股权结构、多元化与公司绩效关系的研究

本文系统收集整理了2002～2004年887家A股上市公司的行业收入构成和相关财务数据,研究多元化与公司绩效的关系,并基于代理成本理论,研究股权结构对多元化与公司绩效关系的影响,以探讨多元化损害或提高公司绩效的原因。研究发现：第一,总体上,多元化损害了公司绩效,并且多元化程度越高,公司绩效越差;第二,多元化对公司绩效的影响程度与多元化相关性有关;第三,多元化对公司绩效的影响程度与控股股东股权性质无关,与控股股东持股比例有关。本文认为,代理问题是导致多元化损害公司绩效的原因。     

薪酬敏感度影响因素实证分析 ——以我国制造业上市公司为例

经理人薪酬是公司治理的重要议题之一,亦为学术界热衷讨论的课题.有别于以往文献对经理人薪酬研究多侧重于不同薪酬结构对提升公司经营绩效与股东财富的影响或国家持股率与企业价值的关系,通过整合经理人薪酬、国家持股与公司绩效相关研究,利用2009—2017年我国制造业上市公司数据,探讨高级经理人薪酬是否与国家持股比率相关,以及股权分置改革后是否采用相对绩效评估,并进一步将样本公司按国家持股比率进行分组,以差异中之差异法(Difference In Difference,DID)探讨不同国家持股比率对薪酬结构的影响.研究结果显示,制造业上市公司高级经理人薪酬与国家持股比率显著相关,且对高级经理人薪酬采用了相对绩效评估.同时还发现,高级经理人薪酬对公司经营绩效的敏感度因国家持股比率不同呈现显著差异:国家持股比例越高,薪酬对绩效的敏感性越强.     

控股股东股权质押与员工持股计划“工具化”——基于A股上市公司的实证研究

自2014年《关于上市公司实施员工持股计划试点的指导意见》颁布以来,受到资本市场的广泛关注和支持,实施员工持股计划的公司逐渐增加。与此同时,控股股东股权质押可能引起的控制权转移风险也成为需要重点关注的问题。那么,有质押的控股股东是否会策略性地利用员工持股计划来缓解风险？本文利用2013—2018年A股上市公司的样本,考察控股股东质押对员工持股计划的影响。研究发现:前期控股股东有股权质押、质押率越高的公司随后推行员工持股计划的可能性越大,该效应随着控制权转移风险的提高而增大;控股股东股权质押的员工持股计划进行短期市值管理是有效的,但并未显著提升公司长期价值,提示控股股东存在借其进行内部人利益绑定和市值管理的动机;进一步研究表明,公司内部治理机制对控股股东股权质押下推行员工持股计划的效果有限。     

基金公司治理结构是否影响基金绩效

本文通过构建多元回归模型,研究基金管理公司股权结构对其所辖基金的绩效所产生的影响.研究表明,股东数、大股东持股比例、大股东控制力、金融类股东持股比例可以对基金绩效产生正面影响.为达到基金收益最大化,需建立"5～6名股东构成股东会、第一大股东绝对控股、金融类法人高度参股"的最优股权结构.     

我国上市商业银行治理绩效的实证研究——来自沪深两市的经验证据

本文使用我国沪深两市14家上市商业银行作为研究样本,使用其2007年度财务报告数据,运用最小二乘估计（OLS）方法,从股东、董事会和高级管理层这三个维度出发,对公司治理与经营绩效（ROA、NPL）之间的关系进行了实证分析。结果表明,国家控股、股权集中度和战略投资者对银行公司治理绩效不存在显著影响;内部执行董事比例、高管薪酬与其经营绩效负相关;而高管持股和经营绩效则存在正相关关系。     

境外股东持股对我国商业银行经营绩效的影响研究

境外战略投资者的引入是否能够实质性地改善我国商业银行的公司治理从而提升经营绩效,这是我国银行业对外开放以来备受实务界、政策层和学术界广泛关注的重要课题。本文运用我国银行业33家上市或非上市商业银行在1998~2010年间的面板数据,实证研究境外股东持股如何影响我国商业银行的经营绩效。同时采用资产收益率和不良贷款率来度量经营绩效,并在控制了其他公司层面因素的影响后发现,境外股东的引入显著地改善我国商业银行的公司治理效力,提升经营绩效,表现为资产收益率的显著上升和不良贷款率的显著下降。根据实证研究结果,本文提出了有针对性的政策建议。     

机构投资者独立性对代理成本的影响

本文以2006~2009年沪深两市A股上市公司为样本,在根据投资目标对机构投资者进行类型划分的基础上,探讨了机构投资者独立性对代理成本的影响。研究发现,独立机构持股比例越高,公司管理层代理成本和控股股东代理成本越低,而非独立机构持股对两类代理成本影响有限。在进一步考虑了控股股东持股比例的影响后,发现独立机构持股在控股股东偏好控制权私有收益的情况下更能降低管理层代理成本,表明在此情况下,独立机构对管理层自利行为有更大的监督作用。     

股权结构、公司治理与公司绩效——基于家电行业上市公司的实证研究

本文以权力制衡理论和委托代理理论为基础,探讨了股权结构与公司绩效的关系,以国内市场竞争程度最高的家电业上市公司为对象,比较"上证180指数"股样本进行了实证分析。结果表明,第一大股东的持股比例、股权集中度以及独立的次要股东的存在均与公司经营绩效正相关。该研究有助于我国形成合理的公司治理结构和完善的现代企业制度。     

中国上市公司多元化动因的理论与实证分析

许多研究表明,多元化经营损害公司绩效。既然如此,企业实施经营多元化的动因何在？本文筛选2002-2005年间39家“由专业化扩张为多元化的公司”作为研究样本,并选择39家在研究期间“保持专业化经营的公司”作为配对样本,基于代理理论和过度自信理论,对公司财务特征及其公司治理特征与企业多元化扩张行为的关系进行理论与实证分析,以探讨我国上市公司多元化的动因。研究结果支持代理理论,表明多元化是管理者或控股股东牟取私利的重要方式之一。     

我国大股东控制权与公司股权结构的合理性探析-以非上市C公司为例

大股东是指在公司股权结构中,拥有半数以上的有表决权的股东,也称为绝对控股股东,随着公司股权的分散化,持股未达到半数以上的相对控股股东也能有效地控制公司董事会及公司的经营行为.我国《公司法》将控制权赋予大股东,并实行一股一票和简单多数通过的原则,第一大股东,无论是绝对控股,还是相对控股,其在股东大会上对公司的重大决策及在选举董事上实质上都拥有绝对的控制权,这一现象也被实践所证实.     

基于代理理论的经营多元化对企业业绩的影响研究

基于中国制造业上市公司2003～2009年的财务数据,讨论多元化经营和企业内部代理对企业业绩的影响,结果表明:多元化经营对企业业绩具有负向影响,股东与管理层之间的代理成本、经理层之间的代理成本对企业的业绩具有显著的负向影响,控股股东与中小股东之间的代理问题对企业业绩不具有负向影响;多元化经营导致企业股东与管理层之间代理成本增加,同时使得控股股东与中小股东之间的代理成本减少。     

Trading-off Corporate Control and Personal Diversification through Capital Structure and Merger Activity

Abstract:  In this study we use direct estimates of the portfolio diversification of the largest shareholder in a firm to study the impact of shareholder diversification on the firm. For firms where the controlling shareholder is an individual, our tests indicate that the owner-managers use debt, dual class shares and corporate control transactions (merger activity) to strategically trade off corporate control and the drawback of poor portfolio diversification. However, for firms where the controlling shareholder is an institution, our results indicate that control but not diversification is important.     

MANAGERIAL INCENTIVES AND CORPORATE DIVERSIFICATION STRATEGIES

Because the break-up of conglomerates typically produces substantial increases in shareholder wealth, many commentators have argued that the conglomerate form of organization is inefficient. This article reports the findings of a number of recent academic studies, including the authors' own, that examine the causes and consequences of corporate diversification. Although theoretical arguments suggest that corporate diversification can have benefits as well as costs, several studies have documented that diversified firms trade at a significant discount from their single-segment peers. Estimates of this discount range from 10–15% of firm value, and are larger for “unrelated” diversification than for “related” diversification. If corporate diversification has generally been a value-reducing managerial strategy, why do firms remain diversified? One possibility, which the authors label the “agency cost” hypothesis, is that top executives without substantial equity stakes may have incentives to maintain a diversification strategy even if doing so reduces shareholder wealth. But, as top managers' ownership stakes increase, they bear a greater fraction of the costs associated with value-reducing policies and are therefore less likely to take actions that reduce shareholder wealth. Also, to the extent that outside blockholders monitor managerial behavior, the agency cost hypothesis predicts that diversification will be less prevalent in firms with large outside blockholders. Consistent with this argument, the authors find that companies in which managers own a significant fraction of the firm's shares, and in which blockholders own a large fraction of shares, are significantly less likely to be diversified. If agency problems lead managers to maintain value-reducing diversification strategies, what is it that leads some of these same firms to refocus? The agency cost hypothesis predicts that managers will reduce diversification only if pressured to do so by internal or external mechanisms that reduce agency problems. Consistent with this argument, the authors find that decreases in diversification appear to be precipitated by market disciplinary forces such as block purchases, acquisition attempts, and management turnover.     

Corporate governance,shareholder rights and firm diversification: An empirical analysis

Grounded in agency theory, this study investigates how the strength of shareholder rights influences the extent of firm diversification and the excess value attributable to diversification. The empirical evidence reveals that the strength of shareholder rights is inversely related to the probability to diversify. Furthermore, firms where shareholder rights are more suppressed by restrictive corporate governance suffer a deeper diversification discount. Specifically, we document a 1.1–1.4% decline in firm value for each additional governance provision imposed on shareholders. An explicit distinction is made between global and industrial diversification. Our results support agency theory as an explanation for the value reduction in diversified firms. The evidence in favor of agency theory appears to be more pronounced for industrial diversification than for global diversification.     

中小股东仅能“搭便车”么?——来自深交所社会公众股东网络投票的经验证据

本文利用深交所的社会公众股东网络投票数据,研究了中小股东参与网络投票与公司决策的影响因素和经济后果。结果表明,大股东代理问题严重、机构投资者持股比例较高的公司,中小股东的网络投票参与率较高;中小股东的网络投票参与率与公司股票异常回报正相关,并且这种关系随着大股东代理问题的严重程度而增强。与小股东利益更为相关的股权分置改革提案中,中小股东投票参与率更高,并且这种更高的投票参与率在股权分置改革提案中能为中小股东增进财富。     

Governance and Performance Implications of Diversification Strategies: Evidence from Large U.S. Firms

Recent research focuses on explaining the diversification discount. However, there is little direct evidence regarding the relation among ownership structure, corporate governance, and corporate diversification. The results in this paper suggest that agency issues do not account for firms adopting a particular diversification strategy. Also, the performance consequences of the shift in the diversification strategy and the subsequent changes in institutional and block ownership structures are not related to agency issues. In fact, investors seem not to avoid diversified firms per se. We suggest that observed board and ownership differences between diversified and focused firms are due to their being at different stages of corporate evolution.     

从公司治理角度分析"股利税"的改革方向

股利在公司治理中具有重要作用,股利税的不同设计对企业公司治理有重要影响。为有效利用税法完善企业的公司治理,建议对个人的股利所得适用较低税率的"双重征税"形式,以减少企业派发股利的税收成本,缓减"自由现金流"代理问题,同时发挥债权人和机构投资者的治理优势;对于公司间股利所得,按持股比例规定适用税率,以减少集团企业控制权与现金权分离的程度,缓解控股股东与中小股东的代理问题。     

Reputation as a governance mechanism? Evidence from payout policy of insider‐controlled firms in Taiwan

This paper examines the effect of entrenched insiders’ reputational concerns on corporate payout policy in Taiwan, a market in which typical public firms are controlled by a single dominant shareholder who is subject to weak takeover threats and has incentives and abilities to extract private benefits by oppressing minority equity holders. The reputation‐building hypothesis predicts that firms with higher expropriation risk by a controlling shareholder make more payouts to credibly commit not to expropriate minority shareholders, thereby establishing reputation in the capital market for risk diversification and low‐cost external financing. I show that corporate payout intensity is significantly and positively correlated with measures related to the moral hazard of dominant owners. The reputation effect manifests in firms that most value it; the interaction analyses indicate that younger, smaller, or growth firms with higher controlling shareholder expropriation risk pay more cash dividends. Moreover, firms are less likely to omit dividends and more likely to resume dividends when their controlling shareholders are more entrenched. Finally, I show that the value of cash dividends is higher for firms with higher controlling shareholder expropriation risk and that expected dividend increases in these firms are value enhancing.     

大股东占款与上市公司盈利能力关系研究

大股东占款是我国上市公司治理亟待解决的问题之一。本文以1998—2003年的非金融类上市公司为样本,以大股东占款为研究对象,检验了上市公司盈利能力对大股东占款行为的影响。研究发现,上市公司上年盈利能力水平不同,大股东的占款行为不同。当以上市公司的主营业务利润为基础的总资产利润率(CROA)小于-3.14%时,大股东占款与上市公司盈利能力正相关,表现出大股东的资金掏空行为;当上市公司的CROA介于-3.14%~42.76%区间内时,大股东占款与上市公司盈利能力负相关,表现出大股东的资金支持行为;当上市公司的CROA高于42.76%时,大股东占款随着上市公司盈利能力的提高而增加,表现出大股东的资金掏空行为。