场力量从而超额利润。     

Fiscal Stabilization Policy and Fiscal Institutions

In this paper we analyse counter-cyclical fiscal policy withinthe context of a microfounded analysis of business-cycle stabilization.We show that tax and spending instruments can have a usefulcounter-cyclical role, even after allowing for the distortionarynature of the instruments and the need for debt sustainability.A critical barrier to the use of fiscal instruments may be politicaleconomy concerns, and we survey recent suggestions involvingalternative fiscal policy institutions. Footnotes ¹ E-mail addresses: c.b.leith{at}socsci.gla.ac.uk; s.wren-lewis{at}exeter.ac.uk     

政府+市场——中国经济高增长之谜

改革开放30年以来,中国的经济发展取得了举世瞩目的成就.2007年的GDP比1978年增长了65倍.     

Market Power,Productivity and Sectoral Labour Shares in Europe

Open Economies Review - The stability of the labour share of income is a fundamental feature of many macroeconomic models. Empirically however, the labour share varies considerably across countries...     

加快培育自主品牌 提高市场竞争力——商务部部长薄熙来在福建调研

在“9·8”中国国际投资贸易洽谈会后,商务部部长薄熙来率商务部20多个司局长在福建省省长黄小晶、副省长叶双瑜等有关人员的陪同下,在厦门、泉州、福州等地进行工作调研。薄部长一行先后考察了泉州菲莉集团、安踏集团、九牧王服饰公司、比阳轻工公司、福清冠捷电子、福耀玻璃等一批民营外向型企业和厦门蔬菜农副产品批发市场、福州永辉超市等商贸物流企业。     

Fiscal Pacts

Fiscal pacts have recently played important roles in stabilization policies, particularly in Latin America. The ability of pacts to achieve austerity is examined in a game of competition among pressure groups for fiscal influence. Coalitions can freely communicate about what strategies to play and make contingent threats to the strategies of others. The credibility of fiscal pacts (strong, coalition-proof and far-sighted strong equilibria) is shown to depend critically on how acquiescence to private sector pressure enters the government's payoff function. We interpret these results in the context of austerity successes and failures in Mexico, Brazil, and Argentina.     

产品市场势力能降低股票市场的异质信念吗——基于A股市场的实证研究

基于2001年至2009年A股市场的数据,本文检验了Peress(2010)提出的产品市场势力降低股票市场异质信念水平的推断,并分析了Miller(1977)提出的影响股票市场异质信念的因素。我们发现产品市场势力不仅不能降低反而可能会提高股票市场异质信念的水平。在将异质信念分解为异质先验导致的异质信念,渐进信息流动、有限注意导致的异质信念后,这种提高主要表现在对后者的提高上。该结果意味着产品市场势力可能因为提高了异质信念水平而促进了股票市场的交易,从而为交易异象的解释提供了新的思路。此外,实证结果显示上市公司的业务集中度、机构持股可以降低异质信念水平,而上市公司的已上市时间、市场中股票数量对于异质信念的影响与已有的理论分析并不完全一致。     

Fiscal policy and Dutch disease

In this paper we revisit the Dutch disease paying particular attention to the role of specific factors of production and capital stock dynamics. The main insight is that if the natural resource rich windfall is substantial but not large enough for the country to become a rentier, capital goods must be produced at home and adjustment to natural resource windfall takes time. It takes time to build this home-grown capital. Specific factors are crucial to explain the dynamic responses of the real exchange rate, capital intensities and wages in response to a natural resource windfall. If a country is small and the windfall is large, it may be able to import capital and migrant labour in which case the Dutch disease can be avoided.     

Residential Consumer Switching and Electricity Restructuring Policy: The Pennsylvania Power Market

Without significant price reduction, high consumer switching rates to competitive power suppliers have been criticized as a result of either the artificially high price to compare (PC) acting as the benchmark price that competitive generators must meet, or the critical mass effect from switching consumers. This paper builds a simple model to explore how the restructuring policy determines residential switching behavior. When the PC increases over time, whether it reflects the rising wholesale price adequately or not, a consistent price reduction policy will naturally induce an early-stage high switching rate. In contrast, a required switching rate policy that is associated with both an artificial price cut at the early stage and a longer period of stranded cost recovery can accelerate switching effectively. Two high-cost Pennsylvania utilities, which demonstrate opposite movements of residential switching rate under different restructuring policies, are examined to confirm that the high switching rate just results from the policy design, not from the subsidy in PC discussed in (Joskow, Paul L. “Why Do We Need Electricity Retailers? Or, Can You Get It Cheaper Wholesale?” Center for Energy and Environmental Policy Research, MIT, Revised discussion draft, 2000b), or the critical mass effect concluded in (Reitzes, James D., Lisa V. Wood, J. A. Quinn, and Kelli L. Sheran. “Designing Standard-Offer Service to Facilitate Electric Retail Restructuring.” The Electricity Journal 15, 9, 2003, pp. 34–51). Switching rates play no role in evaluating the success or failure of a restructuring.     

Financial Integration and Fiscal Policy

The aim of this paper is to assess the impact of financial integration on fiscal policy. Using an unbalanced panel of 31 OECD countries from 1970 to 2009, the paper shows that financial integration has significant disciplinary effects by reducing fiscal deficits and (discretionary) spending volatility. In addition, we find that financial integration affects the composition of government debt and enhances risk-sharing by increasing the share of foreign debt to the total. The results are robust to both de jure and de facto measures of financial integration, different measures of budget balance, and different estimation strategies.     

The Timing of Investment Episodes in the Netherlands

Summary We investigate the timing of large investment episodes at the micro level. On examination of a large sample of Dutch firms we find considerable lumpiness in the accumulation of fixed capital. We therefore define investment spikes and estimate the probability of these spikes, conditional on time since the last spike. We also control for unobserved heterogeneity. Our first result is that the probability of a spike is very high the year following an investment spike. We also find some evidence the hazard rate does increase as time since the previous spike passes by. Therefore, our results indicate the presence of convex adjustment costs or time to build lags. In addition, a tentative conclusion is that fixed adjustment costs are relevant.We like to thank two referees of this journal for their helpful and stimulating comments. The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support of METEOR at Maastricht University and the PIONIER program (grant number 400-10-041) of the Netherlands Foundation for Scientific Research (NWO). This work was carried out at the Centre for Research of Economic Microdata (CEREM) and we would like to thank Bert Balk, Ellen Hoogenboom-Spijker and Hans Pijpers for their help with the data. The views herein expressed are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the policies of Statistics Netherlands. All errors remain our own.     

Rethinking Fiscal Policy

The use of fiscal policy as a stabilization device has all butvanished, more or less explicitly in Europe and de facto inthe United States. The practical consequences have not beenentirely satisfactory, in either place. So it is important andtimely that the Oxford Review is devoting a special issue tothe macroeconomics of fiscal policy. In this paper I want todiscuss two underlying questions about the eclipse of fiscalpolicy. Why did this happen and was it a good idea? And if itwas not a good idea, then what follows? Footnotes ¹ E-mail address: jamu{at}mit.edu     

Contagion and Global Financial Crises: Lessons from Nine Crisis Episodes

Episodes of extraordinary turbulence in global financial markets are examined during nine crises ranging from the Asian crisis in 1997–98 to the recent European debt crisis of 2010–13. After dating each crisis using a regime switching model, the analysis focuses on changes in the dependence structures of equity markets through correlation, coskewness and covolatility to address a range of hypotheses regarding contagion transmission. The results show that the great recession is a true global financial crisis. Finance linkages are more likely to result in crisis transmission than trade and emerging market crises transmit unexpectedly, particularly to developed markets.     

Discretionary Government Consumption, Private Domestic Demand, and Crisis Episodes

This paper analyzes the dynamic impact of discretionary government consumption purchases on private demand. Using a panel of 132 countries from 1960 to 2008, we find that while discretionary changes in government consumption lead to crowding-in effects in the short run, crowding-out effects take over in the medium run. In addition, we also find that both short-term crowding-in and medium-term crowding out effects are amplified once we control for periods of crisis.