政府支持方式与农民创业类型——基于四川省典型地区的分析

[目的]乡村振兴战略背景下,农民创业成为实现产业兴旺的重要途径和助力脱贫攻坚的重要力量,研究影响政府对农民创业类型支持方式的核心因素有助于给予农民创业者在选择创业类型时提供有价值的参考。[方法]文章利用2017年7月至2018年8月四川省8市34县(区) 2 778份农民创业者调查数据,根据三产类型将创业类型分为3类,构建无序多分类Logistic回归计量经济模型探索影响政府对农民创业类型支持方式的核心因素。[结果]农民创业类型以第一产业为主,第三产业相对较少。其中,以第一产业"种植业""养殖业"为创业类型的农户分别占样本总量的35.85%和34.99%,而以第三产业"互联网电商""创意、文化、教育类"为创业类型的农户分别仅占样本总量的5.18%和4.54%。[结论]政府对于在第一产业领域内的农民创业类型更倾向于培训支持和政策支持,对于第二和第三产业领域内的农民创业类型更倾向于资金支持。     

农民以地养老意愿及影响因素分析*——基于河南省176位农民的实证调查

[目的]随着人口老龄化的加剧和农村外出务工人员数量的增加,农村老年人的养老形势日益严峻。利用农村无人耕种的承包地和荒废的宅基地来解决老年人的养老问题逐渐受到学者的关注。研究农民以地养老的意愿及影响因素,对于缓解农村老龄化形势、提升老年人晚年生活的幸福感具有重要意义。[方法]文章基于对河南省176位农民调查数据的统计分析,从农民个人特征、家庭特征、土地特征和农民心理认知情况4个方面选取了18个变量作为自变量,通过二元Logistic回归模型分析农民以地养老意愿的影响因素。[结果]农民的学历越高、家庭劳动力数量越多、非农收入占比越高、感觉养老金越充足,农民越愿意以承包地养老;农民的房屋面积越大、房屋常住人口数越多、在城镇买有住房、越认可这种方式,农民越愿意以宅基地养老。[结论]在农村养老形势严峻的背景下,加快土地承包经营权确权登记、找准并关注有以地养老需求的农民、大力发展农村地区周边的非农产业、明确以地养老成立的立法条件以及加大以地养老模式的宣传力度可以进一步促进农村的发展。     

个体特征、资源获取与农民创业——基于广东部分地区问卷调查数据的实证分析

个体特征的差异直接影响其资源获取的能力及创业的意愿和行为。广东部分地区问卷调查的结果显示,性别、家庭年收入及打工经历与农民创业意愿直接相关。农民创业者表现出积极的价值取向,则对其创业能力持积极的自我评价。硬件设施、社会关系和政府服务等直接影响农民创业者的创业地点选择。农民创业者认为影响创业成功的最主要因素是:机遇与能力、良好个性、技术与资金以及环境与才能。公正和善、勤劳善断及渴望成功被认为是成功创业者的品质。核心人物在农民创业成功中的作用体现在把握机会并凝聚人心、开拓市场并筹措资金、协调关系并处理难题等。必须通过优化制度环境、改善政府服务、提升农民素质以及营造良好氛围等推进农民创业。     

风险容忍视角下的农民创业者村庄公共品需求

农民创业者作为内生于村庄的经济精英,兼具农民与创业者双重身份,对村庄内部的公共品需求具有更深的认知,以其为对象并从风险容忍这一素质能力视角出发的村庄公共品需求研究具有典型的代表意义。文章基于广东省部分地市农民创业者的问卷调研数据,采用有序Logit模型实证探求农民创业者风险容忍度对其创业扶持政策需求的影响。结果表明,风险容忍度更高的农民创业者对创业扶持政策这一村庄公共品的需求程度更高。其中需求程度最高的是简化创业注册、登记、审批等程序和创业知识技能培训两类政策;其次是创业园区建设和创业平台建设;最后是金融支持和创业咨询政策。另外,风险容忍虽正向影响创业者对税收和场租优惠政策的需求,但其结果并未通过显著性检验。     

农民创业的代际差异比较：问卷调查与分析——基于社会资本视角

本文基于在广东珠三角地区的427份农民创业者问卷数据,采用交互分析方法,比较两代农民创业者的社会资本要素以及创业现状的差异。通过多元Logistic回归分析证明,新生代创业农民的社会资本与其创业组织形式选择之间的相关性显著,而上一代创业农民则表现为不显著;市场、政府、金融与技术等正式网络社会资本,及父母与亲朋的社会关系、资金资助等非正式网络社会资本与两代农民创业者的创业行业选择、创业绩效之间都存在显著正相关关系。     

创业氛围、社会网络和农民创业意向

创业意向是农民创业行为的最佳预测指标,但已有研究并没有对"在什么情况下农民更有意向成为创业者"给予合理的解释。本文考察创业氛围、个人社会网络与农民创业意向之间的逻辑联系。研究发现,创业氛围、创业榜样、感知的强关系支持是影响农民创业意向的重要因素。本文研究表明,农村地区长期形成的创业氛围会影响嵌入其中的农民创业意向;家人、亲戚或朋友中有成功创业者将增强农民的创业意向;感知的强关系支持能增强农民创业可行的信心,提升他们的创业意向。     

农民创业技术效率影响因素实证分析——基于湖南4县257名创业农民的调查

农民创业是形成农村经济内生增长动力的有力路径,其创业技术效率水平高低是反映创业企业的产出能否达到最大产出的主要依据,关乎农民创业的产量及收益,关系其生存能力及发展前景。本研究基于湖南省安化县、岳阳县、蓝山县及嘉禾县四县调查数据,运用随机前沿超越对数生产函数模型对影响农民技术效率的因素进行实证检验,结论认为:农民创业技术效率随时间推移逐渐提高;创业的劳动投入相较资金与土地对创业技术效率影响更显著;创业者性别、文化程度、外出务工经历、交通便利程度以及贷款便利程度对创业技术效率具显著正效应,而创业者年龄、参加创业培训则与创业技术效率存在负相关关系。     

农民的创业动机、需求及其扶持

本文基于对广东省部分地区农民的问卷调查分析,受农民群体的独特性及其所处环境的特殊作用,农民的创业动机主要源于生存需求、自我实现和发展及解决就业;对政府行政成本与法制保障的忧虑、市场拓展与管理能力不足、风险承受能力差及创业能力不足是农民创业的主要障碍;而资金帮助和技术支持是农民创业最期盼得到的帮助,创业者风险补偿是农民创业最希望获得的政府优惠政策,由此,提升农民创业者的创业能力及其创业后的管理和发展能力、创业可持性始终应该是农民创业扶持政策必须给予关注的重点。     

企业家才能、创业环境异质性与农民创业——基于3省14个行政村调研数据的实证研究

本文使用3省14个行政村1046位潜在创业者与389位创业实践者的调研数据,研究了农民创业者个人禀赋、创业环境异质性等诸多因素与农民创业行为之间的关系。结果显示,创业者的企业家才能、产业环境与制度环境的异质性因素对农民创业者的创业意愿有显著的影响;同时也证实农民创业者的企业家才能、创业项目与本地农业产业化契合程度、自身资源禀赋以及政府扶植力度均对农民创业绩效有显著正向影响;而企业家才能,项目与农业产业化契合度对农民创业绩效的促进效应最为显著。     

农民创业者初始社会资本对机会识别类型的预测能力研究

农民创业发展到现阶段,创业者关注的重心应该适时调整改变,由关注如何创建一个企业转变为关注如何提高创业机会的创新性.本文要回答的问题是"农民创业者的初始社会资本是否以及如何影响机会创新性".文章运用多分逻辑回归方法,探究了农民创业者初始社会资本对三种机会识别类型的预测能力.研究表明,农民创业者初始社会资本中的强连带数量越...     

Price transmission between products at different stages of manufacturing in forest industries

The theory of demand and supply implies a positive relationship, or “price transmission” between the prices of products at different stages of manufacturing. This relationship was investigated with quarterly prices of softwood stumpage in the US South, and national prices of forest products, from 1977 to 2002. All prices, net of inflation, were found to be nonstationary and there was no evidence of co-integration between prices. Vector autogressive models, augmented by Granger causality tests and multiplier analysis showed that there was a one-to-one permanent positive response of the southern sawtimber stumpage price to a permanent change in the national lumber price. There was also a one-third permanent positive response of the national paper price to a permanent change in the national pulp price. There was no relation between regional pulpwood prices and national pulp or paper prices. When price transmission was significant, the full adjustment took about 2 years.     

Application of an ecosystem function framework to perceptions of community woodlands

Owners, local residents, government, and conservation organisations can express divergent preferences in the development and management of local woodlands. The perceptions of these four groups were examined, in the context of three community woodlands in Eastern England, using an ecosystem function framework. In a pilot study, residents were able to allocate a relative importance to woodland ecosystem services which were then related to “regulation”, “habitat”, and “production” or “information” functions. However residents also placed importance on negative services or “dis-services” associated with the woodland ecosystem. Therefore a fifth category of “dis-services” was included in the main survey which included 84 local residents, three woodland owners, three government institutions, and six representatives from conservation groups. Each of the four groups placed greatest importance on services associated with habitat (16–39% of the total importance) and information (30–50%) functions suggesting, in this example, mutual interest in the use of woodlands as a habitat or recreational resource. By contrast a potential area of difference was the particularly high importance placed by one owner on dis-services such as fly tipping. In addition the woodland owners placed higher importance (10–20%), than local residents and conservation groups (7–9%), on the productive services of the wood. This suggests a need for communication when production-related operations affect recreation. The ecosystem function framework appears to be a useful approach for highlighting potential tensions and areas of mutual interest in the management of semi-natural ecosystems.     

In Vino ‘No’ Veritas: impacts of fraud on wine imports in China

China is one of the largest wine importing countries in the world and is poised for continued import growth in the future. Increased wine purchases throughout China have given rise to persistent fraud where fake wines are packaged and sold with counterfeit contents and labels. For exporting countries like France, counterfeit wines displace market share, damage foreign brand reputation, and cause distrust in consumers who are aware of counterfeiting problems throughout the country. We examine the impact of fraudulent wine events (as measured by negative media reports) on Chinese wine demand differentiated by supplying country. We employ the Rotterdam demand system and a switching regression procedure to estimate import demand and compare results across different media variable specifications. Results consistently show that negative reports disproportionately affect French wine regardless of how the media variable is specified. This is not surprising because most fraudulent events involve French wine counterfeits.     

An evaluation framework for earthquake-responsive land administration

In recent years earthquakes and their secondary hazards have claimed the largest number of lives of all large natural disasters. Some of the world’s most earthquake-prone zones are also areas of high population density. The impact is magnified by vulnerability factors including non-enforcement of building codes, knowledge gaps, urban poverty and poor governance capacity to manage and reduce earthquake risks. Poor security of land tenure and property rights increases the vulnerability of people and affects their ability to respond to natural disasters.Earthquake recovery and reconstruction provides very significant challenges for land agencies, with these challenges differing from one country to the next due to differences in the local context. Drawing on contrasting case studies in Haiti, Nepal and New Zealand this paper identifies the common post-earthquake land administration functions and challenges that may apply to many contexts. These lessons provide land agencies and other key stakeholders with a summary of the challenges an earthquake poses for land administration at different post-disaster stages. We also discuss the policy and regulatory, institutional, operational and preparedness lessons for land administration. From these lessons we propose a framework for evaluating the earthquake-responsiveness of a land administration system. This framework can be used by a land agency in an earthquake prone region, or where an earthquake has recently occurred, to assess what challenges to land administration might occur in the event of an earthquake, and the preparedness of their land administration system.     

Agrarian Poverty,Nutrition and Economic Class – A Study of Gujarat,India

This paper analyses poverty and calorific undernourishment in the Indian state of Gujarat, where high and market‐led industrial growth has resulted in rapid economic improvement. The study is carried out through a combination of secondary and survey‐based data. We conclude that the neoliberal agenda of uncontrolled, outward‐looking growth has not resulted in significant reduction of poverty or malnourishment in rural areas. Furthermore, while land ownership is officially used as a proxy for wealth distribution, class position appears a better predictor of poverty status in the rural areas than landownership per se. At the policy level, there is a need to revive the agrarian economy and create new non‐agricultural assets, and the primary focus in the state must shift to the distribution of created assets rather than a single‐minded focus on growth.     

Does sustainable agricultural growth require a system of innovation? Evidence from Ghana and Burkina Faso

This paper tests the ‘systems of innovation’ hypothesis for a selection of crops in Ghana and Burkina Faso that have shown significant growth in production over an approximately 20-year period. The question is whether such growth can only occur if supported by a system of innovation. Using two indicators (a common understanding on objectives and priorities, and a high level of interactivity), we find little evidence for the existence of anything that might be considered a high functioning system of innovation.     

Local impacts of industrial tree plantations: An empirical analysis in Indonesia across plantation types

The values ascribed to industrial tree plantations are often controversial. Hence knowledge of their perceived impacts is important for improving their integration in rural landscapes. In 2016 we conducted household surveys with 606 respondents living in villages adjacent to acacia, teak and pine plantations across three islands in Indonesia (Java, Borneo, Sumatra). Results show that perceptions toward pine and teak plantations tend to differ from those toward acacia pulpwood plantations in several ways. Pine and teak plantations are perceived to have a higher number and variety of benefits and services, a higher number of positive impacts, a better environmental record, and to present more opportunities to local people for use of plantation land and products for improving rural livelihoods. In addition, we find that villagers around acacia pulpwood plantations tend to seek economic development and infrastructure to open up remote areas, yet their expectations were often only partially met. Recommendations from our analysis include: the role of the State in plantations must be clarified and potentially reinforced; the role of institutions as intermediaries is fundamental; and contributions by communities to design of management plans should be accommodated.     

土地学科的建设和发展——"土地学科发展规划研讨会"综述

中国土地科学学科发展已取得很大成就,表现为专业教育和人才培养成绩突出、初步形成学科体系、取得大批研究成果.而存在的问题主要是基础理论研究欠缺、独特的土地科学研究方法体系尚未形成、研究角度单一、学术交流质量不高和学科带头人的影响力不足.土地科学学科发展目前面临着巨大的机遇和挑战,应明确土地科学学科发展的基本思路、发展目标及2010-2020年的主要建设任务和保障措施.     

Upstream demand for water use by new tree plantations imposes externalities on downstream irrigated agriculture and wetlands*

Large‐scale tree plantations in high rainfall upstream areas can reduce fresh water inflows to river systems, thereby imposing external costs on downstream irrigation, stock and domestic water users and wetland interests. We take the novel approach of expressing all benefits and costs of establishing plantations in terms of $ per gigalitre (GL) of water removed annually from river flows, setting upstream demands on the same basis as downstream demands. For the Macquarie Valley, a New South Wales sub‐catchment of Australia’s Murray‐Darling Basin, we project changes in land and water use and changes in economic surpluses under two policy settings: without and with a policy requiring permanent water entitlements to be purchased from downstream parties, before plantation establishment. Without the policy, and given a high stumpage value for trees ($70/m³), upstream gains in economic surplus projected from expanding plantations are $639 million; balanced against $233 million in economic losses by downstream irrigators and stock and domestic water users for a net gain of $406 million, but 345 GL lower mean annual environmental flows. With the policy, smaller gains in upstream economic surplus from trees ($192 million), added to net downstream gains ($138 million) from sale of water, result in gains of $330 million with no reduction in environmental flows. Sustaining the 345 GL flow for a $76 million (406–330) reduction in gains to economic surplus may be seen to cost only $0.22 million/GL; but this is much lower than the market value of the first units of that water to agriculture and forestry.     

Underpayment of Small Producers of Coffee and Cocoa in Sierra Leone

Fieldwork shows that many Sierra Leonean producers do not receive the official producer price for their coffee and cocoa, due to the concentration of buying stations, credit relations, the small quantities offered for sale, and the lack of marketing knowledge of the numerous and unorganized farmers. To the traders underpayment may seem economically justifiable to a certain extent, but to the farmers it means poverty and debt. A new village marketing centre project aims at remedying this situation and has already led to higher prices. Although no longer allowed to take their "just" share from the producers, traders are still willing to deal with the new centres.