高速公路建设期碳排放计算与分析

为分析高速公路建设期碳排放,将高速公路建设期的范围界定为材料物化、机械施工和材料运输三个阶段,依据排放系数法构建三阶段碳排放计算模型,根据公路工程预算定额以及工程量清单对具体高速公路展开实例分析,对各阶段碳排放量展开对比分析.在绿色发展的背景下,为高速公路施工方采取相应的节能减排策略提供理论依据,实现社会经济发展与生态...     

Mitigating climate change – how do corporate strategies differ?

Many companies are facing increasing pressure by governments, shareholders and other stakeholders to reduce their CO₂ emissions in order to mitigate climate change. The importance of managing CO₂ emissions and crafting adequate CO₂ strategies has increased for those companies affected. We present a framework that conceptualizes a company's CO₂ strategy as the focus on one or a combination of several strategic objectives: CO₂ compensation, CO₂ reduction and carbon independence. In order to investigate the CO₂ strategies of a worldwide sample of 91 electricity producers we perform a content analysis of their answers to the Carbon Disclosure Project (CDP). We demonstrate the measures the companies take to manage their emissions, the CO₂ strategies they adopt and antecedents that influence these strategies. We find that half of the companies take parallel emission management measures that aim at all three strategic objectives, while the other half pursue selected objectives only. We also find that companies with different CO₂ strategies significantly differ in terms of regional affiliation, company size and absolute amount of CO₂ emissions, while we could not identify a significant difference in relative CO₂ emissions. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.     

Corporate Carbon and Financial Performance: The Role of Emission Reductions

This article uses econometric techniques to examine the effect of corporate carbon performance on corporate financial performance. I extend the existing literature in this research field by differentiating between two measurement perspectives: carbon performance expressed as annually reported carbon dioxide (CO₂) emission equivalents and improvements in carbon performance over time. Thereby, the article re‐addresses the research question ‘when and how does it pay to be green?’ in the context of carbon emissions and climate change mitigation. Using a nonlinear modeling technique, the findings indicate that it pays to be green for companies with superior carbon performance but not for companies with inferior carbon performance. The results also show that carbon emission mitigation is linearly and significantly positive related to return on sales (ROS) but negatively related to Tobin's q . These contradictory findings help us to understand why – in spite of growing regulatory pressure – companies have been slow to respond with effective action to tackle climate change beyond marginal efficiency improvements that correspond to ‘low‐hanging fruits’. The empirical analysis is based on an unbalanced sample of 7625 firm‐year observations covering carbon emission data (Scope 1 and Scope 2) for 1640 international firms from 2003 to 2015. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment     

碳标识和环境标志

国际标准化组织环境管理标准化技术委员会（ISO/TC 207）自1998年以来先后发布了环境标志、生命周期评价等一系列有关环境管理的国际标准。近年来,为积极应对气候变化,该委员会又针对温室气体管理陆续制定了组织和项目层面温室气体排放以及产品碳足迹方面的国际标准。＂碳排放＂、＂碳标识＂、＂低碳技术＂和＂低碳发展＂等新概念、新政策正在成为世界各国环境管理专家和学者密切关注的议题。文章对环境标志和碳标识的内在关联进行了比较,分析了我国碳标识制度的发展趋势,并提出未来寻求环境标志和碳标识联合实施的策略和建议。     

Corporate intentions to participate in emission trading

The adoption of the Kyoto Protocol in 1997 has led to increasing business interest in the issue of climate change. It has also created much uncertainty for companies, particularly about the role of trading in realizing emission reductions. This paper investigates what drives multinational corporations to show interest in emission trading and carbon offset projects to deal with climate change. On the basis of an analysis of data of 136 companies derived from a questionnaire, it also examines the role that country of origin, industry affiliation and companies' environmental strategy play in this regard. Findings show that industry pressure and product and process innovations are the main determinants for multinational corporations to participate in the emission market. It appears that climate policy particularly induces energy‐related industries to reduce emissions, which puts them ahead of other industries with regard to their interest in emission trading. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.     

碳足迹及其评价准则

当前,为推动温室气体排放的透明化,开展积极有效的碳管理,碳足迹评价成为各国关注的一大重点,各国纷纷出台了一系列评价准则。文章从组织和产品两个层面对国际上较通用的碳足迹评价准则予以介绍,为相关企业及机构了解碳足迹评价知识、开展相关评价工作提供参考。     

Can board environmental orientation improve U.S. firms' carbon performance? The mediating role of carbon strategy

Overwhelming evidence from prior research suggests a positive association between corporate board characteristics and carbon performance; however, very little is known about the mechanisms linking the two variables. This study attempts to fill this gap by developing and empirically testing a conceptual model that highlights the role of carbon strategy in the relationship between board environmental orientation (BEO) and carbon performance. We argue that BEO can directly and indirectly influence carbon performance through carbon strategy. Using structural equation modelling to analyse data consisting of 2,301 U.S. firm‐year observations over the 2005–2015 period, we find that the greater the BEO is, the better its carbon performance (i.e., lower greenhouse gas emissions). The results also provide evidence of the mediating effect of carbon strategy on the relationship between BEO and carbon performance. Splitting the sample into high and low carbon‐intensive industries shows a partial mediation effect in high carbon‐intensive industries and a full mediation effect in low carbon‐intensive industries. The findings of the study and its implications for scholars, policymakers, managers, investors, and environmentalists are discussed.     

城市生活垃圾低碳管理策略述评

本文介绍了垃圾管理过程中的温室气体产生机制和碳排放评价模型,总结了城市生活垃圾的低碳管理策略,为优化管理体制、提高管理效率、推动行业的可持续发展提供了依据。     

CALCULATING ENERGY-RELATED CO2 EMISSIONS EMBODIED IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE USING A GLOBAL INPUT–OUTPUT MODEL

The Global Resource Accounting Model (GRAM) is an environmentally-extended multi-regional input–output model, covering 48 sectors in 53 countries and two regions. Next to CO₂ emissions, GRAM also includes different resource categories. Using GRAM, we are able to estimate the amount of carbon emissions embodied in international trade for each year between 1995 and 2005. These results include all origins and destinations of emissions, so that emissions can be allocated to countries consuming the products that embody these emissions. Net-CO₂ imports of OECD countries increased by 80% between 1995 and 2005. These findings become particularly relevant, as the externalisation of environmental burden through international trade might be an effective strategy for industrialised countries to maintain high environmental quality within their own borders, while externalising the negative environmental consequences of their consumption processes to other parts of the world. This paper focuses on the methodological aspects and data requirements of the model, and shows results for selected countries and aggregated regions.     

Environmental degradation,energy consumption and sustainable development: Accounting for the role of economic complexities with evidence from World Bank income clusters

The anthropogenic consequences of renewable and non-renewable energy consumption, economic growth, and air transport have been assessed enormously in the literature. However, given the complexities in many economies of the world today, it is important to reassess the ecological concerns of these factors in light of the Environmental Kuznets Curve framework. Therefore, this current study investigates the global assessment using data from World Bank Development database from 1995 to 2016. Evidence from the method employed, sys-GMM, revealed that the economic complexities index increases the carbon emission in low-income groups while it significantly decreases the carbon emission for upper-middle and high-income groups. For the combined group, the EKC hypothesis holds, and ECI significantly hampers carbon emissions. For the other variables, it is worthy of note that (1) economic growth contributes to the high carbon contents across the income group especially for low-income, upper-middle-income and high-income group; (2) the effects of air transport on carbon emission is positive for lower-middle-income and high-income group and negative for the upper-middle-income group; (3) the use of coal rents and energy use leads to high release of carbon contents across all the income groups; and (4) a significant increase in the utilization of energy leads to increase in carbon contents except for lower-income group, it leads to a decrease. From this empirical assessment, vital energy policy directions are suggested.     

我国交通运输业的碳排放测度及因素分解

依据IPCC清单指南报告,以能源消耗为对象,计算1995-2008年中国交通运输业的碳排放量,在此基础上分析了人均碳排放量、碳排放强度的变化趋势;然后利用STIRPAT模型,对碳排放量进行因素分解,分析了人口因素(按年龄分为两组)、经济因素对中国交通业碳排放的影响;最后提出了相应的建议。     

Institutional Pressures and an Evolving Forest Carbon Market

It is estimated that 87 million acres of forestland in the United States (US) is managed by private industrial forestland owners (nearly 14% of the forestland nationwide). Private industrial forestland owners include forest product companies, Timber Investment Management Organizations (TIMOs) and Real Estate Investment Trusts (REITs). Current regulatory and voluntary carbon markets, as well as proposed national emission reduction legislation, in the US make provisions for substantial carbon offsets from domestic forestry projects. This research employs the theory of planned behavior by means of an online questionnaire in order to survey large industrial forestland owners (>30 000 acres) regarding intentions to manage forestland for carbon sequestration and trading. Quantitative results suggest that very few organizations (18%) were managing forestland for carbon values. Attitudes towards carbon sequestration and trading were significantly influenced by the managers' beliefs that emission reduction legislation would become law and that US forest carbon offsets can be used as a legitimate climate change mitigation tool. Qualitative results revealed that most organizations are taking a passive approach to carbon sequestration and trading until a suitable regulatory framework emerges and carbon prices provide the conditions for a sound investment. The researchers suggest that, given the size and scope of the climate change phenomenon as well as the multifaceted and unified mitigation strategy required to address it, the development of functional carbon markets will be an iterative process and may require a global carbon framework that reflects the globalized nature of the forest economy. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment     

Carbon management accounting and financial performance: Evidence from the European Union emission trading system

Companies are responding to the effects of climate change by reducing CO₂ emissions as a way of managing stakeholder interests and complying with legal and regulatory requirements. In Europe, the emissions trading system is consolidated as a limiting market and control scheme to support business climate change management through a collaborative relationship between government and industry. This work focuses on the economic accounting field, analysing carbon management accounting and its impact on financial performance in scenarios attached to that trading system. The methodological approach used is quantitative, empirically testing the hypotheses through a multiple regression analysis with a sample of 350 European companies. The results attest to the importance of carbon management accounting (CMA) control and its effects on financial performance. Compared with European emission trading, the results failed to display significant differences in the relationship studied between those that make up this type of market and those that do not.     

低碳经济下的供应链管理研究

作为全球变暖的根源,温室气体排放一直是人们关注的重点。企业在供应链各环节上的活动都伴随着二氧化碳等温室气体的排放,在全球减排的总趋势下,降低供应链决策对环境的影响是企业面临的重要任务。文中介绍目前学术界将碳排放和供应链结合起来的研究热点,包括可持续供应链、碳足迹和碳交易,最后总结了研究现状,指出了以后的研究趋势。     

基于二阶段博弈的碳排放权分配机制研究

建立了政府和两企业之间的一主两从Stackelberg博弈模型和企业之间的差异Bertrand价格博弈模型,将两者结合成一个二阶段博弈模型。对政府和企业之间的博弈行为以及决策变量之间的关系进行分析。研究证明碳排放交易市场可以通过每个企业的边际减排成本均等化实现排放权最终的优化配置,而政府通过确定碳排放权的初始分配比例实现社会的公平性。最后通过数据分析了环境污染程度、企业的减排技术对在均衡条件下的企业效益、政府决策偏好和社会公平性的影响。     

企业碳排放审计评价体系的构建与检验——基于生态文明建设的视角

以碳排放、碳减排、生态文明建设为准则层指标建立碳排放审计评价体系,根据专家意见获取各指标层相对权重,并对相关企业进行调研和测算这些企业的碳排放指数值,结果显示,多数企业重视碳排放指数值,并采取措施限制碳排放以达到监管机构要求。然而,较少企业重视生态文明建设指数值,尤其是缺乏参与碳市场交易与产生绿色产值等创收手段。此外,虽然生物碳汇仍是企业采取的主要减排策略,但已有一些企业开始尝试使用地质碳汇方式来进行减排。     

区域企业异质性特征、节能减排与碳排放强度——基于中国省市工业企业面板数据的研究

选取中国各省市2007—2010年面板数据对工业企业异质性特征与地区碳排放强度关系进行实证研究,结果显示,工业企业的规模和技术水平对碳排放强度具有显著的抑制作用,从业人员规模对碳排放强度具有正向作用,而企业效益与碳排放强度关系不显著。进一步研究后发现,企业规模和技术水平通过降低能源排放强度、产生减排效果来降低碳排放强度;单位工业企业从业人员的减少可以降低能源消耗强度和能源排放强度,通过节能与减排双重方式降低碳排放强度;工业企业效益提高了单位资产期望经济产出,没有很好地抑制非期望碳排放产出,无法降低碳排放强度。     

Effect of local government decision‐making competition on carbon emissions: Evidence from China's three urban agglomerations

Analyzing the effect of local government decision‐making competition on regional carbon emissions is important for reducing carbon emissions in rapidly urbanizing areas. Taking the energy rebound effect into account, this study analyzes the effect on carbon emissions of competition between local governments in decision making. Focusing on China's three urban agglomerations, this study further discusses how to avoid this influence. The results show that local government decision‐making competition is one of the main causes of the regional “green paradox”; the effect of local government decision‐making competition on carbon emissions has significant regional heterogeneity and spatial dependence, and the short‐term energy rebound effect is greater than the long‐term energy rebound effect; and local government decision‐making competition has three effects on carbon emissions that also have interaction and substitution effects between them: factor market distortion, investment bias, and the “race to the bottom” of environmental policies. However, four measures can reduce the effect of local government decision‐making competition on carbon emissions: one, improving the performance evaluation system of local governments; two, promoting the marketization of factor prices; three, improving both the energy efficiency and upgrading of industrial structures; and four, introducing macro emission reduction policies that allow the central government to intervene directly.     

Corporate Carbon Strategies in Responding to Climate Change

With climate change emerging as one of the most important issues affecting the business circle, companies have begun considering the carbon issue in their overall strategic positioning. However, few studies have examined the corporate carbon strategies in developing and advanced developing countries, where climate change regulation is extensive and market uncertainty is relatively high. In addition, there has been growing interest among researchers and practitioners concerning the relationship between the carbon strategy and firm performance. This paper presents a framework for identifying the corporate carbon strategy. The cluster analysis of 241 Korean companies indicates six types of corporate carbon strategy: ‘wait‐and‐see observer’, ‘cautious reducer’, ‘product enhancer’, ‘all‐round enhancer’, ‘emergent explorer’ and ‘all‐round explorer’. This study empirically examines whether there are differences between these carbon strategy types in terms of the sector, firm size and firm performance. The results indicate a significant relationship between a firm's carbon strategy and its sector and size but a significant relationship between the carbon strategy and firm performance is not confirmed. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.     

低碳贸易壁垒的内容、影响及应对措施

发展低碳经济,减少碳排放,是延缓全球气候变暖的迫切需要。以低碳经济为代表的新技术革命也是全球经济复苏的引擎和下一轮经济增长的动力。制定碳标准,征收碳关税,一方面起到了监督减排责任的作用,但另一方面也成为新的技术性贸易壁垒。低碳贸易壁垒是在应对气候变化的大背景下产生的一类新型贸易措施,贸易保护主义将来更多是以低碳壁垒等技术性壁垒出现。由碳关税和低碳壁垒衍生的税收成本和技术标准的提高,将给包括中国在内的新兴经济体的出口产品增加生产成本,影响其出口贸易的发展。为应对世界经济和贸易格局向低碳化演变及发达国家设置低碳贸易壁垒对出口造成的严峻挑战,中国必须实施贸易低碳化战略,加快转型步伐。