乡村振兴背景下农村高龄老人老年保障问题分析——基于江苏省淮安市的调查

伴随社会经济快速发展,老龄化风险和老年保障需求同步显现。与城市老年人口相比,农村高龄老人患病几率更高、身体机能衰退更快,有着更高的日常照护需求和精神关爱需求。根据课题组2021年调查发现,当前农村高龄老人养老存在政府养老金供给水平低、看病难、看病贵、农村社区养老服务和福利保障不健全等问题。对问题分析后发现,是由于政府主体作用未充分发挥、医疗保障体系不健全、社会养老服务产业发展弱势等原因造成的。针对上述问题,提出加大政府的财政和服务投入、健全老年医疗保障体系、大力促进社会养老与社区养老服务产业发展等政策性意见,希望能为提高农村高龄老年人生活质量,改善我国农村养老现状提供参考。     

对1987-2010年我国老年人口自杀死亡的研究分析

利用人口死因的抽样调查资料和数次中国人口普查资料的年龄性别内插数据,对1987-2010年我国老年人口自杀死亡的趋势、城乡差异和性别差异作了分析,探讨了老人自杀死亡的原因,并提出了相关的防范措施。     

失独老人的养老问题及对策

中国人口结构日新月异,老龄人口数不断攀升.其中失独家庭的规模不断扩大.与其他正常的老年群体相比失独老年群体丧失了家庭养老的功能,其养老存在很严重的问题.本文,将就失独老人的物质生活、精神生活方面存在的难题进行分析,为失独老人的养老问题尽绵薄之力.     

农村老年人精神文化生活的现状分析和政策思考

物质需求和精神需求是人类最基本的需求。老年人同样对精神文化生活有着强烈的需求。以中国老龄科研中心"中国城乡老年人口状况追踪调查"提供的数据资料为主,分析了我国农村老年人精神文化生活的现状、制约因素及相关政策制定情况。我国农村老年人的精神文化生活质量亟待改善,有相当高比例的农村老年人常常觉得孤独,闲暇活动单调,相应的活动场地和组织资源比较匮乏。提出了政策建议。     

中国高龄老年人口问题初探

进入21世纪，伴随着我国人口老龄化程度的提高，人口高龄化化将迅猛发展，高龄老年人口问题进一步凸现，并对经济和社会发展产生重要影响，由高龄老人的自身特点所决定，对高龄老年人应以社会化养老为主。     

农村老龄人口养老问题研究——以陕西省咸阳市秦都区东南坊村为例

据调查,目前我国农村老年人口占农村常住人口的比例达到37％,说明人口老龄化问题在农村的表现尤为突出,而农村老年人占我国人口老年人总数的比例更是达到了57.5％,由此可见,解决我国人口老龄化问题的关键是解决农村人口老龄化的问题.因此通过统计(问卷)抽样调查方法,在掌握大量数据资料的基础上,分析农村老年人的生活现状及存在的问题,并提出了相应的解决对策,以期为妥善解决农村老龄人口养老问题,为改善农村老年人生活状况提供帮助.     

自杀秩序与湖北京山农村老年人自杀

本文要解答的问题是,为什么京山农村会形成一种类似自杀秩序的文化现象,并因此导致老年人的高自杀率。本文认为当地农村没有民间宗教信仰的基本形式,不信鬼神和祖先,对死后世界缺乏想象,因而对死后没有畏惧;同时由于对死亡的方式、时空位置缺乏神圣化的规范,人们对死亡的认识流于随意并较少忌讳,进而人们放弃了对生命本身的敬畏,个体能够自主处置自己的身体及确定自己的存在方式,包括对生命终结方式、时空的控制,这给自杀带来了很大的自主空间。在此基础上,当地对老人“没用了就该死”的普遍认可,为老人自戕生命提供了宽松的社会氛围和心理基础。由此,人们对老人自杀并不存在偏见,老人到一定年龄、遇到一定事情就更可能选择自杀,甚至认定他们“非要走自杀这条路”不可。由此,当地已然形成了一种老年人自杀正常化的村庄秩序。     

杭州市老年住宅现状及发展建议

"十二五"时期,浙江省老龄事业发展面临着巨大的挑战.据统计,到2015年浙江省60岁以上老年人口将达到991万,占全省户籍人口的20％以上.人口老龄化的快速发展与家庭小型化、空巢化相重叠,老年人口社会抚养负担将进一步加重.从《浙江省老龄事业发展"十二五"规划》中可以看出,政府正致力于解决好空巢老人养老问题,但是随着独生子女一代的成家,空巢老人开始越来越普遍.实际上,老人养老问题应该由老人主动选择,而不是被动接受.从这个角度出发,本文以杭州市为调查范围,以50岁以上老年人为调研对象,征询老年人意见和偏好,提出满足老年人需求的养老模式,以及在这种养老模式下的产品特征、设施配套和物业管理服务.     

社会工作介入农村空巢老人精神孤独困境研究

随着社会快速转型发生的农村空心化,导致农村空巢老人问题突出,使我国传统家庭养老模式面临前所未有的危机,严重影响了老年人的身心健康和生活质量。因此,严重的精神孤独状态不仅是个人问题,更是社会亟须重视的问题。社会工作者凭借其专业理念与技巧能够有效处理农村空巢老人精神孤独问题。为解决农村空巢老人精神孤独问题,需要采取多主体、多部门联动解决方案,以农村空巢老人为核心、同辈群体与家庭成员的支持为着力点,连接农村基层社区和政府资源,有效帮助空巢老人实现自助目标,重塑其社会关系;同时,应对精神孤独问题,要打造老有所养、老有所乐的社会氛围。     

＂结构-价值＂变动的错位互构：理解南方农村自杀潮的一个框架

本文选取1970～2009年南方4个村133例自杀个案作为分析对象,重点分析了农村年轻妇女与老年人自杀现象,以理解1990年前后出现的“自杀潮”。文章运用“结构紧张”理论分析认为,农村自杀潮之所以在该时间点上出现,与当时农村社会结构和价值目标的快速变迁有关：20世纪八九十年代,农村年轻妇女的现代价值目标渐趋形成,但她们在家庭和社会结构中的地位与权力却提升较慢;老年人传统的价值目标变动较慢,但他们在家庭和村庄结构中的权力和地位却下降较快,由此造成他们各自的结构与价值的错位搭配,其自杀正是‘结构一价值’错位互构的结果。随着农村社会变迁的推演,2000年以后两个群体的“结构一价值”不再错位,农村自杀潮退却。     

中国式自杀：悖谬与出路——读《浮生取义——对华北某县自杀现象的文化解读》

本文是对吴飞先生近著《浮生取义——对华北某县自杀现象的文化解读》的梳理。中国的自杀现象呈现出与西方自杀极为不同的特点,根据西方理论衍出的各种解释和干预由此失去效力。该书在这一基本背景之下,基于田野研究建立了一套独特的理论框架,揭示出自杀现象背后深层的中国文化逻辑,以及西方观念对传统逻辑的冲击力量。在这一解读之下,中国自杀问题的解决并非一孤立的课题,而须进一步探求现代中国文化中家庭新伦理的积极建成。     

Impact of unemployment on happiness in the United States

This study considers the level of demonstrated happiness and unhappiness, the latter measured by the conditional probability of committing suicide within groups that are facing a higher unemployment rate and those that are not. Using individual-level US data from 1989 to 2004, our findings indicate that individuals have lower rates of suicide or are ‘happy’ when they live in a state that has lower unemployment rate.     

Impact of income tax on happiness: evidence from the United States

The present work considers the level of demonstrated happiness and unhappiness within groups, the latter measured by the conditional probability of suicide within groups facing an income tax rate and those without. Using US data for the year 2004, our results show that individuals have lower rates of suicide or are ‘happy’ when they do not pay income taxes than those who pay.     

Hospital management and costs of antidepressant overdose: multicentre comparison of tricyclic antidepressants and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors

SUMMARY

There is ongoing debate regarding the relative cost effectiveness of different classes of antidepressants, but there has been little consideration of the cost of deliberate self-poisoning. We examined the cost of antidepressant overdose at six hospitals over a 5 month period and found that the cost of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor overdose was less than one-third that of tricyclic antidepressant overdose (mean cost per episode £173 versus £634). The cost of overdose is often ignored and should be considered in future analyses of the cost effectiveness of different classes of antidepressant.     

People on the verge of death: evidence from impacts of celebrity suicides

We attempt to identify the population who are vulnerable to emotional shocks by exploiting an unprecedented series of celebrity suicides in South Korea during the last decade, including one of the most famous actresses, as well as a former president. Our conservative estimates show that for 5 out of 11 celebrity suicides observed, 1 celebrity suicide on average yielded to more than 10 excessive suicides per day over a time frame of at least 2 weeks. The results indicate that a significant number of people are very much mentally unstable to end their life by emotional shocks that should be irrelevant to their economic status.     

Do downturns cause desperation? The effect of economic conditions on suicide rates in Canada

There is conflicting evidence concerning the impact of macroeconomic conditions on suicide rates. To help resolve this pertinent question, we present evidence using Canadian data. We estimate feasible generalized least squares models of annual gender-specific suicide rates in the working age population (aged 25–64) using data from each of the 10 Canadian provinces over the period 1982 to 2007. We allow for heteroscedasticity across provinces and first-order autocorrelation common to all provinces. We posit that suicide rates in this population are a function of macroeconomic conditions (current and lagged unemployment rates and real per capita GDP) and other determinants that might be correlated with macro conditions, such as physician supply. We find that different factors affect suicide rates across genders and that some of the results are sensitive to the specification of the model we use and the regressors included. Generally, economic conditions affect men more than women; suicide rates are counter-cyclical and a higher supply of psychiatrists in a province is correlated with lower suicide rates.     

The community impact of school-shootings on stress-related emergency department visits

School-shootings can enormously impact U.S. gun policy, but very little is known about the community mental health impact of school-shootings. We used difference-in-differences and event study analyses to compare stress-related ED visits in zip-codes within 5 miles (exposed) and in zip-codes 10–15 miles from (control) school-shootings before and after school-shootings using data from California, 2005–2011. School-shootings and fatal school-shootings were associated with annual increases of 0.7 and 1.5 stress-related ED visits per 1000 people, increases of 7% and 14%, respectively, compared to pre-shooting utilization. These previously unmeasured costs of school-shootings reinforce calls to prevent gun violence, especially in schools.     

John Stuart Mill's Theories of Wealth and Income Distribution

Although he was much influenced by David Ricardo when he wrote the classical part of his Principles , John Stuart Mill was not a Ricardian when he penned his theories of wealth and distribution. They are based on a triple foundation. First, a belief that economics is a moral discipline. Second a theory of custom-driven human behavior. Third, an empirically formed conviction that the institutions of state, education and business cooperate to structure the distribution of income. On the basis of these presuppositions, Mill formulated 1) an institutional theory of the formation of human and non-human wealth and 2) an even more institutional theory of distribution demonstrating how the aforementioned institutions malignantly skew the distribution of income to the advantage of the propertied classes and to the extreme disadvantage of the working class. As a social economist, Mill recommended institutional reforms designed to eradicate the poverty of the working class.