山西省干旱灾害风险评估与区划

[目的]分析山西省干旱灾害风险的关键作用因子,并进行风险评估和区划,对于提升该地干旱灾害风险管理和决策水平、减轻干旱损失具有重要指导意义。[方法]文章利用改进的相对湿润度指数、DEM资料、地形坡度资料和1990—2016年以县(市)为单元的行政区域的人口密度、GDP、人均GDP、耕地面积等社会经济数据来定量化评价山西干旱风险,从干旱灾害致灾因子的危险性、孕灾环境的脆弱性、承灾体的易损性和防灾减灾能力4个方面选取因子,构建相应的指数模型并分析其空间分布状况,在此基础上进一步构建山西省干旱灾害风险综合评估模型,并基于GIS绘制山西省干旱灾害风险区划图。[结果]山西省干旱致灾因子危险性呈北高南低的趋势,大同、朔州、忻州北部和西部、太原南部的干旱致灾因子危险性最强;孕灾环境脆弱性呈东西两侧高、中间低的趋势,而承灾体易损性和防灾减灾能力均呈东西两侧低、中间高的趋势;从干旱灾害风险区划图可以看出,山西省干旱风险总体呈北高南低,从西北向东南递减的趋势。高风险区主要分布在大同、朔州东部,较高风险区包括朔州西部、忻州中西部、太原大部,吕梁大部、晋中西部、临汾中部、运城西部为中风险区,临汾西部、晋中大部、长治东北部为较低风险区,临汾东部、运城东部、晋城大部、长治西部和南部风险最低。[结论]山西省干旱灾害的精细化风险区划,可为相关区域有效地开展抗旱活动提供定量化依据,增强干旱灾害防御的科学性、实用性和可操作性。     

山西农业综合开发工作20年成就及进一步加强的对策和建议

从去年6月开始,我们对运城、临汾、晋中、忻州、朔州、大同等市的十五个县的农业综合开发工作进行了专题调查,并对各市县的有关报告做了分析综合,还请国家统计局农调队提供了相关统计数据。调查结果表明,山西的农业综合开发工作在二十年中成     

山西省特色农业产业集群集中度和竞争力分析*——以运城苹果、朔州羊肉、晋城大豆为例

[目的]文章选取了山西省3个具有代表性的特色农业产业集群(运城苹果、朔州羊肉、晋城大豆)进行研究,通过探索山西省特色农业产业集群发展的优势与不足,有助于提升产品竞争力和助力区域经济发展,进而达到促进农业发展、带动农民增收的目的。[方法]文章运用2005年、2010年、2015年3个时期的数据,首先基于波特的钻石模型分析了3个产业的发展情况,然后运用区位商和集中系数指标、产业效率优势指数和规模优势指数指标分别分析了3个特色农业产业集群的集中化程度和竞争力。[结果]从集中化程度来看,运城苹果产业发展进入成熟阶段,专业化程度和集中化程度近几年一直较为稳定,进一步提升空间不大;朔州羊肉产业处于大幅上升阶段,集中化程度明显,且优于专业化程度;晋城大豆产业专业化程度优势优于集中化程度优势,但二者均呈先升后降趋势。从竞争力评价角度来看,运城苹果产业已初具产业效率优势且稳定上升,规模优势稳定且变化不明显;朔州羊肉产业具有极高的产业效率优势且高位运行,规模优势稳定且处于成熟阶段;晋城大豆产业正在形成产业效率优势,规模优势近年来稍有下降。从综合比较优势来看,运城苹果产业处于成熟阶段,朔州羊肉产业具有极强的综合比较优势,晋城大豆产业受规模优势下降的影响而下降。[结论]总体来看,3个产业作为山西省的特色农业产业,其集中化程度和竞争力均较高,且具有发展优势和发展空间,区域布局合理,已经形成或正在形成特色农业产业集群,但同时也存在一定的问题。从微观层面来说,农户、企业等微观主体应该继续发挥产品的品质优势,同时努力扩大市场份额和拓展销售渠道,积极延伸产业链,加强与科研院所的合作;从宏观层面来说,应该加强政府支持和引导,减少市场风险的不确定性。     

山西省旅游绩效与资源优度和区位可达性的关系研究

本文选取山西省2007年11个地市的入境旅游、国内旅游的客流量和总收入,以及进出口总额、利用外资额和公路客运量等截面数据,分别分析了旅游资源优度和区位可达性对山西省旅游业绩效的影响.结果表明,入境旅游市场、国内旅游市场的客流量和总收入分别与资源优度、区位可达性呈正相关关系.最后,利用二维矩阵分析法分析了资源优度和区位可达性的空间差异,太原和吕梁的旅游主要依靠其区位可达性;晋中、临汾、阳泉和忻州的资源优度对旅游的影响略大于区位可达性;而其余城市的资源优度和区位可达性对旅游业的影响均等.     

山西省乡村旅游资源空间结构分析与优化

[目的]梳理山西省乡村旅游资源类型,精准定位和挖掘特色资源,因地制宜地发展和推动山西省乡村旅游业的高质量发展。[方法]文章对山西省乡村旅游资源进行整理和分类,建立乡村旅游地的矢量数据,借助ARCGIS软件和空间分析模型分析其空间分布特征和区域分异性,并借助地理联系率探析其与经济、景点、历史名村等多因子的关联程度。[结果]（1）山西省乡村旅游地分布具有明显的集聚特点,形成了明显的“一核两带”的集聚态势。一核即以阳泉市为中心的核心集聚区,两带即沿太原—晋中—吕梁的晋中集聚带,以及沿长治—晋城—临汾的晋东南集聚带。结合山西省乡村旅游地特点将其分为自然景观类、风俗文化类、特色农业类3类,数量分别为72个,69个和133个。（2）区域层面上,临汾市市自然景观类居多,晋城市以民俗文化类为主,太原市以特色农业类最多,晋中市、阳泉市2市种类分布较均匀,表现为多元化发展趋势。3类乡村旅游地均呈现一定的集聚分布态势和区域分异性,其中,自然景观类区域分布相对较均匀,且呈现多点的高核密度集聚态势;民俗文化类乡村旅游地主要分布于晋中和晋西南地区;特色农业类主要分布于经济、交通、人口等条件均较优越的中部地区。[结...     

影响山西省碳排放绩效的区域特征研究——基于熵值法的聚类分析

本文研究的目的是探究山西省碳排放绩效及区域分布特征,并提出碳减排政策。通过熵值法、多因素综合评价法、系统聚类法等研究方法,结果显示太原市经济发展水平对碳排放绩效的影响明显,长治、晋城和吕梁的碳排放受产业结构和市场化程度的影响较大,运城和临汾更多受科技水平的影响,其他地级市的能源结构对碳排放绩效的影响显著。研究结论表明山西省应根据各地区碳排放效率的主要影响因素,因地制宜制定减排政策。     

长江经济带中三角地区农业结构的分析与优化对策

[目的]从宏观、中观和微观3个层面深入分析长江经济带中三角地区湖北、湖南和江西3省的农业产业结构及其各产业差异性和相对优势及其竞争力。[方法]在宏观层面运用了传统的基尼系数分析3个省份历史发展上的地区经济水平差异,判断3个地区经济发展是否存在虹吸效应;从中观层面运用区位熵指数分析法分析区域农业产业结构,从农畜林渔等方面判断各区域产业专业化水平程度;从微观层面运用偏离—份额分析法(SSM)分离出3个地区的各部门产业的优势及其竞争力。[结果]区域内的经济差异变化呈不断增大的趋势,基尼系数不断扩大;湖北的种植业、渔业和农林牧渔服务业,湖南的种植业、林业、畜牧业和农林牧渔服务业,江西的林业、渔业都较中三角地区对应的子产业的区位熵指数高;江西木材和竹加工业和烟草业具有较大的产业竞争优势,湖北的茶叶、水产和瓜果疏菜产业优势明显,湖南地区农业产业综合优势主要在于烟草、水果、肉类以及木材和竹类加工业。[结论]通过比较地区农业产业竞争优势,提出发展地区产业特色,合理布局全域农业产业,提高农产品附加收益,稳固对结构优化的资金支持等对策建议。     

甘肃省农业产业结构优化的灰色关联分析

为了实现甘肃省农业产业结构的进一步优化,促进甘肃省农业经济的持续健康增长,通过灰色关联分析法,运用2010-2020年甘肃省农林牧渔总产值的相关统计数据,分析甘肃省农业总产值及其与各子产业产值间的关联度。得出以下结论,种植业与农业总产值、瓜果类与种植业总产值、油桐籽与林业总产值、奶类与牧业总产值的关联程度均为最高。基于此研究结论,提出了进一步优化甘肃省农业产业结构的建议,以期为甘肃省农业经济发展提供参考。     

湖北省农业产业结构调整对农民收入的影响研究

为了更好地探究湖北省农业产业结构调整对农民收入的影响,本文从经济总量的角度出发,将产业结构置于总量框架之内来研究产业结构的变化。通过选取湖北省1990-2016年农、林、牧、渔业各项总产值与农民人均纯收入,构建VAR模型研究农业产业结构调整对农民人均纯收入的影响。研究发现,随着农业产业结构的不断调整,农民人均收入受种植业的影响力度越来越小,受林业、牧业、渔业的影响力度逐渐上升。但从长期来看,农民人均收入依旧受种植业的影响最大,约为41.32%,受林业、牧业、渔业的影响程度分别为3.56%、1.16%、32.9%。并且湖北省林业、渔业对提升农民人均收入具有积极的促进作用,牧业对提升农民人均收入产生了质的变化,从最初的负向影响转变为后续的正向影响。     

基于偏离-份额分析法的山西省农业经济发展研究

目的 分析山西省农业经济增长、结构、竞争力优势度和区域农业资源配置现状及合理性,为乡村振兴产业动力发展提供参考。方法 文章以全国为参照,运用比较优势指数和Esteban-Marquillas偏离份额法拓展模型,综合探析山西省农业经济增长和产业结构现状。结果 （1） 2000—2019年山西农林牧渔业经济总量整体保持增长趋势,农林牧渔业经济增加值占GDP比重在波动中呈下降趋势,与全国同产业比值稳定在1.225%。（2）结构比例演变相对稳定,以种植业为主,牧业为辅,渔业林业比重低;结构调整以种植业略下降,林业略提升为主要特征。农作物以谷物、豆类、薯类具有比较优势,尤以谷子、胡麻籽、高粱、绿豆、红小豆比较优势明显,明显高于全国水平。（3）偏离效应分析显示：种植业规模增长明显,但结构、竞争力、资源配置均处于劣势;林业结构和资源配置合理,但规模小,不具竞争力;牧业发展规模、竞争力、资源配置优势均较好,但结构尚不合理;渔业产业规模小,增长优势不明显,结构发展程度低,竞争力差。（4）动态变化中份额分量演变高度一致,种植业和牧业呈现明显的正负交替和此消彼长态势。农业经济增长优势整体表现为由南向北依次减弱的趋势,各地区结构偏离效应均为负,份额和结构分量区域间差异较小;竞争和配置分量偏离效应空间分布复杂,差异较大。结论 与全国相比,研究期内山西农业经济增长趋势不明显,竞争力低于全国水平。其中种植业和牧业结构需要进一步优化,提高资源配置合理性;林业结构和资源基础好,但发展较晚,亟待提高竞争力;渔业规模小,发展程度尚低。不同地区之间的协同性较差,可通过优化结构和分工,提高区域协作能力。     

Price transmission between products at different stages of manufacturing in forest industries

The theory of demand and supply implies a positive relationship, or “price transmission” between the prices of products at different stages of manufacturing. This relationship was investigated with quarterly prices of softwood stumpage in the US South, and national prices of forest products, from 1977 to 2002. All prices, net of inflation, were found to be nonstationary and there was no evidence of co-integration between prices. Vector autogressive models, augmented by Granger causality tests and multiplier analysis showed that there was a one-to-one permanent positive response of the southern sawtimber stumpage price to a permanent change in the national lumber price. There was also a one-third permanent positive response of the national paper price to a permanent change in the national pulp price. There was no relation between regional pulpwood prices and national pulp or paper prices. When price transmission was significant, the full adjustment took about 2 years.     

Application of an ecosystem function framework to perceptions of community woodlands

Owners, local residents, government, and conservation organisations can express divergent preferences in the development and management of local woodlands. The perceptions of these four groups were examined, in the context of three community woodlands in Eastern England, using an ecosystem function framework. In a pilot study, residents were able to allocate a relative importance to woodland ecosystem services which were then related to “regulation”, “habitat”, and “production” or “information” functions. However residents also placed importance on negative services or “dis-services” associated with the woodland ecosystem. Therefore a fifth category of “dis-services” was included in the main survey which included 84 local residents, three woodland owners, three government institutions, and six representatives from conservation groups. Each of the four groups placed greatest importance on services associated with habitat (16–39% of the total importance) and information (30–50%) functions suggesting, in this example, mutual interest in the use of woodlands as a habitat or recreational resource. By contrast a potential area of difference was the particularly high importance placed by one owner on dis-services such as fly tipping. In addition the woodland owners placed higher importance (10–20%), than local residents and conservation groups (7–9%), on the productive services of the wood. This suggests a need for communication when production-related operations affect recreation. The ecosystem function framework appears to be a useful approach for highlighting potential tensions and areas of mutual interest in the management of semi-natural ecosystems.     

In Vino ‘No’ Veritas: impacts of fraud on wine imports in China

China is one of the largest wine importing countries in the world and is poised for continued import growth in the future. Increased wine purchases throughout China have given rise to persistent fraud where fake wines are packaged and sold with counterfeit contents and labels. For exporting countries like France, counterfeit wines displace market share, damage foreign brand reputation, and cause distrust in consumers who are aware of counterfeiting problems throughout the country. We examine the impact of fraudulent wine events (as measured by negative media reports) on Chinese wine demand differentiated by supplying country. We employ the Rotterdam demand system and a switching regression procedure to estimate import demand and compare results across different media variable specifications. Results consistently show that negative reports disproportionately affect French wine regardless of how the media variable is specified. This is not surprising because most fraudulent events involve French wine counterfeits.     

An evaluation framework for earthquake-responsive land administration

In recent years earthquakes and their secondary hazards have claimed the largest number of lives of all large natural disasters. Some of the world’s most earthquake-prone zones are also areas of high population density. The impact is magnified by vulnerability factors including non-enforcement of building codes, knowledge gaps, urban poverty and poor governance capacity to manage and reduce earthquake risks. Poor security of land tenure and property rights increases the vulnerability of people and affects their ability to respond to natural disasters.Earthquake recovery and reconstruction provides very significant challenges for land agencies, with these challenges differing from one country to the next due to differences in the local context. Drawing on contrasting case studies in Haiti, Nepal and New Zealand this paper identifies the common post-earthquake land administration functions and challenges that may apply to many contexts. These lessons provide land agencies and other key stakeholders with a summary of the challenges an earthquake poses for land administration at different post-disaster stages. We also discuss the policy and regulatory, institutional, operational and preparedness lessons for land administration. From these lessons we propose a framework for evaluating the earthquake-responsiveness of a land administration system. This framework can be used by a land agency in an earthquake prone region, or where an earthquake has recently occurred, to assess what challenges to land administration might occur in the event of an earthquake, and the preparedness of their land administration system.     

Agrarian Poverty,Nutrition and Economic Class – A Study of Gujarat,India

This paper analyses poverty and calorific undernourishment in the Indian state of Gujarat, where high and market‐led industrial growth has resulted in rapid economic improvement. The study is carried out through a combination of secondary and survey‐based data. We conclude that the neoliberal agenda of uncontrolled, outward‐looking growth has not resulted in significant reduction of poverty or malnourishment in rural areas. Furthermore, while land ownership is officially used as a proxy for wealth distribution, class position appears a better predictor of poverty status in the rural areas than landownership per se. At the policy level, there is a need to revive the agrarian economy and create new non‐agricultural assets, and the primary focus in the state must shift to the distribution of created assets rather than a single‐minded focus on growth.     

Does sustainable agricultural growth require a system of innovation? Evidence from Ghana and Burkina Faso

This paper tests the ‘systems of innovation’ hypothesis for a selection of crops in Ghana and Burkina Faso that have shown significant growth in production over an approximately 20-year period. The question is whether such growth can only occur if supported by a system of innovation. Using two indicators (a common understanding on objectives and priorities, and a high level of interactivity), we find little evidence for the existence of anything that might be considered a high functioning system of innovation.     

Local impacts of industrial tree plantations: An empirical analysis in Indonesia across plantation types

The values ascribed to industrial tree plantations are often controversial. Hence knowledge of their perceived impacts is important for improving their integration in rural landscapes. In 2016 we conducted household surveys with 606 respondents living in villages adjacent to acacia, teak and pine plantations across three islands in Indonesia (Java, Borneo, Sumatra). Results show that perceptions toward pine and teak plantations tend to differ from those toward acacia pulpwood plantations in several ways. Pine and teak plantations are perceived to have a higher number and variety of benefits and services, a higher number of positive impacts, a better environmental record, and to present more opportunities to local people for use of plantation land and products for improving rural livelihoods. In addition, we find that villagers around acacia pulpwood plantations tend to seek economic development and infrastructure to open up remote areas, yet their expectations were often only partially met. Recommendations from our analysis include: the role of the State in plantations must be clarified and potentially reinforced; the role of institutions as intermediaries is fundamental; and contributions by communities to design of management plans should be accommodated.     

土地学科的建设和发展——"土地学科发展规划研讨会"综述

中国土地科学学科发展已取得很大成就,表现为专业教育和人才培养成绩突出、初步形成学科体系、取得大批研究成果.而存在的问题主要是基础理论研究欠缺、独特的土地科学研究方法体系尚未形成、研究角度单一、学术交流质量不高和学科带头人的影响力不足.土地科学学科发展目前面临着巨大的机遇和挑战,应明确土地科学学科发展的基本思路、发展目标及2010-2020年的主要建设任务和保障措施.     

Upstream demand for water use by new tree plantations imposes externalities on downstream irrigated agriculture and wetlands*

Large‐scale tree plantations in high rainfall upstream areas can reduce fresh water inflows to river systems, thereby imposing external costs on downstream irrigation, stock and domestic water users and wetland interests. We take the novel approach of expressing all benefits and costs of establishing plantations in terms of $ per gigalitre (GL) of water removed annually from river flows, setting upstream demands on the same basis as downstream demands. For the Macquarie Valley, a New South Wales sub‐catchment of Australia’s Murray‐Darling Basin, we project changes in land and water use and changes in economic surpluses under two policy settings: without and with a policy requiring permanent water entitlements to be purchased from downstream parties, before plantation establishment. Without the policy, and given a high stumpage value for trees ($70/m³), upstream gains in economic surplus projected from expanding plantations are $639 million; balanced against $233 million in economic losses by downstream irrigators and stock and domestic water users for a net gain of $406 million, but 345 GL lower mean annual environmental flows. With the policy, smaller gains in upstream economic surplus from trees ($192 million), added to net downstream gains ($138 million) from sale of water, result in gains of $330 million with no reduction in environmental flows. Sustaining the 345 GL flow for a $76 million (406–330) reduction in gains to economic surplus may be seen to cost only $0.22 million/GL; but this is much lower than the market value of the first units of that water to agriculture and forestry.     

Malaria incidence and agricultural efficiency in Uganda

The cost of accessing healthcare can be a major determinant of disease prevalence, which in turn has short‐ and long‐term welfare implications on poor households. In response, governments in developing countries often resort to subsidizing the cost of drugs, which, while perhaps easier to administer, may not always be the most effective way of addressing healthcare cost. In this regard, we analyze the impact of different types of household level health expenses on disease incidence and agricultural production efficiency. We use data from the 2006 Uganda National Household Survey, which covered approximately 7,400 households. The results suggest that a 10% increase in consultation, medicine, and hospitalization expenses would reduce malaria incidence respectively by 35.6%, 20.5%, and 21.3 %, which translates into a 1.1%, 0.6%, and 0.6 % decrease in agricultural inefficiency, respectively. The results indicate that helping poor households meet expenses for consultation through subsidies or eliminating consultation fees has a larger impact on malaria incidence and agricultural productivity among poor rural households than subsidizing the cost of medical drugs, the most common avenue chosen by developing country governments in the fight against the disease.