Attainment Discrepancy and New Geographic Market Entry: The Moderating Roles of Vertical Pay Disparity and Horizontal Pay Dispersion

Studies in the behavioural strategy literature have examined the influence of attainment discrepancy on new geographic market entry with inconclusive results. We clarified the relationship between attainment discrepancy and new geographic market entry by considering the moderating effects of managerial pay gaps with concentration on vertical pay disparity and horizontal pay dispersion. The framework also contributes to our understanding of tournament theory and social comparison theory by identifying specified performance contexts under which types of pay gaps conform to or violate theoretical predictions. Empirical analyses based on a panel data of Standard and Poor’s (S&P) 500 firms from 1996 to 2006 showed that our hypotheses are largely supported.     

Towards a New Conceptualization of Innovation in Space: Territorial Patterns of Innovation

This article investigates the way in which regions innovate. Its conceptual framework departs from the simple notion that scientific activities equate with knowledge, which assumes that the presence of local knowledge produced by research centres, universities and firms is a necessary and sufficient condition for increasing the innovative capacities in local firms, fed by local spillovers. In particular, the paradigmatic jump in interpreting regional innovation processes lies in a conceptual framework interpreting not a single phase of the innovation process, but the different modes of performing different phases of the innovation process. This article conceptually identifies different territorial patterns of innovation and highlights the context conditions (internal and external to the region) that accompany each innovation pattern. Based on this debate, I express some doubts on the usefulness of EU policy aims for achieving a figure of 3% of the EU's GDP (public and private) to be invested in R&D/innovation and instead strongly support normative suggestions towards thematically and regionally focused innovation policies.     

Stakeholder Governance for Responsible Innovation: A Theory of Value Creation,Appropriation, and Distribution

In the face of intractable societal grand challenges, organizations increasingly resort to responsible innovation – that is, they pledge to create value for multiple stakeholders through developing new products or services that avoid doing harm and improve conditions for people and the planet. While the link between responsible innovation and societal improvements has been established, organizations pursuing responsible innovation lack governance mechanisms to guide the allocation of the value created – both economic and social – among heterogeneous stakeholders, in line with their responsible intent. We combine the value-based strategy and stakeholder perspectives and infuse a deliberative process to design a three-stage model of value allocation that rests on three key organizational decisions: i) what value to create and for whom, ii) how to appropriate the value created vis-à-vis unintended value appropriators, and iii) how to distribute the value appropriated among intended stakeholders. We propose a framework of stakeholder governance comprised of four novel mechanisms by which organizations can allocate value among their multiple principal stakeholders as part of participative processes. Our study contributes to responsible innovation and corporate governance research by unpacking how new value is managed to solve societal grand challenges.     

The Geography of Innovation in China and India

The BRICS countries in general, and China and India in particular, are now widely regarded as the areas of the world likely to challenge the economic leadership of the United States (US) and the European Union (EU). A large part of this challenge will come from rapid technological catch‐up by China and India. Yet, despite a recent rise in interest, there is limited knowledge about how and where innovation takes place in these two leading emerging countries and to what extent the Chinese and Indian territorial systems of innovation differ from those in the EU or the US. In this article we explore the geography of innovation in China and India, concentrating on understanding key territorial‐level innovation trends by country, region and technology field, using the US and the EU as benchmarks. We find significant contrasts between the geography of innovation in China and India and that of the US and the EU. First, the degree of concentration of innovative activities in both countries is extremely high. Levels of agglomeration of innovation in the coastal provinces of China, as well as in Delhi and the South of India, significantly exceed the levels of agglomeration found in the USA and the EU. Secondly, China has witnessed a more rapid increase in the degree of concentration of innovation than India. We posit that the differences in the geography of innovation between, on the one hand, China and India and, on the other hand, between these countries and the developed world are rooted in different institutional settings, different systems of innovation and different national innovation strategies.     

External Interaction,Innovation and Productivity: An Application of the Innovation Value Chain to Ireland

Abstract

This paper analyses the innovation value chain for the Irish Community Innovation Survey (CIS): 2004–2006. In estimating innovation and productivity simultaneously, it extends the CDM methodology to include a range of external knowledge sources. Feedback effects are found to be vital, with more productive firms being more innovative and vice versa. External knowledge sources affect the innovation decision but not innovation performance, thus pointing to the primacy of internal processes for the crucial task of knowledge exploitation. There is evidence of dichotomous knowledge sourcing in Ireland, with some firms sourcing from market and others, especially high-technology businesses, from non-market agents.

External interaction, innovation et productivité extérieure: une application de la chaîne de valeur de l'innovation à l'Irlande

La présente communication analyse la chaîne de valeur d'innovation pour le CIS : 2004–2006 irlandais. En estimant l'innovation et la productivité simultanément, elle procède au développement de la méthodologie CDM, en incorporant un éventail de sources de connaissances extérieures. Il s'avère que les effets de la rétroaction sont essentiels, les entreprises les plus productives étant plus innovantes et vice-versa. Des sources de connaissances externes affectent les décisions sur l'innovation, mais non pas les performances de l'innovation, en soulignant ainsi l'importance primordiale des procédés internes pour la tâche essentielle de l'exploitation des connaissances. On a relevé des traces des sourçage dichotomique des connaissances en Irlande, certaines entreprises s'approvisionnant directement sur le marché, d'autres, notamment dans le secteur des technologies de pointe, s'inspirant d'agents extérieurs au marché.

Interacción, innovación y productividad externas: una aplicación de la cadena de valor de la innovación en Irlanda

En este trabajo se analiza la cadena de valor de la innovación de Irish CIS: 2004–2006. Al estimar simultáneamente la innovación y la productividad, se amplía la metodología CDM para abarcar una serie de fuentes externas de conocimiento. En este análisis se concluyó que los efectos de la realimentación son vitales, dado que más firmas productivas son más innovadoras y viceversa. Las fuentes externas de conocimiento afectan las decisiones de innovación y no el rendimiento asociado con la innovación y, por consiguiente, se señala el predominio de los procesos internos para la tarea crucial de explotación del conocimiento. En Irlanda, hay evidencias de obtención dicotómica del conocimiento, con algunas firmas que lo obtienen en el mercado y otras, en especial las empresas de alta tecnología, a través de agentes fuera del mercado.

     

科技中介在企业技术创新中的作用

文章阐述了科技中介的任务、功能和作用,分析了企业对科技中介的需求和科技中介服务业面临的机遇探讨了科技中介在企业技术创新中的作用。     

Innovation Capacity and the Implementation of Eco‐innovation: Toward a Contingency Perspective

This study develops a framework by drawing on the perspectives of contingency theory to investigate how innovation capacity affects eco‐innovation. The examination covers four moderators, including customer requirement, export destination, environmental regulation and government subsidy, and focuses on the types of eco‐innovation concerning pollution and waste. A sample of 2964 manufacturing firms from the Taiwanese Technological Innovation Survey is utilized to test the hypotheses. A moderated hierarchical logit method is adopted to analyze the data. The results overall suggest that the effect of innovation capacity on eco‐innovation depends on the levels of the four moderators. Specifically, the results show that innovation capacity has different effects on eco‐innovation when customers have a demand for eco‐innovation, export markets have high environmental awareness, future environmental regulations are expected, and the government provides a subsidy for environmental innovation. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment     

编辑创新在编辑出版工作中的地位与作用

编辑创新是编辑在编辑出版工作中体现出来的心理意识,一般包括理念、知识和设计三个方面。编辑创新是推动编辑出版业不断发展的动力,在编辑出版工作中发挥着十分重要的作用。随着我国编辑出版行业规模的不断扩大,对编辑出版工作也提出了更高的要求。本文分析了编辑创新在编辑出版工作中的地位和作用,具有一定的参考价值,以此促进编辑创新工作的顺利开展。     

跨国公司在华研发投资的对策

近年来，跨国公司根据其全球战略的需要，纷纷加大在中国的研发投资力度。这些研发机构提高了我国的整体技术水平，总体上对中国的经济产生了积极的影响。我国应通过采取改善研发环境的宏观对策以及企业提高自主研发能力的对策来吸引和利用跨国公司在华研发投资。     

论科研创新在民办高校发展中的地位与作用

科研创新是现代高等教育的灵魂,承担着国家、民族和高校未来发展的重任。该文立足科研创新在民办高校发展中的实际,剖析了科研创新存在的诸多问题及其主要原因,揭示了科研创新是形成和提升民办高校核心竞争力的核心要素,为民办高校的科研发展与创新提出了新的思考。     

我国政府在科技创新体系中的地位和作用

从＂科学技术是第一生产力＂意识的形成,到＂科教兴国＂基本国策的选择,再到建设创新型国家目标的确立,我国政府在科技创新体系中的地位和作用被不断强化。政府在科技创新体系中的主要角色：首先是公共管理者;其次在某些关键或者基础领域是科技活动的重要投资者;最后是科技创新产品的消费者。相应地,政府在科技创新体系中的职能主要有：管理、引导和监督职能;政府的投资职能;通过国家采购制度对科技创新产品的消费职能。     

The cognitive and the action-oriented elements of competence along the innovation process – evidence from R&D teams in the medical equipment sector

Abstract

Organizations are constantly searching for ways to enhance their innovative capacity and to sustain their competitive advantage. Much of the literature focuses on knowledge as the key driver for this pursuit. Unlike other studies, we define experience and knowledge as two basic elements of competence by borrowing from the experiential and cognitive learning theories and contrast their impact on the innovativeness of R&D teams. Building on the competence based perspective, we posit that the differences in competence inputs explain variations in team innovation performance along the innovation process. To test our assumptions, we analyzed the aggregated knowledge and experience levels for different technology competences of 868 employees in 49 R&D teams in a large contract-engineering corporation in the medical equipment sector. The findings reveal that technology experience is particularly fruitful within innovation implementation and is a driver for successful market introduction. The research contributes to the understanding when competence elements are especially important.     

R&D cooperation and unintended innovation performance: Role of appropriability regimes and sectoral characteristics

This research empirically examines the relation between R&D cooperation and unintended innovation performance. The effects of appropriability and sectoral conditions on the unintended innovation performance in the context of R&D cooperation were also tested. Binary logistic regression was used to analyze the manufacturing firms sampled from the Korea Innovation Survey (KIS) 2012. Our estimation results show that for the high-tech focal firms under strong appropriability regime, cooperation with competitors increases the likelihood of their unintended innovation performance. For the high-tech focal firms under weak appropriability regime, cooperation with customer and user firms and universities increases the likelihood of their unintended innovation performance. For the low-tech firms under strong appropriability regime, cooperation with the customer and user firms and advisory organizations increases the likelihood of unintended innovation performance. For the low-tech firms under weak appropriability regime, cooperation with competitors and government research institutes increases the likelihood of unintended innovation performance. As a whole, the significance of this paper lies in shedding a new light on approaching the innovation performance with the notion of unintended innovation performance, which is shaped by different partner types and environmental conditions.     

The effect of researchers' interdisciplinary characteristics on team innovation performance: evidence from university R&D teams in China

This study examines the effect of researchers' characteristics on the performance of R&D teams. Based on the multi-perspective of organization behavior and knowledge management, the authors adopt the framework of ‘Input-Process-Output’ regarding the process of the R&D team as knowledge creation. The theoretical model and corresponding hypotheses were tested empirically, drawing on a sample of 80 R&D teams from four universities in China. We concluded that knowledge communication, sharing, and integration play very important mediated roles in the knowledge creation process of the R&D team. Though researchers might have differing opinions on interdisciplinary research, they still tend toward communication and sharing their knowledge, experience, and viewpoints in the R&D process; this is an essential means for the achievement of knowledge integration. In order to achieve high innovation performance, management should pay attention to the process of knowledge communication, sharing, and integration.     

互联网：高校辅导员工作机制创新的新抓手

互联网的迅猛发展及广泛应用对当代大学生的成长与进步已经并将继续产生深刻影响。这就需要高校辅导员能够深刻认识利用互联网进行工作的互动规律,从观念创新、形式创新、内容创新等方面入手,探索高校辅导员工作网络化新机制。     

密切值法在企业技术创新绩效评估中的应用

技术创新绩效评估对于企业来说至关重要,构建一个有效的评估模型非常关键。文中构建了技术创新绩效评估指标体系,并将密切值模型应用到企业技术创新绩效评估中,通过实证研究,证明了该方法的简洁性和客观性。     

试论标准化文献服务机构在企业技术创新中的作用和地位

文章中重点指出标准化是企业技术创新的重要推动力和重要组成部分,深入探讨标准化与企业技术创新的相互关系具有重要的意义。通过介绍国外标准化的实践与发展,以及我国的创新政策体系现状,着重强调了标准化文献服务机构在推动企业技术创新中的作用和地位,充分发挥标准文献服务的作用,深度挖掘和利用标准文献资源,将极大地推进我国企业标准化进程。     

论中小企业技术创新的价值管理

中小企业是为数众多的市场经济重要主体,其活力大小和发展状况将直接影响到国民经济能否长期稳定健康增长。企业核心竞争力水平的提高,极其重要的方面在于企业技术创新能力的增强。中小企业由于自身规模小、实力弱、资源相当有限的特点,在面对技术创新可能发生的技术风险、商务风险、市场风险等压力下,其技术创新的过程及其管理显得格外谨慎。将VE引入中小企业的技术创新工作,实施技术创新的价值管理,能够切实保障企业技术创新的顺利进行,帮助中小企业在是否技术创新、如何创新等方面进行正确决策,以提高技术创新的成功率,改善企业技术创新的成效。     

Size and value effects in high-tech industries: The role of R&D investment

We use monthly US stock data over 55 years from 1962 to 2017 to show that the R&D intensity at firms adds another important dimension to the size and value effects in describing stock returns, especially for small high-tech firms. A trading strategy that double sorts on R&D intensity and size or book-to-market ratio outperforms a simple small-minus-big (SMB) or high-minus-low (HML) strategy in producing higher and more significant portfolio returns. The most profitable schemes involve triple sorts by size, BM, and R&D intensity: the payoffs of buying high-BM/R&D-Active portfolio and selling low-BM/R&D-Inactive portfolio in the small-size/high-tech group and that of buying high-tech/high-BM and selling low-tech/low-BM in the small-size/R&D-active group generate a return of more than 2% on a monthly basis. Our results are robust to alternative classification method of assigning stocks in portfolios.     

市场导向对技术创新的影响实证研究——组织学习为中介作用

本研究以321家高技术企业为研究对象,深入分析市场导向与企业技术创新的关系,并从学习过程视角进一步研究企业组织学习对市场导向和技术创新关系的中介作用。研究表明:通过搜集顾客、竞争者和不同部门间协调等方面的信息,实现在组织内部进行获取、整合和创造的一系列学习过程,最终影响企业技术创新。组织学习在市场导向对技术创新的影响中起到中介作用。