基于绩效提升的人力资本投资策略探析

人力资本已成为企业绩效的利润杠杆,但不同类型的人力资本具有不同的特点,具有不同的投资价值,因此企业必须考虑不同的人力资本特点,采取适当的投资策略才能使企业获得更高的人力资本回报,实现可持续发展。     

关于人力资本投资决策相关问题的思考

上世纪60年代兴起的人力资本投资研究取得了丰硕成果,为后续研究奠定了坚实的基础。但是,关于人力资本投资收益的计量方法、人力资本投资收益与成本计量范围等方面仍然存在需要深入钻研的问题。基于前人成果,本文提出了重新界定人力资本投资收益、完善人力资本投资成本内容、改进人力资本投资决策方法等方面的建议,以期为该领域的研究添砖加瓦。     

人力资本投资行为异化研究

企业人力资本投资行为是企业可持续发展的战略性资源投资行为,是企业取得核心竞争力的关键因素。本文通过搜集和分析十大创新型企业的人力资本投资数据,描述我国企业人力资本投资行为的异化现状,并找出异化原因,提出解决方法,为理论界提供新的研究数据,也为实务界提供新的决策依据。     

Stretch Goals,Factual/Counterfactual Reflection Strategies,and Firm Performance

Popular business press and academic publications have advocated for stretch goals, particularly to enhance firm performance. The general assumption is that stretch goals can create a more challenging task environment that upsets complacency, inspires motivation, encourages outside-the-box thinking, stimulates search and innovation, and guides efforts and persistence. Surprisingly few systematic empirical studies have been conducted to support stretch goal deployment, such as when and how to use them. This study introduces two reflection strategies – counterfactual reflection (managers confront performance feedback and create possible alternatives) and factual reflection (managers analyse their own decisions and explain performance feedback) – and uses two experimental laboratory studies to test how different reflection strategies contribute to the stretch goal-performance relationship. The results indicated that using stretch goals does not affect firm performance, although theoretically, using stretch goals can create a more challenging task environment and enhance performance. Rather, it is the combination of the type of goal and reflection strategy that affects performance. I suspect that under stretch goals, managers may be unable to implement new ideas as expected, leading to growing performance gaps and perceived continuous failures over time. Consequently, their motivation to search for alternative solutions declines, and they may fall into a spiral of self-constrained thinking. The results demonstrate that under stretch goals, managers use factual reflection strategies to deliberately reflect on performance feedback to achieve higher performance. In contrast, managers who are assigned moderate goals perform better if they use a counterfactual reflection strategy. I suggest that by using a different reflection strategy, managers can further improve performance by encouraging directed search behaviour and avoiding self-constrained thinking spirals. My study provides a richer theoretical and empirical appreciation of the effect of reflection strategy depending on the task environment and goal-setting.     

高管社会资本:高管团队人口特征绩效研究新进展

长期以来,高管人员作为企业最重要的人力资源备受研究人员的关注,早期的研究认为,高管团队人口特征与企业绩效存在直接的相关性,而近年的研究则发现高管团队人口特征对企业绩效的影响可能并非是简单的直接相关,更有可能受到一些中间变量的调节与影响。高管社会资本通过组织内外的关系网络,建立起以社会资本为中间变量的高管团队人口特征绩效影响的新机制。高管社会资本概念及研究内容的提出,为我们最终解决高管人口特征绩效影响的"黑箱"问题提供了新的研究思路与分析框架。     

Social Capital,Investment and Economic Growth: Some Evidence for Spanish Provinces

Abstract

This article analyses the impact of social capital on regional economic growth in Spain during the 1985–2005 period. The literature in this context is virtually nonexistent and, in addition, whereas most studies, regardless of their context, have used survey data in order to measure social capital, we use a measure whose construction is based on similar criteria to other measures of capital stock. Compared with more standard measures of social capital and trust, our measure is available with a high level of disaggregation, and with annual frequency for a long time period. Following a panel data approach, our findings indicate that social capital has a positive impact on GDP per capita growth in the context of Spanish provinces, implying that ‘social features’ are important for explaining the differences in wealth that one might find across Spanish provinces. We also explore the transmission mechanisms from social capital to growth, finding a highly positive relation between social capital and private physical investment.     

大学生就业难对人力资本投资行为的影响

当下,大学生的教育投资是否有价值可言,职业教育是否胜过大学教育,家庭教育投资又当何去何从?本文在大学生就业难的社会现状下,以家长投资主体为主要研究对象,将资助孩子上大学看成是主要的人力资本投资行为,通过问卷设计,以实证分析来清楚的展示家长投资意愿的影响因素,研究就业难是否影响了家庭的人力资本投资决策。以此对大环境下的人力资本投资提供建议。     

资本要素市场化改革、对外直接投资与技术创新绩效

对外直接投资对母国产业的技术创新具有反哺促进效应,但同时受资本要素市场扭曲的调节作用影响。本文运用2003~2016年的面板数据,设定双因素基准模型并进行东、中、西部地区分样本回归以检验资本要素市场扭曲对OFDI的技术创新的调节作用。结果发现:OFDI通过逆向技术溢出促进了母国的企业技术创新绩效。同时,资本要素市场扭曲抑制了OFDI反哺技术创新绩效的正向作用,且资本要素市场扭曲对OFDI的技术创新的调节效应存在地区差异性。因此,深化要素市场化改革,调整对外直接投资结构和优化营商环境,是实现OFDI协调发展以推动技术创新绩效提升的有效途径。     

人力资本投资的资产专用性问题及其防范机制研究

专用性人力资本投资所具有的不完全契约性及资产专用性等特征必然导致了投资双方的激励缺乏问题。文章通过构建专用性人力资本投资的“囚徒困境”模型说明了该现状,并在此模型基础上从不完全信息下的静态博弈到动态博弈再到无限次合作博弈构建了专用性人力资本投资的决策模型。通过对决策模型的分析,文章找出了防范机制的三个关键点,即：稳定的雇佣关系、充分的授权激励以及充分的流动机制。     

When Feedback Interventions Backfire: Why Higher Performance Feedback May Result in Lower Self‐Perceived Competence and Satisfaction with Performance

In relative performance evaluation systems, appraisers may choose to adopt stricter or laxer evaluation criteria. When laxer (vs. stricter) criteria are used, higher absolute performance evaluations become easier (vs. harder) to achieve. Thus, each appraisee's absolute performance feedback and the mean of the distribution of absolute performance feedback are shifted upward (vs. downward). Yet, relative performance remains constant. When evaluation outcomes depend solely on relative performance, can the adoption of laxer (vs. stricter) criteria—leading to higher absolute performance feedback but no change in relative performance—influence appraisees’ satisfaction with performance? Despite the ubiquity of such systems in organizations, research has not addressed this question. This article points to an important gap between practitioners’ beliefs and research findings. We show that while most appraisers believe that higher absolute performance feedback will automatically result in more satisfaction with performance, the opposite may also happen. Specifically, we find that appraisees with a stronger (vs. weaker) chronic or contextual need to engage in social comparison are more satisfied with lower (vs. higher) absolute performance feedback. Overall, we demonstrate why and how feedback interventions in relative performance evaluation systems may backfire, and suggest a set of practical guidelines for maximizing appraisees’ satisfaction with performance in such systems. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Organizational Goals,Outcomes, and the Assessment of Performance: Reconceptualizing Success in Management Studies

We revisit the study of organizational goals, outcomes, and assessment of performance that together define the process leading to ‘success’. We begin by conducting a systematic review of existing research which allows us to develop an integrative framework discussing this large body of work. We then describe contemporary research examples in light of our proposed framework. We close by proposing four new areas to continue to advance the field: reconceptualizing performance (and success) as achievement of goals; diversity of goal systems in research designs, and their relationship with the purpose of an organization; multilevel and temporal dynamics; and governance of goal setting. Overall, our efforts inform future research on organizational success in the context of our new societal challenges and accomplish the intriguing task of re-defining success in management studies.     

Resource Dependence and Network Relations: A Test of Venture Capital Investment Termination in China

This study examines how venture capital (VC) firms terminate investments in an emerging economy context. We contend that due to the weak institutional environment, it is appropriate to draw on insights from power and social relation perspectives for a better understanding of the phenomenon. Specifically, we argue that a termination decision hinges on not only the dependence relationship between a VC firm and its portfolio companies, but also the social relationships among VC firms. Event history analyses of approximately 12,000 VC deals made in China between 2001 and 2012 reveal that when a VC firm has a greater number of investments in an industry, it is more likely to terminate investments on a portfolio company in that industry. Moreover, such effect on termination is moderated by the focal VC's embeddedness with its syndicate partners and collaboration opportunities with other VC firms outside the immediate access of the syndicate partners. Our study sheds light on research on VC decision making in emerging markets by integrating insights from resource dependence relationships and interorganizational network characteristics.     

R&D投入绩效相关研究综述

从国家和企业两个层面,对R&D投入绩效、R&D投入与宏观经济增长的关系、R&D投入与企业生产效率及企业业绩的关系的相关文献进行综述发现:大多数学者认为在宏观层面R&D活动对国家和地区经济增长起到了促进作用;在微观层面,国外学者认为R&D投入对企业的生产效率、市场价值及企业业绩具有显著的正面影响,国内学者由于样本选择差异及信息披露不足等原因,得出了不同的观点,一部分学者认为R&D投入对企业的业绩具有显著的正面作用,并具有一定的滞后性,另一部分学者认为R&D投入与企业业绩不存在显著的正相关关系。     

人力资本投资风险与企业激励制度创新

在知识经济时代,人力资本投资能够显著增强企业的竞争力;但当投资完成,由于违约造成的劳动力流失会严重影响企业的投资收益和市场力量。文章认为,违约风险的产生与企业激励机制不完善有关。通过对企业原有激励制度进行创新和改革,加强对精神激励的重视,能够降低违约风险。     

央企作为社会资本方投资项目管理系统分析

近年来,央企通过应用企业治理方案、建设内部控制管理制度,在治理结构、生产制造、资本投资各个方面,取得了较好成果。尤其是在全社会各行业、诸领域高质量发展时期,央企通过吸收社会资本,也扩大了社会资本方投资规模。本文以此为背景,概述了央企作为社会资本方的内涵,剖析了央企作为社会资本方投资项目管理业务与功能,并以此为基础,从投资项目管理系统建设角度,对其进行了具体讨论。     

企业社会资本及其对知识管理绩效的影响

随着全球竞争的日趋激烈,持续的创新和能够提供创新的知识日渐成为企业获得竞争优势的关键性资源。本文基于企业社会资本的概念及知识管理的过程,探讨了企业社会资本对知识管理绩效的影响。并提出:企业社会资本通过企业的知识存量,对企业知识管理的绩效施加影响。     

Constructive Supervisor Feedback is not Sufficient: Immediacy and Frequency is Essential

In the present study, we investigated the relationship between perceived constructiveness and perceived immediacy and frequency of supervisor performance feedback and work performance. In two pilot studies, we obtained support for the two‐dimensionality of our measure of supervisor performance feedback. In the main study, perceived constructiveness of supervisor performance feedback and work performance was positively related when perceived immediacy and frequency of supervisor performance feedback was high. We discuss theoretical and practical implications and directions for future research. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

人力资本投资风险与企业激励制度创新

在知识经济时代,人力资本投资能够显著增强企业的竞争力;但当投资完成,由于违约造成的劳动力流失会严重影响企业的投资收益和市场力量。文章认为,违约风险的产生与企业激励机制不完善有关。通过对企业原有激励制度进行创新和改革,加强对精神激励的重视,能够降低违约风险。     

创业投资企业的投资工具选择策略——基于分阶段融资的动态博弈分析

本文综述了当前国内外关于创业投资企业投资工具选择的研究动态,总结了普通股、优先股以及债权各自不同的金融特性,并在系统分析和考察创业投资企业三种投资工具的基础上,就博弈模型分析的主要结论提出了相应政策建议。