从“利润为王”到“环境考量”:新形势下环境资源会计及其理论变革——中国会计学会环境资源会计专业委员会2014学术年会综述

为了加快推进环境资源会计理论研究,来自海内外环境资源会计研究领域的理论和实务工作者在本次学术年会上围绕环境资源会计相关问题展开了积极和深入的研讨与交流,包括环境资源会计理论框架构建、环境财务会计在新环境下的报告编制与信息披露、环境成本管理会计在新时期的规范制定与标准设计、环境财务新体系的探索以及非财务信息对公司财务的影响等,本文对与会学者的主要观点进行了全面梳理与评述,并结合国内外相关研究成果对环境资源会计理论研究进行了简要总结。     

行政事业单位成本会计体系构建与应用

政府成本核算是全面推进预算绩效管理与政府治理现代化的关键支撑,但当前基础成本信息来源仍然缺失,亟待构建行政事业单位成本会计体系作为重要补充。本文遵循“理论—制度—应用”的逻辑协调,首先,由于行政事业单位处于成本信息链的末端,其内外部的代理关系对应的成本需求与其他政府成本主体存在差异,为实现相应制度协调以及成本信息生成,需要确立并融合财务成本角色与管理成本角色。基于此,推演出适用于行政事业单位的双元成本会计体系框架,包含双重目标、核算对象、范围和项目、成本归集与分配、成本计算期以及成本过程管理与工具方法等要素。最后,提出了该体系应用的目标模式及达成该目标的三阶段路径,以期最终实现通过成本角色的耦合,建立基于资源耗费因果模型的业务数据仓,协同预算管理、成本管理和绩效管理活动,为内外部成本信息需求者提供反映不同程度“因果关系”的成本信息。     

信息披露、信息不对称和资本成本:研究综述

信息披露对资本成本的影响是会计领域的一个基本问题,也是经济金融领域的一个重要问题。不同领域的很多文献都从不同方面考察了信息披露对资本成本的影响,但是目前还没有形成一套有机的关于信息披露影响资本成本的理论。为了更好的指导未来的研究,本文将这些文献进行简要总结,旨在形成一套指导研究的理论框架。贯穿这个研究框架的理论逻辑就是信息披露通过影响信息不对称来影响资本成本。最后,本文还给出了一些未来研究建议。     

价值链会计：研究思路与框架构建

本文探讨了价值链会计研究的几个理论问题，认为应该理论联系实际，将重点放在如何在实践中应用价值链会计；在构建价值链会计管理框架的过程中，应吸收会计管理理论和价值链管理理论的合理内核．从时间和空间这一立体交叉维度进行构建。     

中国企业成本管理研究框架

成本管理是管理会计研究最重要的领域之一,随着实务的发展和新的经济环境与技术水平的变化,成本管理不断被赋予新的内容,中国作为新兴的市场经济体,在成本管理理论和实践的应用上完竟与西方国家存在何种差异,并具有哪些自身的特点,这是一个迄今还未解决的问题。本文将研究目标定为"中国企业成本管理研究框架",全文分为四大部分来讨论这一问题。第一部分分别从现代成本管理的内涵与新的研究视角探讨本文的研究意义,第二部分叙述现代成本管理研究框架的理论基础,第三部分是讨论现代成本管理研究框架的具体内容,最后部分是讨论研究方法的选择。     

中国企业成本管理研究框架

成本管理是管理会计研究最重要的领域之一,随着实务的发展和新的经济环境与技术水平的变化,成本管理不断被赋予新的内容,中国作为新兴的市场经济体,在成本管理理论和实践的应用上究竟与西方国家存在何种差异,并具有哪些自身的特点,这是一个迄今还未解决的问题。本文将研究目标定为“中国企业成本管理研究框架”,全文分为四大部分来讨论这一问题。第一部分分别从现代成本管理的内涵与新的研究视角探讨本文的研究意义,第二部分叙述现代成本管理研究框架的理论基础,第三部分是讨论现代成本管理研究框架的具体内容,最后部分是讨论研究方法的选择。     

管理会计理论框架的研究

本文针对管理会计的理论框架问题进行了深入探讨,提出管理会计理论的框架应以管理会计目的为逻辑起点,管理会计理论框架主要包括管理会计基本理论、管理会计概念结构、管理会计应用理论及管理会计行为主体理论.     

价值链会计的内部成本管理

随着价值链理论的发展,价值链会计的重要性日益凸现。因为成本管理是价值链会计中的重要内容,所以本文通过对价值链会计和作业成本管理的分析,试图来说明作业成本管理在价值链会计成本管理中的应用。     

对相关决策成本有关问题的探讨

基于管理决策行为而建立的相关成本信息,是现代管理会计的核心内容,本文对成本的相关性的特征从管理决策问题、信息评价方法、确定与不确定条件三个方面进行了界定,并进一步从机会成本、成本性态两个方面对决策成本的相关性及其运用作了延伸分析。     

价值链会计的内部成本管理

随着价值链理论的发展,价值链会计的重要性日益凸现。因为成本管理是价值链会计中的重要内容,所以本文通过对价值链会计和作业成本管理的分析,试图来说明作业成本管理在价值链会计成本管理中的应用。     

In our ivory towers? The research-practice gap in management accounting

This study reports on an investigation of 64 senior management accounting academics from 55 universities in 14 countries about the extent to which academic management accounting research does, and should inform practice. Drawing on the diffusion of innovations theory as a point of departure, and based on evidence obtained from a questionnaire survey and subsequent interviews, our findings reveal the prevalence of two broad schools of thought. One school, represented by the majority of senior academics, holds that there is a significant and widening ‘gap’ between academic research and the practice of management accounting, and that this gap is of considerable concern. In contrast, the other school holds that a divide between academic management accounting research and practice is appropriate, and that efforts to bridge this divide are unnecessary, untenable or irrelevant. From this empirical evidence, we advance a conceptual framework distinguishing between the ‘type’ of academic research undertaken, and the ‘users’ of academic research, and on the basis of this framework, contend that framing the relationship between academic research and practice as a ‘gap’ is potentially an oversimplification, and directs attention away from the broader but fundamental question of the role and societal relevance of academic research in management accounting.     

Towards a Comprehensive Framework for Environmental Management Accounting — Links Between Business Actors and Environmental Management Accounting Tools

This article develops a comprehensive framework for environmental management accounting (EMA) linking business actors and EMA tools. The proposed framework provides structure for managers to understand and assess the variety of environmental management accounting tools that have been developed to date, with the intention of encouraging their adoption. The framework systematically integrates two major components of environmental management accounting — monetary environmental management accounting (MEMA) and physical environmental management accounting (PEMA). It highlights the past/future and short/long-term time dimensions of the different tools, and the regularity of information generation, before concluding with a brief discussion about choice of the most important EMA tools.     

Structuration theory and mediating concepts: Pitfalls and implications for management accounting research

Giddens’ way of conceptualizing how structures work as both the medium for and outcome of human action – duality of structure – has been emphasized as a valuable point of departure when studying management accounting in its social context. However, we argue that in the literature there are different ways of using mediating concepts between social structure and action, whereby management accounting systems are conceptualized as both the medium for action, and human action as such. Using the often-cited article by Burns and Scapens [Burns J, Scapens RW. Conceptualizing management accounting change: an institutional framework. Management Accounting Research 2000;11(1):3–25] as an illustrative example, we discuss theoretical and methodological consequences of these different ways of conceptualizing management accounting. A main conclusion is that when management accounting is defined through concurrently referring to both ‘virtual’ structures that generate action and the situated doings of individuals, structure and action risk becoming conflated and there is a risk of drawing erroneous conclusions about structural change or stability. The paper closes with some methodological suggestions as to how these problems can be avoided.     

Improving the curriculum for aspiring management accountants: The practitioner's point of view

Although prior research has identified ranked lists of cost/managerial accounting topics that may approximate a common body of knowledge for management accounting, these topics must exist within a specific educational context. The context, or educational framework, could include attributes other than technical accounting topics. This study, which provides the practicing management accountant's point of view, focuses on those other attributes.     

支出周期:构造政府预算会计框架的逻辑起点——兼论我国政府会计改革的核心命题与战略次序

用以刻画预算运营流程的支出周期概念是构造预算会计框架最适当的逻辑起点。这一框架能清楚简明地表达各预算运营阶段的关键预算信息,并形成一个循环往复、逻辑严密的完整信息链,为监控预算执行过程、管理财政风险、改进决策制定和强化受托责任提供极大便利。主要由于缺乏清晰的支出周期概念,目前学界对预算会计的概念框架和信息结构的认识依然存在不少误区,可能导致对政府会计改革的核心命题和战略次序的迷失与偏差。     

会计控制新论——会计实时控制研究

随着信息技术 (IT)的广泛应用和价值链管理新理念的形成 ,企业管理从传统管理转向了信息化和价值化管理。这种变革 ,一方面对传统会计控制提出了挑战 ,另一方面 ,也为会计控制理论的发展提供了机遇 :一种新的会计控制观 -会计实时控制观越来越受到企业的关注 ,并推动着会计控制理论和实践向纵深发展。本文从IT的视角来诠释会计实时控制的概念、探讨会计实时控制的框架体系 ,以期丰富会计理论并使会计实时控制在企业管理中特别是在价值链管理中发挥作用。     

管理会计研究方法体系框架的构建与应用——基于国内外现有研究成果的初步分析

日益激烈的国内外竞争环境以及瞬息万变的新现象与新信息的产生,对管理会计的理论完善提出了重大挑战,为此构建中国特色的管理会计研究方法的体系框架具有重要的理论价值和现实意义。本文通过比较国内外现有研究成果中有关管理会计研究内容、研究方法和研究视角与学科来源等方面的内容,提出从多学科角度、应用多种研究方法来进行管理会计前沿问题的研究已经成为大势所趋,并初步构建了管理会计研究方法体系框架,简要阐述了该框架对未来研究领域的应用与展望。     

Management accounting innovations for rationalizing the cost of services: The reassessment of cash and accrual accounting

ABSTRACT

Management accounting can be a useful tool in austerity government because it produces information about the costs of public services and can be used for informed decision-making. Spanish local governments are required to submit data on the cost of their services to central government, which publishes this information online. The calculation of costs is based on budgetary cash accounting instead of accrual accounting; therefore cash accounting is being used for decision-making and accrual accounting has no role in this process. This paper critically analyses the innovation from three perspectives: the use assigned to the cost information in the legal framework; the opinion of academics and experts; and the perception of professionals about the usefulness of the information produced with the new system.     

New development: Putting a 25-year experiment to the test

This article explains the current state of accounting by the US federal government. Key hurdles for the US reporting model and financial management are discussed. An open data system, able to aggregate cost by programme, would greatly improve the usefulness of cost information and facilitate integration of cost with performance information.