农村外出劳动力回流问题研究评述

农村外出劳动力的回流,是继“民工潮”之后,当代中国农村人口流动的又一引入注目的现象.文章从基本概念、回流历史、回流原因、回流理论和模型、回流效应、对策与建议点等方面对现有研究成果进行梳理和评述,提出了今后劳动力回流问题研究的发展方向和重点,对该问题的研究具有一定的指导和借鉴意义.最后,探讨了现有研究存在的不足之处,并提出了未来研究中需注意的问题.     

中国农村人口省际省内迁移机制研究

本文基于农村劳动力转移理论和人口迁移理论,较为全面、综合地从8个层次选择了一系列变量,采用多元回归分析法对各个层面的影响因素进行的精确分析。研究发现,农村剩余劳动力省内转移与省际转移的驱动机制不同。相对较高的迁移成本使得跨省迁移的决策更需要劳动力理性的判断和思考.转移决策更多地取决于就业机会。     

国外农村劳动力迁移理论的演变与发展

根据对农村劳动力迁移决策的不同解释,把国外有关劳动力迁移的主要文献分为三类:传统的劳动力迁移理论(包括刘易斯模型、拉尼斯-费景汉模型、托达罗模型)、人力资本劳动力迁移理论和新劳动力迁移理论.目前国内研究劳动力迁移的文献主要以传统劳动力迁移理论和人力资本劳动力迁移理论为研究基础,而对新劳动力迁移理论的借鉴和应用还比较罕见,因此值得我们学习和研究.     

中国劳动力回流问题研究述评

农村劳动力流动与转移是发展经济学关注的永恒话题。20世纪90年代以来,劳动力回流现象引起了众多学者的关注。目前国内外关于劳动力流动研究的主要模型和理论都是以发达国家为研究对象,对中国的启示不能生搬硬套。中国目前关于劳动力回流问题研究还存在称谓不规范、针对性建议少、缺乏系统深入研究等问题,需要继续努力。     

新迁移经济学对研究我国农村劳动力转移问题的适用性分析

我国大规模的农村劳动力转移一直是学术界极为关注的一个社会经济现象。纵观国内外关于农村劳动力（人口）流动、转移或迁移的各种理论和模型可以发现,不同的理论、模型有着不同的假设和前提,遵循不同的分析框架,得出的结论以及给出的相关政策建议也各有差异。针对我国目前的农村劳动力乡城转移问题,在现存的诸多理论、模型中,新迁移经济学的理论框架值得我们高度关注,其一系列基本假设和主要观点对于理解和分析我国农村劳动力的乡城转移问题有着比较强的理论适用性。     

区域间劳动力迁移对地区差距的影响

新古典经济理论认为,劳动力从欠发达地区向发达地区迁移会导致显著的收敛效果,但国外的经验研究表明,有些国家的区域间劳动力迁移缩小了地区差距,而有些国家劳动力迁移反而扩大了地区差距,对这一经济理论与实证研究结果的矛盾("迁移谜题")目前还缺乏很好的解释。本文在新经济地理学的框架下通过引入资本的外部性、劳动力的不完全流动性以及城市经济学中的拥挤效应,建立了一个两区域经济增长模型,证明了由于存在"资本追逐劳动"的现象,区域间的劳动力迁移可能缩小、也可能扩大地区差距,这主要取决于资本的外部性和拥挤效应的相对大小,以及农村和城镇居民的技能差异,从而为"迁移谜题"提供了一个较合理的理论解释。本文的模型说明劳动力流动并不一定能自动缩小地区差距,因此政府必须采取进一步的积极措施促进区域协调发展。     

区域间劳动力迁移对地区差距的影响

新古典经济理论认为,劳动力从欠发达地区向发达地区迁移会导致显著的收敛效果,但国外的经验研究表明,有些国家的区域间劳动力迁移缩小了地区差距,而有些国家劳动力迁移反而扩大了地区差距,对这一经济理论与实证研究结果的矛盾（“迁移谜题”）目前还缺乏很好的解释。本文在新经济地理学的框架下通过引入资本的外部性、劳动力的不完全流动性以及城市经济学中的拥挤效应,建立了一个两区域经济增长模型,证明了由于存在“资本追逐劳动”的现象,区域间的劳动力迁移可能缩小、也可能扩大地区差距,这主要取决于资本的外部性和拥挤效应的相对大小,以及农村和城镇居民的技能差异,从而为“迁移谜题”提供了一个较合理的理论解释。本文的模型说明劳动力流动并不一定能自动缩小地区差距,因此政府必须采取进一步的积极措施促进区域协调发展。     

技能型劳动力城市间迁移的转换成本及政策含义

随着我国地方经济的飞速发展,各地对技能型劳动力的需求越来越大,技能型劳动力在城市间迁移现象正日益引起人们的关注。与一般意义上的劳动力转移不同,技能型劳动力作为人力资本的重新配置,有它自身的特点。基于此,本文在对劳动力迁移模型进行改进的基础上,探讨了技能型劳动力在城市间迁移的转换成本及其政策含义,同时,研究了城市补贴对技能型劳动力迁移以及转换成本的影响。     

技能型劳动力城市问迁移的转换成本及政策含义

随着我国地方经济的飞速发展,各地对技能型劳动力的需求越来越大,技能型劳动力在城市间迁移现象正日益引起人们的关注.与一般意义上的劳动力转移不同,技能型劳动力作为人力资本的重新配置,有它自身的特点.基于此,本文在对劳动力迁移模型进行改进的基础上,探讨了技能型劳动力在城市间迁移的转换成本及其政策含义,同时,研究了城市补贴对技能型劳动力迁移以及转换成本的影响.     

我国劳动报酬率偏低问题分析

文章试图从劳动力地域转移角度构建模型用于解释这种供给曲线的形成机制;并根据该模型得出劳动报酬率受到资本、劳动力密度、迁移成本影响的结论,对近年来劳动报酬率持续走低现象给予一定解释。对省际面板数据的固定效应模型研究也很好地支持了该理论。     

现代科学劳动探索

本文在研究科学劳动基本原理的基础上,创造性地提出由科学劳动发展为现代科学劳动的新概念,分析了现代科学劳动一系列基本原理,指出它是当代劳动价值论的本质范畴和核心理论,是“对事实的全部理解的基础”,象劳动二重性那样,成为发展劳动价值论的重要内容。     

Minimum Wage,International Migration And Their Effects On Welfare

This paper evaluates migration policies for an open economy in the presence of unemployment resulting from a minimum wage. Migration between countries is triggered by an expected wage differential which depends both on the market wage and the level of unemployment. Workers therefore can move in either direction. The paper shows that labor outflow raises employment and welfare. Distortion-ridden free trade with this out-migration is therefore better than distortion-ridden free trade with no migration. It might also be better than autarky. Under the scenario, free migration is an alternative to restricted trade often recommended to deal with this type of distortion. Labor inflow on the other hand generates unfavorable terms of trade, raises national and global unemployment, and reduces welfare. [F 2]     

我国市场经济分配原则的理论基础

分配原则是对分配关系的高度概括,它至少涵盖分配的本源、分配的归属、分配的尺度和分配的规范评价等四个层次,作为对此进行解释的理论也体现出相应的层次性。试图用单一的理论来解释或说明分配的原则是不现实的。构建市场经济收入分配原则的理论基础要将劳动价值论、要素所有权论和要素贡献论结合起来。劳动价值论有助于说明分配对象的来源,揭示分配现象的社会本质,同时也能为评判分配的公正性提供依据;所有权理论则正确地解决了收入分配的最终归属问题;要素财富论为分配份额大小提供了理论说明。三个理论各有侧重,并相互补充,共同概括和说明了分配的表象和本质,从而为市场经济条件下的分配原则提供了多层次的理论基础。     

Investment and interruption: effects of the US experience on the earnings of return migrants in Mexico

Migration is widely viewed as an investment in human capital. However, due to the imperfect transferability of skills and knowledge across countries, migration trips are also career interruptions, especially for return migrants who may meanwhile experience depreciation of home country-specific skills. This article demonstrates that migration experience increases return migrants’ earnings in the home country on the condition that the migration stay is sufficiently long and mostly uninterrupted. Employing the revised human capital earnings function, the empirical study shows that only a barely interrupted US experience longer than five years, regardless of the legal status of the migration trips, predicts higher earnings of male return migrants in Mexico than comparable non-migrants. Robust findings emerge controlling for unobserved individual \]acteristics or using instrumental variables to deal with the self-selection and endogeneity. Short migration stays in the US and frequent traveling provide return migrants no wage premium in Mexico.     

从体力劳动价值论到脑力劳动价值论

唯物史观是认识、研究劳动价值论的根本方法。传统劳动价值论是资本主义自由竞争时期的产物，本质上是体力劳动价值论，它将随着时代发展逐渐被脑力劳动与脑力劳动价值论代替。     

Return and dynamics: the path of labor migration when workers differ in their skills and information is asymmetric

"An implementation of the theory of labor migration under asymmetric information shows that return migration arises from the reinstatement of informational symmetry which induces low-skill workers, who are no longer pooled with high-skill workers, to return. When workers in an occupation constitute more than two skill levels, say four (without loss of generality), the following patterns emerge: Migration is sequential, that is, it proceeds in waves. Each wave breaks into workers who return and workers who stay; within waves the returning migrants are the low-skill workers. The average skill level of migrants is rising in the order of their wave."     

The New Economics of Labor Migration: Beware of Neoclassicals Bearing Gifts

Abstract

Until the emergence of the New Economics of Labor Migration (NELM) in the 1980s, migration scholars were largely divided into two main theoretical camps, viz. the neoclassical and historical-structural approaches to migration. Against this background, the NELM presented itself as a theoretical ‘third way’ between the two latter approaches, and purported to reconcile agency and structure in a way previously unachieved by either of them. While those pretensions gained a fair amount of acceptance and popularity, this paper argues that they are fundamentally misleading, and that the NELM is little more than a slightly more sophisticated avatar of the neoclassical approach to migration, whose fundamental weaknesses it has not, and cannot, shed. This paper further argues that, in so doing, the NELM effectively constitutes migration theory's own instance of economics imperialism, i.e. the attempt to advance the fundamental tenets of neoclassical economics (methodological individualism and the assumption of optimizing rationality) within the context of the study and interpretation of various social phenomena. In order to put forth these arguments, this paper provides a summary presentation of the standard neoclassical theory of migration, the historical-structural heterodoxy and the NELM; highlights why it is that the NELM should be regarded as a ‘reworked’ version of the neoclassical theoretical framework and discusses its inception in the context of the ‘information-theoretic revolution’ in economics; and argues for a new and improved ‘historical-structural synthesis’ as a more satisfactory alternative to both the NELM and the standard neoclassical theory.     

不能把马克思、恩格斯局限于“劳动价值论”一元论--从方法论角度再论马克思、恩格斯价值理论本相及其它

马克思、恩格斯共识于“价值时对效用和劳动花费的衡量”，因为它与生产力与生产关系矛盾统一的唯物史观原理相适应：“价值”与“生产力”同义。但是，这种价值理论在《资本论》各卷中的展述却是按照“从抽象上升到具体”的方法，从抽象的“劳动价值论”出发，一步一步上升为“具体”的。细读之，可以发现，每向“具体”前进一步，都靠使劳动价值论与某种突现使用价值决定性的理论相结合而完成，其理论实质是使劳动价值论被纳入唯物史观框架。显然，马克思、恩格斯的价值理论不限于劳动价值论，它是由抽象劳动价值论上升为具体的宏观“效用/劳动价值论”的理论体系。西方学关于第一第三卷彼此矛盾的说法，以及一些马克思主义针对的反击，虽名有些合理之处，但也均陷入了对马克思、恩格斯劳动价值论的绝对化和形式主式误解。     

South–North Refugee Migration: Lessons for Development Cooperation

Migration has become a major concern of European development policies. By improving socio–economic and political conditions through development cooperation, a reduction of South–North migration flows is envisaged. This new approach is examined by analyzing the causes of asylum migration from developing countries to Germany. The econometric findings suggest that support of democracy, economic development and trade will not reduce migration, at least not in the medium-run. However, restrictive legal measures work. Migration control by international development cooperation therefore seems to need a long–term perspective.     

The migration policy of developed Socialist society: problems of improvement

In the USSR the need for migration policy stems from objective processes in the development of socialist production and from its constant structural and territorial modifications, which are particularly palpable under current conditions, at a time when vast new regions are undergoing intensive development. Migration policy, to play the part of an effective instrument for exerting a purposeful influence on migration processes, must be stable in its basic directions and relatively flexible when it is necessary to react quickly to changes in various relatively local circumstances. The determination of criteria of optimization of migration processes is of paramount significance for the solution of problems of migration policy. The improvement of migration policy under the conditions of developed socialism must be based on the known patterns of reproduction of the population. At the same time it is necessary to consider the fact that the migration of the population proper can be considered as the source of regional differences in this reproduction and simultaneously is their consequence to a considerable degree. Consequently, 1 of the approaches to the elaboration of migration policy measures is oriented toward the equalization of conditions of population reproduction at the settlement and regional level. Many investigators of the problem of retaining youth in the countryside and of attracting skilled persons to rural areas believe the optimization of the productive and nonproductive spheres of activity to be the solution. Migration policy is implemented at 3 levels: the population as a whole; the collective; and the individual. Migration policy measures are divided according to the nature of their impact on the population into economic, moral, and administrative categories with the leading role assigned to economic measures. Among the economic measures that stimulate migration, a leading role is played by cash payments in the form of wage increases and one time grants. Recognizing the role of distribution on the basis of labor in the regulation of the migratory mobility of the population, the general direction of improvement of migration policy consists in the further raising of the role of consumption funds and particularly the fund for the joint satisfaction of requirements. The superiority of social consumption funds over wages in attracting and retaining the population stems particularly from the fact that the consumption of goods and services available free of charge or for a reduced charge occurs only at the place where they are offered. Ecomonic measures of migration policy must consider the fact that work incentives have recently included creative stimuli associated with the character, content, and conditions of work.