全国两次残疾人抽样调查设计和方法的比较分析

1987年和2006年两次全国性残疾人抽样调查为开展我国残疾研究提供了宝贵数据。为进一步开发和利用两次调查数据,利用两次调查的技术文件和其他可获得的资料,对两次调查的设计和方法的一致性进行了分析。两次调查均采用了基于残损的残疾定义,残疾评定均是基于各科专业医生严格的医学诊断,并在调查目的、调查总体、调查时点、调查程序以及调查的组织实施等方面具有良好的一致性。第二次调查各类残疾标准基本上与第一次调查保持一致,同时应用ICF理论模式,参考国际最新标准并结合我国实际进行了适度调整,对残疾筛查和评定工具进行了修订,这在一定程度上可影响两次调查数据的可比性。在利用两次调查数据进行趋势分析时,应充分考虑到两次调查各方面的差异。     

我国区域残疾现患率与人类发展指数相关性研究

根据第二次全国残疾人抽样调查(2006)以及2006年全国统计年鉴等相关数据资源, 分别计算反映我国不同区域残疾水平的残疾现患率指标, 以及反映我国不同区域社会经济发展水平的人类发展指数指标。探求残疾的罹患与社会经济发展之间的相关关系, 证明不同社会经济水平条件下, 残疾罹患水平具有区域差异性。在理论和实际两个方面为不同社会经济水平地区的残疾人保障和康复扶助工作提供了指导和政策支持。     

少数民族残疾人的社会经济状况

利用2006年第二次全国残疾人抽样调查数据对中国少数民族人群残疾现患率的流行特征、社会经济状况及其与汉族残疾人的差异进行比较分析。少数民族男性的残疾现患率(6.46%)高于女性(6.03%)。初中及以上教育程度的女性少数民族残疾人仅有10.04%。居住在农村的少数民族残疾人,大约有25%生活在国家规定的农村贫困标准以下,71%的农村少数民族残疾人没有参与任何形式的社会保险。农村、女性、老年残疾人是今后少数民族残疾人扶贫和社会保障覆盖重点干预对象;要优先提高女性残疾人的受教育水平。     

两次全国残疾人抽样调查人口数据质量分析

通过对两次全国残疾人抽样调查资料和数据的分析,从登记质量、样本代表性和性别年龄数据准确性等角度对两次残疾人抽样调查的数据质量进行了评估。两次抽样调查的样本年龄和性别结构合理,具有很好的全国代表性,调查相对误差基本控制在较低的水平,人口的重报和漏报率极低。调查数据质量比较可靠,能够较为真实地反映我国人口的实际状况。     

中国残疾人社会保障体系框架设计

作为社会弱势群体之一,中国残疾人群的基本生存状况令人担忧,迫切需要健全的残疾人社会保障体系来维护基本权益。利用2006年中国第二次全国残疾人抽样调查数据,描述了残疾人群收入贫困、就业困难、教育、医疗服务、康复等基本需求不能得到满足的生存状况,就此提出建立“多支柱、梯度扶助”式残疾人社会保障体系的框架设计。     

中国残疾人口致残原因分析

利用2006年第二次全国残疾人抽样调查数据对残疾人的致残因素进行分析。我国残疾人致残因素以后天获得性残疾为主,非传染病致残占很大比重,先天性残疾不到10%,并且具有较大的地区、城乡和性别差异;不同年龄人口面临不同的致残风险,非传染性疾病致残和创伤及伤害致残的风险随着年龄增长逐步增加。有必要制订系统性的整体残疾预防策略,针对不同年龄的高危致残因素开展残疾的终生预防。要采取措施加强全民健康意识,降低致残因素暴露水平。要加强高危人群的重点防控。     

农业与认知能力发展——来自中国农业改革的证据

已有的关于中国农业改革成效的研究忽略了农业改革对健康的影响。本文研究中国的农业改革对认知能力的影响,在一定程度上弥补了现有文献的不足。利用1987年和2006年两期中国残疾人抽样调查数据,我们发现8—20岁人群的认知残疾发病率在此期间下降了1.34个百分点,而农业改革解释了其中的74.68%。这些发现支持"胎儿起源假说",即胎儿在母体内的不利环境会影响其一生的健康状况。农业改革不仅奠定了中国的经济改革,还提高了人们的健康水平。     

效能监察：导入ISO9000质量管理体系

ISO9000质量管理体系是国际标准化组织于1987年制定发布的国际质量保证标准，目的在于通过评定和监督来证明该组织的质量体系是否符合需求，对组织的质量能力予以独立证实。这套标准不仅吸取了系统沦、信息论和控制论的思想，还具有较强的科学性、经济性和社会性．是一套先进的管理标准。     

建立以人群为基础的残疾监测系统,为残疾人事业发展提供基础平台

在中国建立-个以人群为基础的残疾监测系统,将成为对残疾预防措施、策略和社会保障效果评价的-个重要组成部分,也是未来残疾人事业发展的基础平台。就建立以人群为基础的残疾监测系统的意义,残疾监测系统的目标、作用与残疾预防策略的制定,残疾监测实施原则、步骤及方法,数据来源、数据收集及数据库的建立、数据的管理及质量控制,在中国建立残疾监测系统的优势及其未来发展方向进行全面阐述,目的是建立具有中国特色、长期、动态的全人口实时监测体系,为及时分析和评价残疾预防和干预措施的效果、分析残疾保障服务利用状况、评价对残疾保障服务的需求和对服务的可及性,最终为提高残疾人口的生命质量提供可靠和有效的基础平台。     

中国城乡老年健康及照料状况研究

人口老龄化背景下我国城乡的老年健康及老年照料问题日益严重。利用中国城乡老年人状况调查数据、全国残疾人抽样调查数据以及国家卫生服务利用调查数据,从两周患病率、慢性病患病率、残疾水平、自评健康以及健康预期寿命等方面分析了我国城乡老年人的健康状况,探讨了目前我国城乡老年人的照料提供来源。提出了人口老龄化趋势下提高老年健康水平,应对老年人口照料危机的政策建议。     

企业诚信意识与思想政治工作调研及对策思考

在对福建省企业诚信意识与思想政治工作调研的基础上,提出构建可操作的“三层次四模块”诚信意识培育新模式,推进人本化管理理念的渗透,加强人文关怀和心理疏导,以实现思想政治工作诚信意识培育的目标。     

中国经济的内外均衡与财税改革

我国经常项目持续的大规模顺差,给国民经济的健康发展带来一系列的不利影响。在前人研究的基础上,通过对各种影响因素进行分类拆解,本文试图从理论和实证角度说明长期的储蓄-消费失衡是造成我国贸易顺差的一个重要原因,而其背后的根本原因是由于企业可支配收入相对于劳动者报酬不断提高带来的收入结构和储蓄结构失衡。我国当前企业未分配收入大幅增长的原因可以归结为企业利润率"虚高"和国企"不分红"问题。只有从体制上解决这个问题,才能使储蓄降低到适当的水平,通过拉动内需消除我国过大的贸易顺差,从根本上解决内外经济比例失衡问题。     

森林资源规划设计调查总结与反思

森林资源规划设计调查是为国家、地区及森林经营单位制定林业方针政策,编制林业区划、规划、计划,指导林业生产而提供基础资源数据,为实现森林资源合理经营、科学管理、永续利用、持续发展,充分发挥森林生态效益、经济效益、社会效益服务。森林资源调查的任务是全面查清森林资源数量、质量变化及其消长变化状况、规律,进行综合分析和评价,准确提供所需有关森林资源调查成果资料。基于森林资源二类调查的重要性和今后调查工作顺利开展的需要,调查之后的总结与反思尤为重要。     

Homogeneity and Heterogeneity Within and Across Boundaries and Shorelines: Ensemble of Darwin's Finches and Human Transaction Types

Synopsis: In the most famous example of the biological process of adaptive radiation, two forces explain the fourteen distinct species of Darwin's finches on the Galápagos and Cocos Islands: First, populations adapt to their respective distinct ecological environments. Second, previously separated populations come in contact and may adapt to mitigate inter-species competition. The result is a complex pattern of homogeneity and heterogeneity among the birds, both on a single island and across islands. This pattern reflects the finches' adaptations both to the distinct ecological conditions created by the visible shorelines that separate the islands' niches and to the finches' own less-visible cultural and societal shorelines. The New Institutional Economics highlights the fact that human institutional infrastructures also exhibit complex homogeneities and heterogeneities, as we adapt those infrastructures to accomplish the tasks at hand in distinct geographic and societal contexts. Mixes of both state enforcement and self-enforcement, through inter-temporal, inter-issue, and inter-actor linkages, provide support and enforcement for transactions; and those mixes differ across transactions and across states. When transactions occur across state or cultural shorelines, institutional infrastructures must be flexible enough to accommodate those differences, without allowing the differences to become disguised protectionism or barriers to competition. These issues contribute to many of the regulatory disputes associated with ‘globalization’. We briefly consider two concrete recent examples: (1) the European Union–United States ‘Safe Harbor’ Agreement that regulates firms' policies toward Internet-data privacy; and (2) international trade policy negotiations over regulation of ‘geographical indications’ (for example, Champagne or Roquefort) as means of assuring product quality for processed foods. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Classical and Neoclassical harmonies and dissonances

Abstract

Proofs are given that only singularly can real 1750 – 2007 competitive price ratios be ‘natural', in the sense of being invariant under changes in demand tastes. Proofs are given that both 1750 – 1870 discrete technologies or 1890 – 2007 continuum technologies, with convexity properties sufficient for arbitrage-proof supply-demand equilibria, will be ‘intertemporally Pareto optimal', immune to leaving any deadweight (inefficient) losses on the table. Sraffa (1960), ignoring the vast post-1945 linear and non-linear programming mathematical literature of Danzig, Kuhn-Tucker-Bellman, von Neumann, Ramsey literature does not quite arrive at attainable distribution solutions. Where it tolerates increasing or decreasing returns to scale, there can be no competitive equilibria. When its matrix equations do obey first-degree-homogeneous functions, the book's stress on Basics or non-Basics is an irrelevancy leading to bizarre novel interpretations of Ricardo.

Old age overtakes us all. Alas, Sraffs's proposed critique of twentieth century political economy we will never be able to know.     

Sen and Commons on Markets and Freedom

Amartya Sen's enlarged conception of freedom has augmented the scope of economic analysis but it also has had the surprising effect of being more supportive of the free market than conventional welfare economics. It is argued here that a comparison of Sen's position with that of the American institutionalist, J R Commons, highlights some problems with Sen's approach and points to possible ways in which they might be addressed.     

美国、日本产业政策:比较分析与启示

现阶段,在吸取美国、日本经验的基础上,我国产业结构调整应主要依靠市场机制进行调节,同时辅之以宏观政策,尽快使我国的产业结构优化,即产业结构的合理化、高级化。     

Globalization and taxation: Theory and evidence

We construct a theoretical model to capture the compensation and efficiency effects of globalization in a set up where the redistributive tax rate is chosen by the median voter. The model predicts that the two alternative modes of globalization- trade liberalization and financial openness- could potentially have different effects on taxation. We then provide some empirical evidence on the relationship between taxation and the alternative modes of globalization using a large cross-country panel data set. On average, globalization is associated with lower taxation but there is some evidence that in countries with high capital-labor ratio, globalization is associated with increased taxation. We make a distinction between de jure and de facto measures of globalization and find a strong negative relationship between taxation and de jure measures of globalization. The results for de facto measures of globalization are mixed.     

Finance and inequality: Channels and evidence

We provide a framework to interpret the recent literature on financial development and inequality. In many developing countries, access to funding and financial services by firms and households is still very skewed. Recent evidence suggests that poor access does not only reflect economic constraints but also barriers erected by insiders. Inequality affects the distribution of political influence, so financial regulation often is easily captured by established interests in unequal countries. Captured reforms deepen rather than broaden access, as small elites obtain most of the benefits while risks are socialized. Financial liberalization motivated to increase access may in practice increase fragility and inequality, and lead to political backlash against reforms. Thus financial reforms may succeed only if matched by a buildup in oversight institutions. Journal of Comparative Economics 35 (4) (2007) 748–773.     

Automation and inequality with taxes and transfers

Declines in low-skill labour shares are reviewed, and a stylised model is constructed to examine their determinants and future implications. A retrospective analysis of US shocks suggests that technological change has contributed more to raising income inequality and the wealth to GDP ratio than other changes. An anticipated future twist away from low-skill labour toward the capital, combined with population growth, risks high unemployment rates. Productivity growth at twice the pace since 1990 limits this, though inequality persists. Analysis shows that a generalisation of the US ‘earned income tax credit’ system with consumption tax outperforms alternatives of the ‘universal basic income’.