基于面板联立方程模型的我国公共支出对碳排放的影响

随着人们节能减排和生态环境保护意识的不断提高,我国对碳排放问题日益重视,逐年加大政府公共支出对碳排放管理的监督力度。文章选择2011—2018年我国30个省份的省际面板数据,在分析公共支出与碳排放的相互影响下,基于碳排放与经济增长的联立方程模型,将公共支出作为变量纳入模型中,通过构建面板联立方程模型对公共支出对碳排放的影响进行实证分析。实证分析结果显示,公共支出不仅仅对碳排放具有负向直接影响,能够实现减排目标,还能通过经济发展来发挥间接影响作用,并进一步总结得出各变量对碳排放的影响。根据研究结果对各地公共支出政策制定提供相关建议,制定具有差异化的政策,从而实现生态与经济的和谐发展。     

政府教育支出效益的有限性分析及模型

我国政府教育支出与国民经济发展的速度不相适应 ,应该继续加大对教育的支出 ,改善支出结构。政府教育支出效率要受到政府财力、公共支出政策及国家教育政策目标的约束 ,但无论政府教育支出的效率如何 ,都会产生对社会公共教育需求和社会发展的积极影响。本文在确定政府教育支出所产生效益的指标后 ,用模型分析了政府增加教育支出的效益 ,并进行评价 ,认为当前我国政府应该调整教育政策目标 ,减少高等教育支出比例。     

经济增长与社会公平:公共支出的均衡激励机制

本文就经济增长与社会公平构建了财政结构方程均衡激励模型。利用中国的经验数据实证分析发现,经济增长与社会公平在我国确实存在着替代关系,公共支出对经济增长的非均衡激励是这种替代关系存在的决定因素,公共支出对经济增长与社会公平存在均衡激励机制,但中国的均衡激励机制不健全。我们的政策建议是:明晰各类公共支出的属性,规范各自职能,确保各类支出按属性规定的功能激励经济增长与社会公平;扩大中间收入阶层的力量,尊重纳税人的声音,建立公共支出民主投票政治机制,从制度上保障公共支出均衡激励经济增长与社会公平。     

公共支出与经济增长关系的新视角——基于省际面板数据的经验研究

本文在三个前提假设的基础上,构建了一个简单的解释经济增长的理论框架,并由此建立了两个计量模型,通过对中国14个省区1991至2003年的面板数据的实证检验,得出在转型经济时期的中国,公共支出、政府消费性支出都对经济增长有显著的正向作用,而公共支出中的转移性支出与经济增长呈现非常弱的正相关关系.实证检验结果的政策意义在于,(1)作为宏观调控的手段之一,公共支出仍然对经济增长有显著正效应.(2)有关政府部门应当重视并发挥好公共支出中转移性支出的功能.     

产业聚集能提升区域公共福利水平吗

鉴于我国经济发展过程中的空间不平衡现象,本文从理论与实证两个层面研究产业聚集对区域公共福利水平的影响.研究表明,在其他条件不变的情况下,区位熵与区域人均教育支出和人均社会保障支出水平呈U型关系;在处理模型中的内生性问题后,产业聚集对区域公共福利指数存在非线性的影响,临界值在区位熵为1.23～4.56之间.这意味着初始阶段的产业聚集将对社会服务性公共福利产生“挤出效应”;而在超过临界值之后,政府将调整其公共支出结构,从偏向生产性投资转为偏向公共福利方面.因此,推进城镇化与产业聚集协同发展、引导产业适度转移、协调中央与地方政府对公共福利的供给责任,是提升区域公共福利及其均等化的有效措施.     

财政支出对经济增长的效应分析

随着经济的发展,财政支出的不同组成部分对经济增长的影响日益重要,但学术界对此问题的研究尚不多见。本文在对财政支出进行科学分类的基础上,从理论上系统分析了公共投资支出、公共消费支出、公共事业支出和公共服务支出对经济增长的不同效应。并以中国为样本,通过模型数值模拟了财政支出各个组成部分对经济增长的影响,并以此为据提出了相关政策建议。     

基于三维螺旋模型的区域创新悖论及其政策内涵

区域创新悖论指的是,落后区域加速创新的需求,与其相对于发达地区吸引创新所需公共资金能力较低之间的矛盾。这一悖论本质的经验分析表明产业、高校和政府彼此之间从事R＆D存在强烈的互补性,而技术／创新政策和产业政策却向着相反的方向运行着。本文认为解决这一悖论需要首先从体系的需求和供给两个方面同时增强区域创新能力以增加创新活动中私人和公共部门的投资;同时在支柱产业应鼓励创新活动支出以协调技术政策和产业政策。     

如何发挥当前积极财政政策的效用——我国财政支出结构优化的实证研究

如何通过积极的财政政策来扩大国内需求从而促进经济增长是当前经济工作的重点。本文通过实证分析,研究我国公共投资和公共消费对居民消费水平的影响,并结合相关理论,提出能够促进国内消费需求的财政支出结构优化方案：一是调整公共投资与公共消费的比例关系,逐步提高公共消费的比重;二是调整公共投资中生产性资本支出与消费性资本支出的比例关系,适当提高消费性资本支出的比重;三是调整公共消费中政府自身消费与社会性消费的比例关系,加速提高政府社会性消费支出的比重。同时,还需要进一步调整公共消费的区域结构,向农村和中西部地区倾斜。     

公共支出绩效低下的原因分析及对策

一、公共支出绩效的内涵 公共支出就是公共部门提供公共服务的成本费用.公共支出反映了政府依据市场和资本的意愿进行的政策选择.     

公共支出与区域经济协调发展:理论综述与研究动态

公共支出对区域经济协调发展的影响是公共经济学与区域经济学相交叉的研究领域,国内外学术界对这一交叉问题的直接研究不多,相关领域文献主要集中在:一是公共支出对经济增长的影响研究;二是公共支出对社会公平的影响研究;三是区域经济协调发展理论研究。论文综述了已有的相关研究进展,并提出了这一领域研究新视点。     

Algeria: A three-sector macrofiscal model for debt sustainability and growth policy analysis

In this paper, we present a dynamic general equilibrium (DGE) model to address the macrofiscal vulnerabilities and the effects of fiscal policy on growth and employment in Algeria. We first discuss the baseline scenario over the period 2021–2040. According to our baseline results, without fundamental changes in fiscal policies, even relatively high growth will not be sufficient to put public debt on a sustainable path. We then conduct four experiments and assess their impact on fiscal accounts, growth, and unemployment: an increase in the efficiency of public spending on infrastructure investment, a gradual reduction in the share of noninterest government spending in GDP, the same gradual reduction in spending combined with a permanent increase in the share of investment in infrastructure in total noninterest government expenditure, and a composite fiscal reform program that combines these individual policies, respectively. The results suggest that public debt sustainability can be achieved, and growth and employment can be promoted, as long as an ambitious fiscal reform program involving tax, spending, and governance reforms is implemented. Importantly, our quantitative analysis shows that, with a well-designed fiscal program, there may be no trade-off between fiscal consolidation and economic growth.     

The international effects of government spending composition

This paper incorporates a distinction between spending for government employment and spending for non-wage government consumption in a ‘new open economy macroeconomics’ model. Our results show that a permanent reduction in public employment in one country increases relative private consumption and appreciates the domestic exchange rate. We also compare announced reductions in domestic government employment and consumption, showing that these two policies have the same qualitative effects. When the reduction in public employment is used to finance increased government non-wage spending, the analytical results of the model are ambiguous, but a numerical analysis shows that relative consumption increases for a reasonable parameterization.     

Optimal time-consistent fiscal policy under endogenous growth with elastic labor supply

We explore the implications of incorporating an elastic labor supply in an endogenous growth economy when characterizing the time-consistent Markov policy. We consider two policy instruments: an income tax rate and the split of government spending between consumption and production services. The Markov-perfect policy implies a higher income tax rate and a larger proportion of government spending allocated to consumption than those chosen under a commitment constraint on the part of the government. As a consequence, economic growth is slightly lower under the Markov-perfect policy than under the Ramsey policy. Under the Markov and Ramsey optimal policies, a higher weight of leisure in households' preferences leads to a lower optimal income tax rate and a lower proportion of public resources devoted to consumption. We also show that the policy bias that would arise when imposing a Markov policy designed ignoring the presence of leisure in the utility function would lead to a significant welfare loss.     

Public debt in a basic endogenous growth model

We work out the mechanism that makes public debt affect the allocation of resources in the long-run. To do so we analyze an AK growth model with elastic labor supply and a government sector. The government levies a distortionary income tax and issues bonds to finance lump-sum transfers and non-distortionary public spending. We show that the long-run growth rate is the smaller the higher the debt ratio if the government adjusts public spending to fulfill its inter-temporal budget constraint. If the government adjusts lump-sum transfers the public debt ratio does not affect the balanced growth rate.     

Government spending and economic growth in the OECD countries

Using panel data from 1995 to 2011 for 34 OECD countries, we examine the effects of government consumption spending, public social spending, and public investment on economic growth. We use a generalized method of moments estimation technique to solve inconsistency problems with fixed effects and random effects panel estimation. We find that an increase in public social spending has a significant negative effect on subsequent economic growth. Government consumption spending and public investment have no significant effect on subsequent economic growth.     

Government size,composition of public spending and economic growth in Brazil

The performance of the fiscal policy is largely affected by the relationship between government size, composition of public spending and economic growth. We use a theoretical framework to find optimal relations among these variables and confront them with a panel data for the Brazilian states. Private capital and government spending are substitute inputs in production as the Brazilian states require provision of public spending to fill gaps in the underdeveloped private sector. Public investment and current government expenditures are combined in fixed ratios in the overall government spending due to strong rigidity of the public budget. The optimal share of public investment is considerably lower than current expenditures, as occurs in developing countries characterized by low economic dynamism. Finally, the average tax burden from the data is below the estimated optimal level, meaning that there is space for increasing tax rate without harming economic growth for some Brazilian states.     

Public capital formation and labor productivity growth in Chile

Following the lead of the endogenous growth literature, this article analyzes the impact on labor productivity growth of public and private investment spending in Chile. Using cointegration analysis, the results of the dynamic labor productivity function for the 1960–95 period show that (lagged) public and private investment spending, as well as the rate of growth in exports, has a positive and highly significant effect on the rate of labor productivity growth. The estimates also indicate that increases in government consumption spending have a negative effect on the rate of labor productivity growth, thus suggesting that the composition of government spending may also play an important role in determining the rate of labor productivity growth. The findings call into question the politically expedient policy in many Latin American countries of disproportionately reducing public capital expenditures to meet targeted reductions in the fiscal deficit as a proportion of GDP.     

The role of Provincial Government Spending Composition in growth and convergence in China

China’s development policy since 1978 has differed across regions. With rapid aggregate growth has come widening regional inequality. The fiscal decentralisation reforms in 1994 shifted political pressure onto provincial officials to boost local growth through local public investments. These investments affect regional convergence by counteracting regulatory frictions in factor accumulation, and can also determine steady-state growth. However, the effect of public spending allocations across physical and human capital on growth and convergence processes is empirically unexplored for Chinese provinces. We take provincial time-series data on public spending by category, finding local public spending and its components augment convergence rates differently across regions. Spending on education and health contributes significantly more to growth and convergence than capital spending, confirming that the public capital-spending bias is not a local growth-optimising strategy. We suggest a policy of aligning local government promotion incentives to human capital targets to correct local resource misallocation.     

Public spending and growth: The role of government accountability

This paper examines the role of institutions in the nexus between public spending and economic growth. Empirical results based on a newly assembled dataset of 80 countries over the 1970–2010 period suggest that particularly when institutions prompt governments to be accountable to the general citizen does public capital spending promote growth. Taking account of the type of financing for this spending, we show that the growth-promoting effect under an accountable government appears to prevail for various financing sources, including a reallocation from current spending, an increase in revenue, and a rise in the budget deficit. However, government accountability does not seem to play a key role in the growth effects of current spending.     

Public Debt,Productive Public Spending and Endogenous Growth

We analyse the effects of public debt in a basic endogenous growth model with productive public spending. We demonstrate that a discretionary policy in general violates the intertemporal government budget constraint along a balanced growth path. A balanced government budget gives a unique saddle point stable growth path. With a rule‐based policy, two saddle point stable balanced growth paths can occur, depending on the intertemporal elasticity of substitution of consumption and on the primary surplus policy. Higher debt goes along with smaller long‐run growth and we derive a condition such that a deficit‐financed increase in public spending raises the growth rate.