“一带一路”背景下的中国大米外交策略

[目的]农业外交是一种古老的外交形式,也是一项崭新的研究议题。大米外交是农业外交的重要内容,"一带一路"建设为中国开展与沿线国家大米外交提供了新契机。研究大米外交的实施路径,有助于提高中国大米国际竞争力。[方法]研究以如何开展大米外交为研究对象,分析了中国开展大米外交面临的机遇及相应实施路径。[结果]中国实施"大米外交"战略面临重要机遇,如粮食外交已成为世界各国外交战略的重要形态。中国杂交水稻技术国际领先优势明显,大米是"一带一路"沿线部分国家的重要贸易产品,中国水稻生产可持续发展环境亟需改善。针对不同国家及地区具体情况,通过大米贸易、技术合作、农业投资、粮食援助等多种形式,积极实施差别化的"大米外交"战略。如对东南亚、南亚主要是增加大米进口和技术交流,对中亚、俄罗斯主要是增加农地投资和劳务输出,对东非、北非主要是增加大米援助和技术输出,对东亚、中东欧主要是增加粳米出口和技术引进等路径。[结论]文章提出了加强金融支持、创新合作模式、把握进口时机和增加种子出口等推进中国"大米外交"的政策建议。     

贯彻落实“十九大”精神，推进农业资源与环境学科建设进入新时代

[目的]贯彻落实"十九大"精神,推进农业资源与环境学科建设进入新时代。[方法]通过学习领会十九大报告的精神实质和丰富内涵,充分认识农业资源环境科技工作的新要求、新使命、新任务。深入分析加快建设创新型国家、实施乡村振兴战略、加快推进农业绿色发展的战略地位和时代意义,深入思考农业资源环境学科发展前沿、布局、评价与管理等战略问题,服务于农业绿色发展主战场,提出针对性措施,推进农业资源环境学科建设踏上新征程。[结果]加快建设创新性国家是新要求,加快实施乡村振兴战略是新使命,加快推进农业绿色发展是新任务。[结论]统筹部署,真抓实干,推动农业资源环境科学建设踏上新征程要做到探索和聚集科技前沿,分析和瞄准经济社会发展的科技需求,研究和总结科技发展规律的特点,规范评价标准并优化科研环境。     

乡村振兴战略背景下基于SWOT分析的山地烟区乡村旅游发展策略*——以巫山县鸳鸯烟叶科技示范区为例

[目的]乡村振兴战略背景下,通过农村产业融合发展,促进具备条件的乡村实现乡村旅游提质增效升级成为乡村旅游发展的重要内容。文章选取山地烟区典型区域重庆市巫山县鸳鸯烟叶科技示范区,研究其乡村旅游发展策略,以探索山地烟区依托现代烟草农业发展乡村旅游的途径。[方法]采用SWOT分析法从研究区内部条件的优化与整合,到外部环境政策与挑战的推动对其乡村旅游发展策略进行分析。[结果]现代烟草农业建设为研究区提供了较为完善的基础设施,加之国家乡村振兴战略的实施和烟草行业在新时期的历史使命,为山地烟区发展乡村旅游提供了巨大的发展机遇。结合研究区特点,提出了4种发展策略。[结论]在山地烟区发展以现代烟草农业为特色产业的乡村旅游过程中机遇与挑战并存,需注重以合理的规划突出山地特色,如完善功能区布局结构,进一步促进乡村旅游与烟叶产业融合,提高乡村旅游相关人员服务水平,加强生态建设与环境保护,以期实现山地烟区乡村旅游的可持续发展。     

国际食物消费可持续性研究进展

[目的]通过国际食物消费可持续性研究领域动态分析,为食物和可持续发展领域研究方向与趋势提供知识基础与借鉴。[方法]文章基于文献计量研究方法,通过趋势分析、合作网络、共被引和关键词共现等分析,对1986—2019年国际食物消费可持续性相关研究进行了总结。[结果]（1）近30多年来食物消费可持续性研究不断发展,尤其是近10年来,呈现快速发展趋势;研究主要集中在环境、食物、营养、农业和生态领域。（2）食物消费可持续性研究最多产的作者和机构位于美国和欧洲国家,中国是亚洲的一个重要节点,但研究总体仍有待进一步加强;联合国粮农组织（Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations,FAO）为食物消费领域与其他众多领域的研究构建了重要的桥梁;发表在Science和Nature期刊的相关研究成果是食物消费可持续性研究领域的重要基础。（3）食物消费可持续性研究的主题主要包括食物与农业系统可持续性、食物安全与营养健康质量和食物消费资源环境效应及可持续性评估三个方面。[结论]发展中国家和欠发达地区食物消费可持续性研究有待加强,同时食物消费可持续性...     

如何看待和支持农业科技创新

正"十四五"时期农业科技创新的业态、布局和产融结合模式将出现新的特点。农发行把农业科技摆在更加重要的位置,关键在于突破一些关键领域约束和机制障碍,全力支持农业科技现代化。"十四五"规划将创新置于现代化建设全局中的核心地位,把科技自立自强作为国家发展的战略支撑。农业现代化是国家现代化的基础和支撑,农业现代化的关键在于农业科技。"十四五"时期农业科技创新的业态、     

网络治理视角下农业科技创新发展的路径研究——基于农业试验示范站的实践分析

[目的]农业科技的广泛应用是农业现代化发展的重要标志,农业试验示范站是提升农业科技水平的重要手段。[方法]文章以杨凌农业科技示范推广模式的典型代表——试验示范站作为研究对象,借助网络治理理论研究我国农业技术推广模式的特征和经验,分析农业技术推广过程中涉及的多方主体的职能定位,构建农业技术推广治理网络,同时通过深入分析市场机制和宏观调控机制的作用机理和作用过程,研究各方利益相对主体的关系,为创新农业科技示范推广机制构建提供理论支持。[结果]从网络类型的视角看,试验示范站是政府推动、基层农技试验示范站具体操作实施的政府参与型的网络治理模式;从网络主体的视角看,以试验示范站为主体,联动政府相关部门、普通农户等各个主体在技术推广过程中的行为;从网络运行的视角来看,通过从网络治理的主体因素、关系因素和环境因素等方面分析影响杨凌农业试验示范站网络治理效果的一些具体因素。[结论]政府参与型的农业科技示范推广模式通过政府推动、基层农技试验示范站具体操作实施、普通农户参与落实等一系列的技术推广过程实现了农业科技创新发展,该模式是最有效的农业科技创新发展路径之一。     

基于多视角群组划分“一带一路”沿线重要节点国家农业合作研究

[目的]基于多视角开展"一带一路"沿线国家群组划分,提出"一带一路"农业国际合作重要战略节点国家,并探讨新冠肺炎疫情对重要战略节点国家与我国农业国际合作的影响,对进一步促进我国与"一带一路"沿线国家全面农业国际合作,打破农业国际合作瓶颈具有重要意义。[方法]文章通过地理位置、地缘政治、资源禀赋、农产品贸易等多个角度,结合引力模型和聚类分析法,对"一带一路"农业国际合作的重要战略节点国家进行分析。并从农产品贸易和投资两个角度探讨新冠肺炎疫情对重要战略节点国家和我国农业国际合作的影响。[结果]在"一带一路"沿线国家中,我国农业合作的重要战略节点国家按重要性划分为两个层次,第一层次为俄罗斯、哈萨克斯坦、波兰、缅甸、越南、泰国、巴基斯坦、埃及、印度尼西亚和马来西亚;第二层次为希腊、柬埔寨和老挝。新冠肺炎疫情对重要战略节点国家和我国的农业贸易、投资合作造成了不可忽略的影响。[结论]为进一步加强我国与"一带一路"重要战略节点国家农业国际合作,应在十九大提出的"六个坚持"理念指引下,从基础设施建设、资源禀赋、部门协调、共同抗疫四个方面,继续深化"一带一路"农业国际合作。     

21世纪我国农业科学技术发展趋势与展望

作者展望了世纪之交我国社会经济与农村发展的新形势,探讨了21世纪农业科学的特点和发展趋势,提出了人类即将进入知识社会,科学技术是推动农业现代化建设的强大动力,阐述了21世纪农业科学技术的发展趋势、发展重点、主要领域和战略思路;指出21世纪必将迎来一场新的农业科学技术革命,要以"新的农业科技革命"为契机,迎接跨世纪的历史机遇;以"新的农业科技革命"为导向,建设粮食安全与食物保障体系;以"新的农业科技革命"为动力,加快建设现代农业。     

农业跨国公司与农业国际化的双重影响

本文分析了农业跨国公司对农业国际化的推动作用及其对国际贸易不断增强的控制力,对农业跨国公司的全球布局策略和方法进行了分类分析,分析了农业跨国公司对农业国际化所产生的影响,负面影响主要体现在以不正当竞争方式损害农业国际贸易公平性、损害驻在国农业产业自主发展、跨国转嫁经营风险等。文章建议我国正确把握农业国际化的机遇与挑战,加快调整和完善农业产业发展战略,加快实施农业走出去战略,建立健全农业产业国际合作监督机制,大力提升农业企业竞争力。     

重庆市休闲农业发展的SWOT分析

[目的]分析休闲农业发展的优劣势、机遇及挑战,为明确重庆市休闲农业的未来发展方向提供有益参考。[方法]文章运用SWOT分析法对重庆市休闲农业发展过程中的优势、劣势、机遇及威胁进行深入分析,建立了重庆市休闲农业的发展战略矩阵。[结果]自然景观优美、民俗文化丰厚、交通便捷、客源较多及政策保障是重庆市发展休闲农业的优势和机会;而制度不健全,法规不完善,休闲景点规模小而分散,专业性人才缺乏以及周边城市竞争是重庆市发展休闲农业面临主要挑战和威胁。[结论]重庆市休闲农业SWOT分析得出相应战略矩阵以及4种战略,即SO战略、WO战略、ST战略和WT战略,由此提出田园农业旅游、民俗风情旅游、农家乐旅游、参与体验游等4个未来发展方向。     

联合国粮农组织在林业部门的分权管理经验

简要回顾了联合国粮农组织的分权管理经验。在粮农组织的技术支持下,布基纳法索和马里正在施行分权管理法律,因此这两个国家提供了范例。分析了政府的森林资源管理权下放所必备的专业知识、介入时机和介入策略。依据各种必备的条件和因素提出了相关对结论和建议。正是需要这些条件和因素才能确保森林资源分权管理更具可持续性,民众参与程度更高,政府责任心更强,且森林资源利益分配过程更为公平。文中还提供了如下信息:国际技术援助程序、如何帮助受援国将相关法律和法规转变为具体而新颖的制度安排,以及该领域中未来的工作要点等。     

从鱼翅贸易谈鲨鱼资源养护问题上的中国态度

我国及东南亚国家的鱼翅贸易在鲨鱼资源养护问题上备受攻击,甚至被认为是鲨鱼资源缩减的罪魁祸首。但事实上我国的近海鲨鱼捕捞并未形成产业,以兼捕为主,鱼翅也只是种类繁多的鲨鱼产品贸易中的平常一部分,妖魔化此产业对我国极其不利,也抹杀了我国在鲨鱼资源养护上所做出的巨大努力。我国一方面应联合东南亚国家积极争夺鲨鱼资源养护国际法制的话语权,为鱼翅产业及文化正名,另一方面也应进一步有效管理鲨鱼产业。     

Envisioning a global forest transition: Status,role, and implications

Satellite data-driven discoveries are fuelling the literature on forest transitions, particularly in quantifying slow, large-scale trends. Mather’s forest transition concept depicts the inflection point marking a change from decreasing to increasing forest area. This theory is being elucidated using satellite images of global forest cover from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration of the United States (NASA), the European Space Agency (ESA), and now from the FAO’s recently introduced geospatial monitoring platform SEPAL 2.1. Recently, a series of high profile papers have illuminated the concept of the forest transition using analysis of remote sensing-based forest cover images. Defined as an increase in global forest cover, analysis of satellite images over the past thirty years suggests that a global forest transition has occurred. However, satellite data provide less information about biodiversity and carbon sequestration outcomes in new forests. Incorporating other data sources on the quality of forest transitions offers the potential to develop better reforestation programs, address climate change goals and enhance other ecological and human benefits. This article presents a view on remote sensing, biodiversity, and carbon science that has changed the study of forest transitions, and an outline of anticipated and suggested science and policy directions.     

From “Green Hell” to “Amazonia Legal”: Land use models and the re-imagination of the rainforest as a new development frontier

Critical scholars have addressed land use models and related technologies by pointing to their epistemological underpinnings and the social consequences of visibilities and invisibilities induced by these instruments to different forms of governance. More recently, in addition to reaffirming the old dictum that the map is not the territory, some scholars have analyzed how land use models can shape perceptions, narratives and policy, and in this way “make” the territory and the state. In this study, we adopt the notion of sociotechnical imaginaries to highlight the role of land use models and basin-wide development schemes in the emergence of military developmentalism in the Brazilian Amazon. We show that earlier surveys of the Amazon were created in order to substantiate territorial claims and to guide the exploitation of natural rubber and other extractive resources. Mapping of the rivers as arteries with limited upland assessment implied a view of the Amazon as an immutable and invincible nature where resources were given as elements of natural landscapes. The approach of economic sectorial mapping that had dominated earlier surveys began to shift during and especially after World War II in an effort to imagine Amazonia as a separate and identifiable policy space which transformation would be possible with the application of development frameworks, such as the one derived from Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA). Likewise, experts from the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization played a key role in providing land use models and assessment that “proved” the economic viability of large-scale colonization projects. This article points out that the extensive occupation and ongoing destruction of the Amazon rainforest was also informed by US large-scale planning regimes infused with technoscientific approaches derived mostly from Global North scientific institutions. Those concepts underpinned imaginaries of an integrated region whose “planning surface” would be oriented by the idea of the “Legal Amazon”, subject to a technocratic, centralized and authoritarian style of developmentalism. In this way this paper shows how land use models are not mere representations of the territory but also carriers of sociotechnical imaginaries that coproduce radical changes in social and natural landscapes.     

Price transmission between products at different stages of manufacturing in forest industries

The theory of demand and supply implies a positive relationship, or “price transmission” between the prices of products at different stages of manufacturing. This relationship was investigated with quarterly prices of softwood stumpage in the US South, and national prices of forest products, from 1977 to 2002. All prices, net of inflation, were found to be nonstationary and there was no evidence of co-integration between prices. Vector autogressive models, augmented by Granger causality tests and multiplier analysis showed that there was a one-to-one permanent positive response of the southern sawtimber stumpage price to a permanent change in the national lumber price. There was also a one-third permanent positive response of the national paper price to a permanent change in the national pulp price. There was no relation between regional pulpwood prices and national pulp or paper prices. When price transmission was significant, the full adjustment took about 2 years.     

Application of an ecosystem function framework to perceptions of community woodlands

Owners, local residents, government, and conservation organisations can express divergent preferences in the development and management of local woodlands. The perceptions of these four groups were examined, in the context of three community woodlands in Eastern England, using an ecosystem function framework. In a pilot study, residents were able to allocate a relative importance to woodland ecosystem services which were then related to “regulation”, “habitat”, and “production” or “information” functions. However residents also placed importance on negative services or “dis-services” associated with the woodland ecosystem. Therefore a fifth category of “dis-services” was included in the main survey which included 84 local residents, three woodland owners, three government institutions, and six representatives from conservation groups. Each of the four groups placed greatest importance on services associated with habitat (16–39% of the total importance) and information (30–50%) functions suggesting, in this example, mutual interest in the use of woodlands as a habitat or recreational resource. By contrast a potential area of difference was the particularly high importance placed by one owner on dis-services such as fly tipping. In addition the woodland owners placed higher importance (10–20%), than local residents and conservation groups (7–9%), on the productive services of the wood. This suggests a need for communication when production-related operations affect recreation. The ecosystem function framework appears to be a useful approach for highlighting potential tensions and areas of mutual interest in the management of semi-natural ecosystems.     

In Vino ‘No’ Veritas: impacts of fraud on wine imports in China

China is one of the largest wine importing countries in the world and is poised for continued import growth in the future. Increased wine purchases throughout China have given rise to persistent fraud where fake wines are packaged and sold with counterfeit contents and labels. For exporting countries like France, counterfeit wines displace market share, damage foreign brand reputation, and cause distrust in consumers who are aware of counterfeiting problems throughout the country. We examine the impact of fraudulent wine events (as measured by negative media reports) on Chinese wine demand differentiated by supplying country. We employ the Rotterdam demand system and a switching regression procedure to estimate import demand and compare results across different media variable specifications. Results consistently show that negative reports disproportionately affect French wine regardless of how the media variable is specified. This is not surprising because most fraudulent events involve French wine counterfeits.     

An evaluation framework for earthquake-responsive land administration

In recent years earthquakes and their secondary hazards have claimed the largest number of lives of all large natural disasters. Some of the world’s most earthquake-prone zones are also areas of high population density. The impact is magnified by vulnerability factors including non-enforcement of building codes, knowledge gaps, urban poverty and poor governance capacity to manage and reduce earthquake risks. Poor security of land tenure and property rights increases the vulnerability of people and affects their ability to respond to natural disasters.Earthquake recovery and reconstruction provides very significant challenges for land agencies, with these challenges differing from one country to the next due to differences in the local context. Drawing on contrasting case studies in Haiti, Nepal and New Zealand this paper identifies the common post-earthquake land administration functions and challenges that may apply to many contexts. These lessons provide land agencies and other key stakeholders with a summary of the challenges an earthquake poses for land administration at different post-disaster stages. We also discuss the policy and regulatory, institutional, operational and preparedness lessons for land administration. From these lessons we propose a framework for evaluating the earthquake-responsiveness of a land administration system. This framework can be used by a land agency in an earthquake prone region, or where an earthquake has recently occurred, to assess what challenges to land administration might occur in the event of an earthquake, and the preparedness of their land administration system.     

Agrarian Poverty,Nutrition and Economic Class – A Study of Gujarat,India

This paper analyses poverty and calorific undernourishment in the Indian state of Gujarat, where high and market‐led industrial growth has resulted in rapid economic improvement. The study is carried out through a combination of secondary and survey‐based data. We conclude that the neoliberal agenda of uncontrolled, outward‐looking growth has not resulted in significant reduction of poverty or malnourishment in rural areas. Furthermore, while land ownership is officially used as a proxy for wealth distribution, class position appears a better predictor of poverty status in the rural areas than landownership per se. At the policy level, there is a need to revive the agrarian economy and create new non‐agricultural assets, and the primary focus in the state must shift to the distribution of created assets rather than a single‐minded focus on growth.     

Does sustainable agricultural growth require a system of innovation? Evidence from Ghana and Burkina Faso

This paper tests the ‘systems of innovation’ hypothesis for a selection of crops in Ghana and Burkina Faso that have shown significant growth in production over an approximately 20-year period. The question is whether such growth can only occur if supported by a system of innovation. Using two indicators (a common understanding on objectives and priorities, and a high level of interactivity), we find little evidence for the existence of anything that might be considered a high functioning system of innovation.