Voting Paradoxes and MCDM

Many, if not most, problems in group decision making can be translated into MCDM problems by substituting criteria for voters. Yet, there has been very little discussion about the implications of various types of voting paradoxes to MCDM. The classic voting paradoxes, viz. Borda's and Condorcet's, have obvious implications for certain MCDM situations. The latter implies that the notion of the best alternative, given a set of criteria and information about the ordinal ranking of the alternatives on those criteria, can be essentially arbitrary. The former, in turn, demonstrates a particularly clear case of conflict between reasonable intuitions. Completely unexplored are implications of compound majority paradoxes to MCDM. The paper deals with Ostrogorski's and Anscombe's paradoxes which result from non-bisymmetry and non-associativity of the majority relation. Moreover, we shall discuss the implications of paradox of multiple elections which is a situation where the result of multiple-item election may be a policy alternative that nobody voted for.     

The Manipulation of Voting Systems

In this paper we consider several ways in which voting systems can be manipulated and we pose some related ethical questions. Our focus is on the recent phenomenon of vote trading or vote swapping that was invented in 2000 and used in the 2000 and 2004 U.S. Presidential elections. Vote trading is an Internet-based technique that sought to allow Democrats in heavily Republican states (like Texas) to effectively vote in swing states (like Florida), where their votes would have more impact. We also look at some other new ways that voting systems can be manipulated and we consider the general question of whether there exist voting systems that cannot be manipulated. David Hartvigsen is a professor in the Management Department of the Mendoza College of Business at the University of Notre Dame. He has a Ph.D. in Mathematics from Carnegie Mellon University and his research is in the areas of Operations Research, Optimization, and Algorithms.     

Reforming the IMF's Weighted Voting System

This paper surveys various proposals to reform the IMF's quota determination process and voting regime. We first provide some necessary context by describing IMF decision rules, including the methods by which the Fund determines quotas according to countries’ relative positions in the world economy. This section also addresses the arbitrariness of the IMF quota determination process and how IMF decision rules hamper developing country influence within the Fund. Following this, we review several proposals designed to provide developing countries greater voice in IMF decision‐making. We conclude that the problems of developing country representation are not likely to be fixed by either reallocating quotas on the margins of the existing IMF system or by tinkering with the quota‐determination formulas. Rather, more fundamental institutional adjustments will be required.     

电子选举中安全技术的应用

在选举过程中保护投票者的匿名性、选票内容的保密性和计票的公正性是设计安全电子选举系统的核心技术。本文综述了电子选举系统的基本实现,指出了电子选举的基本和更高安全需求,介绍并分析了几种安全技术及其在电子选举系统中的应用。     

On the Kim and Roush Voting Procedure

We study in this paper some features of a new voting rule recently proposed by K.H. Kim and F.W. Roush. The (conjectural) optimality of this voting rule with respect to statistical manipulability by coalitions is discussed under two alternative probabilistic assumptions, namely the impartial culture condition (IC) and the impartial anonymous culture condition (IAC). We also analyze the ability of Kim and Roush procedure to fulfil the Condorcet conditions. Some representations of its Condorcet efficiency in three-alternative elections are obtained.     

New Voting Correspondences Obtained from a Distance-Based Framework

We focus on voting methods that can be described from the information contained in the paired comparison matrix, trying to minimize some type of distance with respect to unanimously good situations. In this context, we obtain a new Voting Correspondence family and, to a certain extent, a new voting method belonging to it, called the Lexicographic MaxMin, and we analyze them with respect to some individual rationality properties like Monotonicity and Participation.     

Collective Decisional Skill and Decisive Voting Games - Some Results

The paper discusses various representations of collective decisional skill which are useful in the evaluation of decision structures. The recursion formulas we give here and the use of the concepts of majority deficiency as well as majority and unanimity games present expedient approaches in analyzing collective competence. Using the simple majority system as benchmark, applications to certain hierarchic decision structures are presented. The resulting inequalities dealing with collective decisional skills of hierarchic systems are an improvement of previous published results.     

累积投票制的博弈性及其解决方法

累积投票制度因具备一个完整的博弈构成要件 (即 ,博弈方、策略空间和支付结构 ) ,具有博弈性。累积投票博弈性的特点有 :累积投票主要是非合作博弈、也可能是合作博弈 ,累积投票是静态博弈、有限策略博弈和非零和博弈。为了减少累积投票的博弈效果 ,鼓励合作博弈 ,可以采取立法手段、分类董事会、缩小董事会规模和购买表决权无效原则等方法。     

美国众议院对自由贸易协议的态度:一个实证研究

运用贸易政策的政治经济学方法实证研究美国众议院对美国区域性自由贸易协议的态度及其决定因素.研究表明,众议员投票时体现的对自由贸易协议的态度与众议员的政党属性、收取的捐款、所在选区的行业分布等因素密切相关,共和党众议员比民主党众议员更支持自由贸易协议,收取工会组织捐款越多的众议员,越倾向于反对自由贸易协议,来自农业州的众议员更有可能支持自由贸易协议.     

Voting decision-making of low-income consumers: Literature review and research agenda

This review article examines why and how low-income voters decide to vote for a political candidate. A total of 163 articles in the last 80 years (1944–2023) have been identified through a systematic literature review. Thereafter, the fragmented literature has been organized using a fusion of 3W1H and TCCM (Theory, context, characteristics, and method) frameworks to obtain a comprehensive overview of the low-income voters' behaviour. Accordingly, the study has explained the voting contexts of poor consumers. Besides, the fundamental theories and methods employed in this research domain have been identified. This study revealed three characteristics of ‘voting choice’ of low-income consumers (group identity, communication characteristics, and political environment characteristics) that have been further classified under several sub-themes. This review article pioneers to provide an integrated and organized analysis of the literature on the voting behaviour of low-income consumers, highlighting critical research gaps in theories, contexts, methods, and antecedents that future researchers can examine to extend the discourse in this realm.     

Voting patterns of big eight representatives in setting accounting and auditing standards

The “Big Eight” accounting firms are alleged to dominate the setting of accounting and auditing standards. This paper identifies the recent criticisms and reviews the standard setting procedures of the APB, FASB, and the ASB. The results of five empirical studies designed to investigate the alleged domination issue are summarized. The conclusion drawn is that there is no empirical evidence to indicate that the Big Eight collectively govern the accounting and auditing standard-setting process.     

The Association Between Vertical Equity and Presidential Voting Behavior and Taxpayers’ Compliance

Journal of Business Ethics - Since taking office, the President of the United States has consistently refused to make his tax returns available for public scrutiny. In so doing, he has broken with...     

Dumping and Subsidy Cases at the ITC: Voting Discretion and Commissioner Attributes

Every year, the United States evaluates the protection of intellectual property rights in foreign markets in the context of its Special 301 review. U.S. trading partners that are found to provide inadequate protection are designated as priority countries. This article quantifies the increase in U.S. receipts of royalties and license fees from countries after they were designated as Special 301 priorities, using an econometric model of U.S. royalty receipts from 33 countries over the period 2001–2008. The priority designations between 2001 and 2007 are associated with a cumulative $5.4 billion increase in annual U.S. royalty receipts.     

股东大会表决机制的嬗变及法理分析

在公司发展史上,适应不同的历史背景和法理基础,股东大会表决机制经历了从"一致同意"到"多数决",从"人头多数决"到"资本多数决",从"绝对资本多数决"到"相对资本多数决"的更迭过程。从股东大会表决机制的嬗变可以看出现代公司法的指导原则和发展趋势是向更大的平等性迈进,在坚持资本多数决原则的基础上日益注重平衡多数股东和少数股东间的利益,强调对少数股东的公平保护。     

Voting for pollution policy: the importance of income inequality and openness to trade

This paper analyzes how openness and the distribution of factor ownership interact to determine individual and aggregate demand for pollution policy. Analysis of voter preferences in autarky shows that an increased stake in either the dirty or the clean industry can induce an individual voter to prefer stricter environmental policy. Similarly, the paper shows that poorer voters may be the greener voters within an electorate. The model also reveals that the incidence of pollution policy depends upon a country’s trade regime, with consequences for the direction in which income inequality influences aggregate demand for pollution policy.