农业技术扩散的时间过程及空间特征分析——以陕西省苹果种植技术为例

农业科学技术只有被广大农民掌握和应用,才能转化为现实生产力,促进农业生产的发展。以陕西省苹果种植技术为例,借助"S型曲线模型"及"重力学模型"对陕西省苹果种植的时空规律进行了研究,发现陕西省苹果种植在时间序列上,其种植面积呈现在波动中上升的趋势,而在空间上,存在等级扩散与渐进扩散相结合的扩散模式,即随着空间尺度的缩减,技术扩散由明显的规模等级扩散向随距离增加扩散强度减弱的渐进式扩散转化。     

中国城市自有多套住宅家庭的空间模式实证研究

第二住宅古已有之,而在当代中国出现了规模逐步扩大的趋势。自住房制度改革以来,中国城市家庭住房来源和产权发生了巨大变化,已经从计划经济时期的租赁公房为主转变成了多样化的住房来源和产权,并且出现了拥有多套住宅的现象。地理因素影响第二住宅的获得。运用2005年CGSS数据分析了我国城市自有多套住宅家庭的地理特征,直辖市和省会市辖区自有多套住宅城市家庭比重低于其他城市,人口规模在50万以下的城市比其他城市自有多套住宅比例高,一线、二线城市低于四线城市。将城市居民分为本地市民、城镇移民、农村移民家庭和其他,本地市民家庭和全体城市家庭地理特征一致,城镇移民家庭和农村移民家庭空间模式有所不同,并且本地市民比移民更可能自有多套住宅。运用LOGIT模型在控制了家庭收入、移民类型等社会经济特征之后,城市行政等级和人口规模、市场等级等地理因素依然是影响全体城市家庭和本地市民家庭自有多套住宅的重要因素。它实际上表示的是地方住房市场,特别是房价和低价住房资源可得性等方面的差异。     

城市轨道交通对住宅价格的影响研究——以北京市地铁一号线为例

通过构造修正后的衰减模型,运用局域空间自相关分析和克里格空间插值的方法,借助GIS空间分析的工具,选择路线长、沿途区位特征分异显著、对房价影响成熟的北京市地铁一号线为例,论证房价与距地铁站距离的相关关系,研究地铁站对房价影响的波及范围及影响程度。研究发现：一号线带状区域在局域范围内具有较强的空间自相关,自相关指数高值点并没有表现出明显的邻近地铁站点分布的特征,而是呈组团状聚集在四个区域。局域自相关性和距地铁站距离存在较弱的负相关关系。轨道交通对郊区住宅价格的影响要高于中心区域,且影响范围较广。地铁站点对住宅价格的影响并不是简单的圈层衰减,而是与特定的区位要素和其他条件综合作用的结果,在典型的地铁站点呈裙状或环状影响。各地铁站点对住宅价格的影响范围从0．5km到1km不等,衰减比重为20％－35％,且在影响范围内衰减程度逐渐降低。     

北京市住宅租金空间结构及其影响因素

以北京市六环内住宅租金空间和非空间数据为基础,运用空间自相关分析和Kriging插值等方法,研究北京市住宅租金空间分布规律,探究其形成的影响因素。研究表明:北京市住宅租金空间自相关性显著,住宅租金整体上呈现由市中心向外圈层衰减的规律,高—高(HH)集聚类型主要分布于北城,低—低(LL)集聚类型则主要分布在南城。人口密度、城市房地产开发、就业中心、城市功能分区、交通条件及公共服务设施水平等因素影响北京市租金空间结构形成。其中,交通条件及公共服务设施对区域住宅租金高低有决定性作用。这些因素通过影响租赁住宅的需求与供给、住宅居住效用这两方面决定城市住宅租金水平。     

城市住宅需求预测模型研究

通过对现有住宅需求预测方法及住房贷款支付能力对住宅需求的影响分析,文章提出了住宅需求预测模型改进的思路,建立了以居民住房支出和单位住宅建筑面积年需偿还贷款额来预测住房需求的改进模型。并对不同类型住宅需求的影响因素以及人均可支配收入、恩格尔系数、住房支出等因素之间关系进行分析和建模,形成了一套较为完整的分类型住宅需求预测的具体方法。     

多元互补型技术创新扩散仿真研究

多元互补型技术创新扩散是指在具有互补关系的多项技术创新之间的扩散。首先对扩散系统的基本假设进行界定,然后建立并分析多元互补型技术创新扩散的动态演化模型。通过Neflogo仿真工具对互补型技术创新扩散进行仿真研究,剖析各因素对多元互补型技术创新扩散过程的影响,并验证该模型在实践中的可行性和有效性。同时,结合仿真实验的结果,针对多元互补型技术创新扩散提出相应的建议     

环鄱阳湖城市体系规模结构变动——基于距离、规模、创新扩散的解释

在城市规模结构理论的基础上,对环鄱阳湖城市间距离、城市规模、创新扩散与城市体系规模结构变动之间的关系进行了研究。结果显示,一个城市的规模可由规模大于它且距离它最近的城市的规模以及两城市间的距离解释,两者都对此城市的规模产生正向影响,其中城市间距离的影响更大。然而,环鄱阳湖城市体系中,城市间距离的位序差异对城市间距离差异没有明显的解释作用,即环鄱阳湖城市体系中城市间距离和距离位序之间不存在明显的与城镇位序规律相一致的内在定量关系。此外,为进一步发现环湖城市体系内城市的创新扩散是否影响稳定的城市位序—规模体系,引入创新扩散因素分析了环鄱阳湖城市体系创新扩散的特征以及创新扩散与城市规模、城市位序之间的关系。结果表明,环鄱阳湖城市体系各城市的创新流强度等级与各城市规模等级基本对应,其创新扩散主要呈现出由大城市扩散到次级规模城市再扩散到小城市的等级扩散模式。     

武汉市住宅小区的空间结构与区位选择

1990年代以来,随着住房制度改革逐渐深化,武汉市住宅小区空间复杂性日益突出,亟需进行空间规律性总结,以指导城市住房开发与管理规划。基于当前的统计资料结合实地调查、电话访查,运用GIS强大的空间分析功能,从实证与定量分析角度揭示出武汉市住宅小区在空间结构上表现出圈层 扇面结构空间拓展,聚合扩散同步进行,城市内部实现挖潜式集中化布局,边缘扩张式城郊化分布;在区位选择上临街傍水的区位分布特征明显,体现出追求交通便利、向往环境舒适的人居选择规律。     

基于ESDA的城市住宅地价时空分异研究——以南京市为例

通过对住宅地价样点数据的收集和处理,运用GIS空间探索性分析(ESDA)技术对南京市2000-2009年住宅用地出让地价进行了空间特征分析,生成数字地价模型,探索住宅地价空间分布规律,并通过空间分析技术从微观区位层次来研究地价时空差异。研究发现:南京市住宅地价呈现明显的单中心空间结构,并表现出点轴扩展模式;随着时间推移,南京市住宅地价空间结构不断反生变化,地价峰值中心开始向南、向东扩散;地铁快速交通、城市规划及环境等因素对地价时空变异起着重要的影响作用。     

法国的住房政策及其措施

法国1986年住房建设和城市规划费用为480亿法郎,其中土地整治4亿;道路和公共设施2000万,城市运输56亿;城市规划教育400万;装备器材3亿;民用住宅416亿。根据1986—1990年的计划,法国还要建设35—43万套住房。其中基本住宅20—22万套,第二住宅5—6万套,改建住宅8—11.25万套,闲置住宅2—2.5万套。     

A Life Cycle Analysis of Housing Affordability Options for First Home Owner-Occupiers in Australia

This paper presents a life cycle analysis of several policies for improving housing affordability for first home owner-occupiers in Australia: the First Home Owner Grant, housing equity partnerships and deposit loans. The analysis is by simulation of a housing tenure choice model in which a representative adult household makes a lifetime plan concerning the timing of the first home purchase, and the amount of housing and non-housing consumption in each period. An insight from the life cycle framework is that policies to improve housing affordability can have a life cycle timing effect on housing demand and house prices.     

A VAR ANALYSIS OF THE EFFECT OF HOUSING LOAN POLICY

Abstract.  I investigated the effect of the Government Housing Loan Corporation (GHLC) housing loan policy on housing starts in Japan, employing the VAR model for the first time in the area of Japanese housing policy. A lowering of the interest rate of GHLC home loans increased housing starts up to the point where the budget exceeded the actual amount of GHLC home loans granted. I found that the amount of GHLC home loans was effective in increasing housing starts up to the point of structural change, after which the effect was seen to lessen.     

Housing and unemployment: The search for the “American Dream”

This paper constructs a model of search and bargaining across two different markets: the labor market and the housing market. Interestingly, the model highlights that housing prices and frictions in the housing market have a profound impact on labor market activity through the desire of workers to eventually purchase a home, the “American Dream.” In particular, higher housing prices adversely affect workers’ incentives in the labor market as employment can eventually lead to access to housing through the ability to purchase a home. Similarly, labor market frictions can impact housing market activity. Notably, tighter housing markets are associated with higher unemployment rates and less job creation. Consequently, our work suggests that policymakers should be very careful in implementing policies targeted towards housing – housing markets are likely to generate significant external effects to other sectors of the economy, especially the labor market.     

The economic impact of reducing on-base naval housing

This article develops a methodology for estimating the impact on rents and home prices from a hypothetical reduction of on-base naval housing from 56 naval bases in the United States. Based on data from the Center for Naval Analyses and the U.S. Census of Housing, and response coefficients from housing economics literature, illustrative estimates are presented of the short-run and long-run and long-run impact of reducing naval housing.
Key factors determining the increase in rents and home prices include (1) the increase in demand for housing in the private sector resulting from the reduction of on-base naval housing, (2) the short-run and long-run elasticities of supply of private sector housing with respect to housing prices, and (3) the elasticity of demand to live in a defined housing area with respect to housing prices.
We find that the effects on rents and home prices are in most cases small in the short run and negligible in the long run. The median first-year rent increase in the 53 counties is estimated to be 0.90%, with only 9 of the counties still expected to experience rent increases of as much as 4%. In the long run, the median rent increase is estimated to be only 0.10%. Because the purchase of a home is a long-term investment, we find that the impact on home prices is negligible, similar to the long-run impact on rents.     

Kriging methodology for regional economic analysis: Estimating the housing price in Albacete

Because of the socioeconomic importance of the housing subsector in the local, regional, and national economy and its implications for housing policy, this paper attempts to analyze the spatial behavior of the free housing price in the city of Albacete. To achieve this aim, the authors have used the models and estimators imported from geology called kriging. To do this, it is necessary to know the spatial dependence structure of the process, which is shown in the variogram.     

中国城镇家庭住房来源与产权的省际差异——基于2000年人口普查资料的分析

根据中国2000年人口普查资料,分析了中国城镇家庭住房来源与产权的省际差异。住房来源与产权选择省际差异不明显;基本是沿海经济发达地区住房来源中商品房来源与产权选择中租赁商品房比重高。相关分析表明:地区市场化指数与市场型住房正相关,收入和产权关系不明显,国有经济比重与行政型住房正相关,城市化率与购商品房比正相关,价格和住房产权负相关。这说明了制度变迁和地区经济差异对住房选择的影响。     

城市住宅用地空间扩张机制与调控对策

城市住宅用地空间扩张的必然性与土地资源的稀缺性这一对矛盾,在城市化进程迅速推进的今天显得尤为尖锐,如何实现城市居民居住质量的提高与城市土地资源的可持续利用成为迫切需要解决的问题。文章总结了我国当前城市住宅用地扩张的特点,从经济、制度、技术以及人为干预四个方面对我国当前城市住宅用地空间扩张机制进行了解析,并对城市住宅用地空间扩张过程所出现的问题提出了相关调控措施。     

Housing Market Fluctuations and the Implicit Price of Water Quality: Empirical Evidence from a South Florida Housing Market

In this study we utilize a hedonic property price analysis to examine changes in the implicit price of water quality given housing market fluctuations over time. We analyze Martin County, Florida waterfront home sales from 2001 to 2010 accounting for the associated significant real estate fluctuations in this area through flexible econometric controls in space and time. We apply a segmented regression methodology to identify housing market price instability over time, interact water quality with these identified market segmentations, and embed these interactions within a spatial fixed effect model to further account for any spatial heterogeneity in the waterfront market. Results indicate that water quality improvement is associated with higher property values. We find no evidence that the economic downturn crowded out concern for the water quality in this area. We further impute an implicit prices of $2614, evaluated at the sample mean, for 1 % point increase in the water quality grade.     

CONSUMPTION AND TIME USE OVER THE LIFE CYCLE

We incorporate home production in a dynamic general equilibrium model of consumption and savings with illiquid housing and a collateralized borrowing constraint. The calibrated model explains life‐cycle patterns of households' time use and consumption of different categories documented from the microdata. It predicts that the interaction of the labor efficiency profile and the home production technology explains households' time use. The resulting income profiles, the endogenous borrowing constraint, and home production account for the initial hump in consumption. The complementarity of home hours, home input, and housing in home production drives the consumption profiles later in the life cycle.