Foreign Corrupt Practices Act: A legal and moral analysis

The author examines the categories of bribes that are prohibited under the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act from the perspective of three significant moral theories: utility, rights and justice. He concludes that the Act does not go too far in demanding ethical behaviors from U.S. business people doing business in foreign markets, therefore, it is not in need of a major revision. With regard to accounting provisions, movement from a reasonableness standard to one of materiality would be appropriate however. Bill Shaw is Professor of Business Law at the University of Texas at Austin. His research interests are in the area of business ethics, corporate social responsibility, and environmental law. During the Spring Semester, 1987, he held the Lynn S. Autrey Visiting Chair of Business Ethics, Rice University. His articles have appeared in various journals and he is the author of Environmental Law: People Pollution and Land Use (1976) and The structure of the Legal Environment (1987) (with Art Wolfe).     

Tourism development,environmental pollution and economic growth: A theoretical analysis

We develop a two-sector dynamic model of a less-developed economy with an imported traded good sector and with a non-traded tourism service sector serving international tourists. Revenue earned from tourism finances imports. The model takes care of the negative effect of tourism development on environmental pollution. Environmental quality and capital stock accumulates over time. We analyse comparative steady-state effects and show that tourism development raises the level of capital stock as well as national income but lowers the quality of environment in the new steady-state equilibrium leading to a relative expansion (contraction) of the capital (labour) intensive non-tourism (tourism) sector. Pollution abatement policy produces a completely opposite effect; and so tourism development policies are to be accompanied by pollution abatement policies in order to ensure green growth.     

企业家在经济活动中的刑事法律风险防范

从上世纪90年代起,中国的企业家因触犯刑律而锒铛入狱的便多了起来,如"中国第一村"——"大邱庄企业集团总公司"总经理禹作敏、"中国首富"——南德集团总裁牟其中、""红塔山"的缔造者——玉溪卷烟厂厂长褚时健等等。进入二十一世纪后,这种事例更加层出不穷,     

海外代购法律问题分析与研究

随着经济贸易和科学技术的发展,购物模式进入海外代购时代,但这种模式只是初具雏形,仍存在许多现实问题。本文从税收、反不正当竞争行为、消费者维权三个法律层面对海外代购进行初步的风险分析并为规范海外代购市场给予意见。     

高铁对贵阳市经济发展影响的作用机制和经济效应分析

近年来,高铁由于其在省际和城际交通运输体系中不可替代的优势在我国铁路建设中开始崛起,截至2016年底,我国高铁总运营里程超过2.2万公里,占全国铁路总营运里程的17.74%。高铁建设作为一项重大的民生工程必然会对沿线地区的经济发展产生重要影响,文章选取贵阳市作为研究对象,从高铁影响地区经济发展的作用机制和产生的经济效应两方面就高铁对贵阳市经济发展的影响进行分析。     

Human capital and economic development: A macroeconomic assessment

The role of human capital has so far not been well documented at the macroeconomic level. Many empirical studies lack a consistent theoretical foundation and there are measurement problems due to a very narrow concept of human capital focusing on formal education. Future empirical research should take into account other important determinants of human capital such as the quality of education, the experience of the workforce, and the health and nutritional status of the population.     

Dealing with problem employees: A legal guide for employers

One of the more difficult responsibilities of employers is dealing with problem employees. Employee misconduct and poor performance can lead to productivity issues, morale problems, and inferior quality products. For these reasons, it behooves employers to address performance issues rather than allow them to fester. By understanding which federal employment laws can be triggered when making employment decisions, avoiding common mistakes in applying these laws, and implementing key policies, employers can provide structures in the workplace that allow them to address problems effectively and minimize their legal exposure.     

Conglomerates: The legal issues: A review of public policy needed

The recent developments o f the conglomerate merger again bring forth the question of bigness, already posed by the trusts and holding companies o f earlier decades. The Pattersons probe into the reasons for such unions and into the legality o f such combinations. Antitrust policy is at a crossroads. Will the necessary decisions concerning these mergers be decided by the courts, which must rely on vague instructions in the law and established legal precedent, or should Congress define new guidelines? Soon it must be decided whither conglomerate mergers.     

An economic analysis of child restraints

Child safety in automobiles became an important safety issue during the 1970s. It was recognized that children needed their own specific restraint systems and that unrestrained children were particularly susceptible to serious injuries, in particular head injury. As a result performance standards for child restraints were issued by the federal government while states passed child restraint use laws. This study examined the cost per life year saved for child restraints which were in use in 1987. These costs are likely to be overestimated since the analysis did not consider the benefits from injury reduction, the quality of the life year saved and the effect of the child's death on remaining family members. The discount rate had a major impact on the cost per life year saved due to the long life expectancy of young children. It was concluded that child restraints were cost effective though problems of misuse and nonuse remained.

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Zusammenfassung Eine ökonomische Analyse von Kinder-Sicherheitssitzen im Auto. Anfang der 70er Jahre wurde die Sicherheit von Kindern in Automobilen zu einem wichtigen Thema, nachdem beobachtet worden war, da\ ungesicherte Kinder erheblichen Gefahren von Verletzungen ausgesetzt sind, insbesondere von Kopfverletzungen. Die Notwendigkeit spezieller Kindersicherungen wurde deutlich; Sicherheitsstandards für Kindersitze wurden behördlich erlassen und die Benutzung von solchen Sitzen bindend vorgeschrieben.Die vorliegende Untersuchung ermittelte für das Jahr 1987 die Kosten von Kinder-Sicherheitssitzen pro gerettetem Lebensjahr, wobei in der Berechnung sowohl die Zahl der geretteten Leben wie auch die Lebenserwartung eines Kindes im Jahre 1987 berücksichtigt wurden. Die Berechnung erfa\te nicht die positiven Effekte durch Verringerung der Verletzungsgefahr, die Lebensqualität der geretteten Lebensjahre und die negativen Effekte auf die Familie eines getöteten Kindes; insofern dürften die ermittelten Kosten tendenziell überschätzt sein. Hauptergebnis der Analyse ist, da\ Kinder-Sicherheitssitze auch bei rein ökonomischer Betrachtung kosteneffektiv sind, wenn es auch Probleme dadurch gibt, da\ die Sitze gelegentlich fehlerhaft oder überhaupt nicht benutzt werden.

     

外商直接投资与证券投资的差异性：一个经济学分析框架

随着全球经济的发展，外商直接投资和证券投资已成为一国经济健康发展不可或缺的推动力量，但是东道国对于外商直接投资和证券投资的态度和政策却是迥然不同的。人们普遍认为外商直接投资能够促进经济的发展，而几次亚洲的金融危机却使他们特别是发展中国家对证券投资产生了强烈的排斥。以中国和美国为例，中围现已成为世界吸收外商直接投资的第一     

Population growth,human capital expenditures and economic growth: a macroeconometric analysis

"The paper presents an econometrically estimated model where economic and demographic variables are determined simultaneously. It is used to quantify the importance of human capital expenditures in socioeconomic and demographic development as well as analyze the effects of rapid population growth on human capital expenditures. The simulation results indicate that human capital expenditures are important determinants of economic development, have appreciable negative effects on both fertility and infant mortality, hence, have negligible net effects on population in human capital expenditures per capita which implies a deteriorating quality of human capital."     

Saudi women entrepreneurs: A growing economic segment

The purpose of this study is to explore the sources of knowledge and support for Saudi Arabian women entrepreneurs when starting or operating a new venture. The study examines factors relevant to knowledge base, family support, and external support from outside sources that may influence venture creation. The findings reveal that women are the principal in the majority (55%) of women-owned businesses. A total of 70% of the women own more than 51% of the business and 42% started the business by themselves. Saudi Arabian businesswomen are highly educated, receive strong support from family and friends, and rate themselves as excellent in people skills and innovation. Further research should focus on qualities that contribute to successful women-owned firms in Saudi Arabia. The current study contributes to the literature by focusing on Saudi women entrepreneurs. The understanding of entrepreneurship around the world grows through these findings from a Saudi Arabian context. The results show that Chang, Memili, Chrisman, Kellermanns, and Chua's (2009) model of venture creation is applicable to the broader entrepreneurial and family business population. A discussion of the implications relevant to the business environment, challenges, and opportunities in Saudi Arabian women's entrepreneurship brings this paper to a close.