中国清洁发展机制项目分布的区域差异性研究

清洁发展机制(CDM)项目是发达国家向发展中国家进行低碳技术转移的重要途径之一。中国是CDM项目的大国,为研究CDM项目在我国分布的区域差异性,探究低碳技术转移的实现路径,首先用因子分析法提炼区域特征指标,再用聚类法将中国30个省市分为4类区域。然后研究了2005~2013年间区域CDM项目分布的影响因素。结果显示:区域技术投入对CDM项目分布存在抑制作用,技术水平越高的区域其影响愈大;经济发展水平则与CDM项目分布呈正相关,区域可以通过提升经济实力带来更多的CDM投资机遇;而能源投资因其与温室气体排放密切相关,所以对CDM项目分布有正向影响;产业结构是造成CDM项目分布区域差异性的主要因素,区域产业结构中第二产业比重对CDM项目的分布产生积极的影响。     

清洁发展机制（CDM）对中国低碳经济发展的影响——基于CDM效益对等性分析的横向比较

CDM（即清洁发展机制）作为国际间温室气体减排的一种有效市场途径和合作方式,它在实现减排目标的同时为国际合作双方带来的核心效益表现为经济和技术效应两个方面。然而本文通过对国际CDM市场规模变化,投资收益,一级、二级市场价格以及技术引进效果方面的分析,得出CDM机制在发达国家和发展中国家间存在效益的非对等性的结论。在目前中国严峻的减排形势下,CDM的这种成本收益的非对等性不但损害了即期的经济利益,也威胁到了中国未来低碳经济时代的经济主导权。因此,中国要在价格、技术规制、行业引导、市场平台的建立健全以及国际协同合作等多方面实行相应的支持政策,修正CDM的非对等性,保证中国在未来的低碳经济时代占据主动优势。     

我国市场偏向型低碳优势重构——基于全球视野的价值链攀升分析

2013年以来,EUA和CER价格持续下挫,全球碳交易市场充满不确定性。当前的不确定性对我国意义重大:一方面造成我国基于CDM项目的传统绝对优势缺失,另一方面为我国从市场化角度实现国家低碳优势重构带来机遇。不确定性下会产生市场细分效应和市场均衡效应,通过基于价值链的迂回攀升可以重构国家低碳优势。将此不确定性周期作为低碳战略机遇期,从顶层设计出发确立市场偏向型低碳发展战略,在市场层面构建国内碳交易市场并完善碳金融体系,有助于我国摆脱全球碳市场价值链低端锁定,重构国家低碳优势。     

煤炭企业低碳经济效率及其影响因素研究

基于低碳生态的视角,将能源、经济和环境因素纳入煤炭企业低碳经济效率评价体系中,运用Malmquist生产率指数分析我国11家煤炭上市公司2008—2015年全要素生产率变动情况及其分解因素,并通过构建Tobit模型对煤炭上市公司低碳经济效率的影响因素进行回归分析。结果表明:从投入产出效率角度来看,我国煤炭上市公司低碳经济效率的提高主要依靠技术进步驱动,而规模效率整体水平偏低且有待提升。从影响因素角度来看,企业规模和环保投入力度对企业发展低碳经济有正向促进作用,企业内部管理费用和对外开放程度对企业发展低碳经济效率起负向作用,企业研发水平和市场势力对低碳经济发展无显著影响。     

考虑控制权转移的科技型小微企业融资机制研究

企业控制权是科技型小微企业风险融资的重要工具。从控制权转移激励与约束角度,构建了科技型小微企业风险融资中控制权转移激励与约束契约设计的两阶段模型,探讨了科技型小微企业投入的自身财富水平、投入风险项目的知识产权价值、努力水平、市场声誉、风险项目成功率、风险项目产出的变现性与可控性、风险项目运行的在职消费水平、风险投资者获取的剩余价值索取权、风险项目投资额度、风险监控成本、风险项目的战略收益、风险项目运行的私人收益与共享收益、科技型小微企业投入人力资本的专有性和专用性、风险投资者的投资专用性以及风险投资者风险规避程度等因素对科技型小微企业融资中控制权转移激励契约设计的影响机制,并通过定量分析得到了一系列科技型小微企业风险融资控制权转移的激励与约束契约设计机制,对科技型小微企业投融资理论进行了完善和发展。     

市场势力是战略性新兴产业全球价值链高端化发展的推动力

一、市场势力的内涵 关于市场势力的研究,Brandow(1969)将市场势力定义为厂商直接影响其他市场参与者或价格、推广促销等市场变量的能力.刘志彪(2003)刘龙,宋丹(2011)认为市场势力是指企业通过技术和产品优势改变和影响市场价格或其他交易条件,从而获得一定的市场控制力和经济效益的能力.     

排污权价格形成机制及其优化分析

构建有效的排污权价格形成与运行机制是排污权交易制度建设的关键环节。本文分析了排污权的初始分配机制以及不同市场条件下排污权交易的价格形成机制。在完全竞争市场条件下,排污权的市场价格等于各企业的边际治理成本。经济增长、污染治理技术进步、政府环境目标以及预期因素等将对排污权价格变动产生影响。在不完全竞争条件下,市场势力和交易费用的存在降低了排污权价格机制的效率。文章最后提出了优化排污权价格形成和运行机制的政策建议。     

排污权价格形成机制及其优化分析

构建有效的排污权价格形成与运行机制是排污权交易制度建设的关键环节.本文分析了排污权的初始分配机制以及不同市场条件下排污权交易的价格形成机制.在完全竞争市场条件下,排污权的市场价格等于各企业的边际治理成本.经济增长、污染治理技术进步、政府环境目标以及预期因素等将对排污权价格变动产生影响.在不完全竞争条件下,市场势力和交易费用的存在降低了排污权价格机制的效率.文章最后提出了优化排污权价格形成和运行机制的政策建议.     

企业家核心能力拓展与市场势力构建——基于越商群体的实证研究

本文从技术、市场、社会三个维度建立了一个理论框架来分析企业家核心能力在市场势力构建中的作用和机理,并运用浙江省绍兴市的201份企业家调查问卷进行了实证研究。结果显示,企业家的技术获取能力、市场渠道控制能力和社会关系网络能力对于企业市场势力的构建有显著的正向影响;企业家核心能力的各个子能力与市场势力的各个子能力的关联强度和影响程度存在显著差异;将企业家的出身、年龄、学历、行业等作为控制变量引入模型后,一定程度上弱化了企业家的社会关系网络能力对于市场势力构建的影响程度和解释力。     

碳交易对企业绩效的影响——以清洁发展机制为例

清洁发展机制(CDM)是企业参与碳交易的重要形式,本文基于反事实分析框架,采用匹配估计量方法进行参数估计,选择实施CDM项目最多的火电、钢铁、水泥三个行业的上市公司分析项目实施效果,研究结果显示碳交易对企业绩效的影响存在明显的行业差异性:CDM项目显著提高了火电企业和水泥企业的经营绩效;实施CDM项目对钢铁企业绩效产生了负面影响,特别是如果没有实施CDM项目的企业实施该项目,将会显著恶化企业经营绩效。为促进业绩增长,企业碳交易决策应紧密结合实际情况,审慎评估项目盈利前景,科学合理地选择适宜企业自身特点的碳减排方式。     

Eco-efficiency approach for global warming in the context of Kyoto Mechanism

This study discusses an approach to measuring and improving the economic and ecological efficiency of Kyoto Mechanism projects. The approach consists of Global Warming Eco-Efficiency (GWEE), Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) & Joint Implementation (JI) Environmental-Efficiency (EE) and CDM & JI Economic-Productivity (EP). The GWEE indicator is based on the ratio of the value added of a system to its global warming influence in order to measure the eco-efficiency of a product in terms of the global warming issue. In addition, CDM & JI EE and CDM & JI EP are proposed to measure the environmental and economic performances of CDM and JI projects, respectively. While EE is defined as the ratio of the Certified Emission Reductions (CER) obtained from a CDM project or Emission Reduction Unit (ERU) from a JI project to total global warming influence relevant to the CDM or JI implemented, EP is defined as the ratio of the total of CER profit (and ERU profit) and the sales revenue to the costs of the CDM (and JI) implemented. Then, the feasibility of these indicators is examined through a case study for the power generations in the field of alternative energy.     

清洁发展机制——中国经济可持续发展的新机遇

CDM是《京都议定书》下面三种合作机制之一,也是唯一一个发达国家和发展中国家就CO2减排额进行交易的合作机制。我国正在探索可持续发展的道路,CDM为此提供了巨大的推动力。本文尝试从我国经济可持续发展面临的问题、CDM目前面临的困境来探讨CDM对我国经济可持续发展的影响。     

低碳经济下的清洁发展机制(CDM)分析——基于SWOT的角度

清洁发展机制(CDM)是《京都议定书》规定的发达国家与发展中国家互利共赢的减排机制,为中国经济的发展带来巨大的机遇和挑战。文章分析了CDM的含义以及经济机制,并运用管理学的SWOT模型对我国的CDM的机遇和挑战进行了综合分析。最后给出相应的结论和展望。     

The CDM framework: knowledge recombination from an evolutionary viewpoint

ABSTRACT

Since Crepon, Duguet, and Mairesse published their ground-breaking article (‘Research, Innovation and Productivity: An Econometric Analysis at the Firm Level’, 1998), the CDM framework has known a large diffusion, despite being published in a non-indexed journal. The present study is an exploration of the spread and recombination of ‘knowledge’ in the ‘CDM universe’, comprising all papers in Scopus indexed journals citing CDM or/and CDM cited papers. We assess first the speed and range of diffusion of CDM and investigate next the ‘origins’ and further ‘genealogical’ make up of the knowledge recombinations within the CDM universe. We find that CDM is cited by a growing number of papers, which spread over a variety of fields, and that it compares very well with the most cited comparable articles in indexed journals in its domain of research. We further find that the CDM universe is mainly constituted of three large clusters and for each of them we are able to identify knowledge paths going from the CDM and earlier cited papers to the subsequent main citing papers. We intend to provide a detailed interpretation of these findings in future work.     

Research on regional capability constructive models of cleat development mechanism

Global climate change has been identified as the ftrst of the top ten environmental problems in the world,As climate change will have serious effects on the social and economic development and everyday living of people in the world,many of the countries and governments are taking untiring efforts to combat climate change.As one of the important mechanisms of reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in the Kyoto Protocol,Clean DevelopmentMechanism (CDM) has not only provided chance.for developed countries to ftdfill greenhouse emission reduction obligations,but also provided an opportunity for developing countries to combat climate change under the sustainabledevelopment frame.The dual objectives of developed countries' GHG emissions' reduction obligation achievement and developing countries'sustainable development will be achieved under the CDM.As a country with responsibility,China has been positively developing CDM projects and promoting energy saving and emissions reduction during the three years after the Kyoto Protocol came into force,and CDM projects development has always been in the front tank in the world However,as the vast clime within China,notable differences occur in different regions.In order to promote the CDM development in China,it is necessary to have regional CDM capability construction in accor dance with the practicality in different regions.Based on the Slat Analysis of developed CDM projects and current CDM development status in China,problems in the CDM development of China,including the inefficiency in sinall and medium-sized CDM Projects development,over centralization of CDM development scope and especially the differentiated provincial CDM projects developing capability are pointed out in the paper.What's more,reasons forthe problems are analyzed from the leading factors,including policy orient,information asymmetry and weak CDMcapability.In order to promote CDM projects development in China,a new CDM capability construction model is put forward in the paper     

The Clean Development Mechanism in a world carbon market

This paper discusses the role of the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) in the market for carbon quotas and countries' commitments to reduce their carbon emission levels. We show that the CDM contributes to an efficient funding of clean technology investments in least developed countries. However, the CDM is not neutral on the global level of carbon emissions as it entices countries to raise their emission caps. The CDM may also make inappropriate the inclusion of any country that takes no emission abatement commitment. It can even make inefficient a country's decision to commit to an emission target. The implications of the presence of non‐additional projects are also analyzed.     

How to design and use the clean development mechanism under the Kyoto Protocol? A developing country perspective

Under the Kyoto Protocol, industrialized countries committed to emission reductions may fullfil part of their obligations by implementing emission reduction projects in developing countries. In doing so, they make use of the so-called Clean Development Mechanism (CDM). Two important issues surround the implementation of the CDM. First, if the cheapest abatement measures are implemented for CDM projects, developing countries may be left with only more expensive measures when they have to meet their own commitments in the future (the so-called low-hanging fruits (LHF) issue). Second, a choice must be made on the type of baseline against which emission reductions are measured: an absolute baseline or a relative (to output) one (the baseline issue). The purpose of this paper is to study the interactions between these two issues from the point of view of the developing country. Two major results are obtained. First, when possible future commitments for developing countries and irreversibility of abatement measures are taken into account, we show that the industry where CDM projects are implemented enjoys larger profits under an absolute baseline than under a relative one. Second, concerning the LHF problem, the financial compensation required by the developing country for implementing ‘too many’ CDM projects is larger under the relative baseline.     

云南省清洁发展机制项目国际谈判研究

《京都议定书》第12条“清洁发展机制（CDM）”规定,发达国家可以帮助发展中国家实施减排项目,并为自身的可持续发展服务。CDM宣告一个巨大的全球碳排放权交易市场已形成。这对于从事新能源、节能等行业的企业是一个巨大的商机。文章通过分析云南省CDM项目在销售谈判中存在的问题,提出了加强云南省CDM项目国际谈判能力的相关建议。     

Global emissions effects of CDM projects with relative baselines

CDM is an offset mechanism designed to reduce the overall cost of implementing a given global target for greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in Annex B countries of the Kyoto Protocol. A problem with CDM is that it provides incentives to increase, if possible, the baseline emissions for CDM projects, to optimize the value of CDM credits. Under a “relative baselines” crediting rule, the CDM may also unduly increase energy consumption even during the CDM implementation phase. Less than full offset of emissions is then likely, and the CDM will lead to increased global GHG emissions. We show that this is a potentially serious problem, due to asymmetric information between project hosts and the regulator, the CDM Executive Board, and to the basic rules for crediting CDM quotas. In certain cases, the use of “relative baselines” to credit CDM quotas could fully eliminate any emissions reductions achieved by CDM projects. Remedies to overcome the problems are discussed. They may involve setting the baseline independently of initial energy intensity and final output for the project; or involve information revelation mechanisms that minimize policy losses and net rent capture by project sponsors.     

基于减排量购买协议的法律规制探析

清洁发展机制(Clean Development Mechanism,CDM)是《京都议定书》建立的三种灵活机制之一,它是一种由条约创制的与发展中国家紧密相连的灵活机制。由于中国CDM项目日渐增加,中国已成为国际CDM卖方市场的主力军。由于国内外有关CDM的法律政策不甚完备,CDM项目买方与中国的项目业主的行为规范往往依赖于双方签订的减排量购买协议(ERPA),因此,作为CDM项目中的核心文件越来越受到国内项目业主的重视。但由于减排量购买协议(ERPA)多由西方发达国家制定,其中更多体现买方的利益,这使得中国项目业主在签订和履行减排量购买协议(ERPA)中面临巨大的法律风险。