“稻-鸭-鱼”综合种养模式试验初报

正"稻-鸭-鱼"综合种养模式是在传统"稻-鸭"共作的基础上,增加了鱼作为经济品种,充分发挥稻田的生产潜能,实现水稻生产的可持续发展和养殖业生态化发展的一种循环立体种养模式。在这种模式下,传统水稻生产依赖农药、化肥、除草剂等与现代农业发展相冲突的矛盾被鸭和鱼在食物链上的增益作用极大化地     

稻田养鸭效益好

金坛市社头镇社头村的几十户农民说到今年种植的水稻,个个开心不已,水稻田里套养了鸭子后,产生了一连串的综合经济效益。 8月上旬的一天,笔者赶到这方150多亩的稻鸭共作的田头,远远望去水稻长势特好。站在田头,只见稻田里没有一根草丝,穿溜不息的鸭子,将稻稞耘耥得清清爽爽。     

桓仁县鸭稻共作生产模式及其效益分析

本文以辽宁省桓仁县鸭稻共作生产模式为研究对象,阐述了鸭稻共作的作业流程,生产模式的生态结构,并对鸭稻共作效益加以分析,表明"稻鸭共作"生产模式在水稻生产中,能带来较大经济效益、生态效益和社会效益,具有显著优势。     

水稻清洁安全生产技术

技术概述：在水稻产地环境质量背景评价和水稻优质清洁安全生产合理区划的基础上，通过水稻栽培方式合理布局、生长发育诊断指标精确调控、氮高效品种筛选利用、秸秆还田、优质降污施肥、病虫草害高效清洁防除、稻鸭（渔）共作复合生态种养等措施或技术应用，实现水稻清洁安全生产的一项综合配套技术体系。     

稻鸭生态种养技术

稻田生态种养技术对提高水稻生产效率．增加稻农收入发挥了积极作用。湖南省近年试验示范推广的安全卫生优质食用稻米生产技术（采用稻鸭生态种养＋频振式诱蛾灯＋沼气肥模式。简称天灯地鸭沼渣）,推广前景十分看好。鸭子为水稻除草、治虫、中耕、施肥;频振式诱蛾灯诱杀成虫．减少虫口基数;     

“惠泉”有机稻米生产技术及品牌发展探讨

南京汤农农业种植专业合作社"惠泉"有机稻米的生产过程完全采用自然农耕法种植。整个生产基地每年只种植一季水稻,冬闲时套种绿肥,以改良土壤、培肥地力,为有机稻米提供主要营养来源。在水稻生产整个过程中,只施用有机肥料,不使用化学肥料、农药和植物生长调节剂,采用稻鸭共作技术,起到除杂草、灭病虫、补肥料的多重功效。生产基地设置灯光诱杀虫害,有效降低了害虫发生基数。分析了种植绿肥、稻鸭共作、施用有机肥和灯光诱杀的作用。     

俗谚所论的吴中传统稻作技艺

以苏州为中心的太湖流域自古就是我国重要的水稻生产基地，在漫长的生产、生活实践中，当地农民积累了丰富的耕作技术和经验，由此也形成了大量反映区域水稻耕作技艺的谚语、口谣和传说.本文主要从农谚着手，对苏州地区的传统稻作技艺作了简要的回顾和分析，并就现代生态农业发展的长远利益出发，对这一农业文化遗产作了进一步的思考。     

稻鸭共育新技术

稻鸭共育新技术是以水田为基础，以种优质稻为中心．家鸭野养为特点的自然生态与人工干预相结合的复合生态系统。这个系统可以形成良性循环．达到稻鸭双丰收、环境优美的效果。主要表现在：一是与传统的大群体稻田放鸭不同，稻鸭共育共生是以大田畈、小群体、少饲喂野养为特色的；二是要选择适宜的水稻、鸭品种，培育适合稻田养殖的健壮雏鸭技术．合理运筹和调控肥水，做好稻田病、虫、草生物与生态防治技术等；     

黑龙江五常:“生态耕作”养地富农

正近日,黑龙江省五常市田稻翁有机水稻生产基地的近3000亩稻田陆续投放了数千只雏鸭,数以千计的河蟹也相继"下田"。该基地近年尝试"生态耕作",发展鸭稻蟹田,使稻农每公顷比普通稻田增收4000余元。图为:7月5日,田稻翁有机水稻生产基地种植户王会恩在展示投放的河蟹。     

稻鸭共生技术中鸭的饲养管理

稻鸭共生生产技术就是在秧栽插活棵后,将雏鸭放入稻田,营造动植物之间共生的良好环境。鸭子为水稻除虫、除草、施肥、中耕、刺激生长,稻田为鸭子提供劳作、生活、休息的场所,两者相互依赖、相得益彰。达到节省养鸭饲料,提高鸭肉品质。减少或不使用有机化肥和农药,降低生产成本,生产出无公害、无农药残留的安全优质大米和鸭肉的目的。     

Inefficiency of manual weeding in rainfed rice systems affected by parasitic weeds

Manual weeding is the predominant weed control practice and the most labor‐consuming activity in smallholder, rainfed rice systems in sub‐Saharan Africa. This study investigates the technical inefficiency of weeding labor, other labor, and overall inputs, and identifies sources of technical inefficiency of weeding labor in the context of parasitic weed infestation. The analysis applies a two‐stage approach. First, a directional input distance function DEA approach was used to compute input‐specific technical inefficiencies. Second, sources of technical inefficiency of weeding labor were identified using a truncated bootstrap regression. Data from 406 randomly selected smallholder farmers from Benin (n = 215) and Côte d'Ivoire (n = 191) were used. The technical inefficiency of weeding labor was high in both countries (58% in Côte d'Ivoire and 69% in Benin). This implies that a substantial fraction of weeding labor could be saved without reducing rice productivity or increasing the use of other inputs. A decrease in the technical inefficiency of weeding labor with an increase in production scale was observed. In addition, weeding regime and education level were each associated to significant changes in the technical inefficiency of weeding labor.     

近世日本传统暖地稻作技术研究:兼与清代中国的比较

近世日本的传统暖地稻作技术(1)是为应对暖地气候条件及土壤环境而诞生的一种特色水稻栽培方法。其中,"稀播疏植"核心技术的实施有效缓解了暖地气候所带来的秧苗徒长、过繁茂化等问题;合理排灌、高肥栽培、综合防治等配套技术的应用有效确保了稻田的水肥供给和虫害防治的效果;而暗渠排水、干鰯肥田、鲸鱼油防虫等措施则极具日本地方特色。从技术的实施效果来看,传统暖地稻作技术实现了水稻的稳定高产和瘦田增收,对于当代农业生产依然具有十分重要的生态价值和借鉴意义。通过与同时期清代中国的比较发现,日中两国在水稻用种、插秧规格、稻田灌溉等方面的做法较为相似,即两国都主张通过"稀播疏植,精细管理"的方式来发展稻作生产。基于比较结论和种种史实,我们推测日本这一技术的形成在很大程度上应是受到清代中国的影响。     

Rice productivity improvement in Cambodia through the application of technical recommendation in a farmer field school

Innovation in rice (Oryza sativa) productivity improvement is a major goal for rice research. However, many studies have tended to analyse the various factors that affect productivity separately, while farmers invest their scare resources in farm inputs that impact on multiple factors in the real farm. This study assessed the effectiveness of integrated pest management practised during farmer field school (FFS) training in Cambodia on the production efficiencies, yields and profitability of rice farming. In total, 270 FFSs on rice cultivated in the early wet, wet and dry seasons were randomly selected from three provinces in 3 years to analyse the production practices and productivity using six cost-related factors: seed, planting methods, field management, fertilizer use, pesticide application and harvesting. It was found that yields and profits were significantly higher with the technically recommended practices (TRs) than with traditional farmer practices (FPs). However, the reverse was true for production costs due to the overuse of seed and pesticides in FP, neither of which are correlated with yield increase for both FP and TR. Thus, the FFS approach is a knowledge-intensive field management tool that enables the rational use of farm inputs and that is expected to be highly effective for sustainable rice production improvement.     

四川省水稻产投特征变迁及技术进步对单产的影响

[目的]了解四川水稻产投特征和技术进步对单产的影响,促进水稻可持续生产。[方法]分析了改革开放以来四川省水稻产投特征和技术特征变动,并基于索洛余值法测算了1980~2015年四川省科技进步对水稻单产的贡献情况。[结果](1)全省水稻单产水平及物质与服务费用投入均呈现波动增长趋势,人工投入逐年递减,但人工成本在生产成本中的比重较大;(2)四川省水稻品种选育、栽培管理技术、推广技术、稻作经营方式和农业政策不断变迁,更适应当前以普通家庭生产和新型经营主体共同发展的局面对技术的需求;(3)整体来看,近36年技术进步对四川省水稻单产水平提高的贡献率较低,生产经营较为粗放;(4)分时期看,2005年前,技术进步对全省水稻单产水平提高的贡献率较高,但之后尤其是近5年,技术进步并未对水稻单产水平提高产生影响,要素投入是水稻单产水平提升的主要因素。[结论]提出了加强科技研发及投入水平、"一主多元"联合推广、生产管理技术培训和丘区节本增效生产的政策建议。     

WATER MANAGEMENT AND TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE: VILLAGE DAMS IN SRI LANKA

This paper studies the intertemporal allocation of monsoonal water storage in village dam-based irrigation systems in the Dry Zone of Sri Lanka. The traditional water management practices observed in these villages are based on common property access and serve to minimise social conflict over water rights. They are also acceptably efficient in economic terms, given the water demands of the traditional rice production technology. Adoption of high-yielding variety (HYV) rice technology produces a dramatic increase in rice output, but the traditional water-management practices then become less efficient. The paper demonstrates a method for determining the nature of an efficient water-management system and for estimating the economic magnitude of the inefficiency arising from the traditional practices. In the case study, efficient water management increases the gains available from HYV adoption by a further one fourth.     

酸肉的营养价值及安全性研究

中国传统酸肉是以新鲜猪肉为原料,加入米粉、盐等调味品,在自然状态下利用微生物进行厌氧发酵而成的一类乳酸细菌型发酵肉制品。主要介绍了传统酸肉的生产现状及加工工艺,对其营养价值和安全性进行了分析。     

中国水稻生产与化肥施用的脱钩关系及其关联效应分析

目的 推进水稻生产和化肥施用的脱钩,实现粮食安全和生态安全的同步提升。方法 文章采用脱钩模型分析2003—2018年中国水稻生产与化肥施用的脱钩状况,构建两者之间的关联模型,运用对数平均迪氏指数分解法将水稻产量变化分解为规模、结构、强度和效率4种效应,揭示它们对中国水稻生产和化肥施用脱钩关系的影响。结果 （1）2010年之前我国水稻生产和化肥施用总量之间以扩张负脱钩为主,之后则以弱脱钩和扩张连接为主。分肥料种类看,就氮肥和磷肥而言,2010年之前其与水稻生产的脱钩关系和化肥施用总量与水稻生产的脱钩关系差别不大,但之后水稻生产与氮肥以强脱钩关系为主,与磷肥以扩张负脱钩关系为主;对钾肥而言,在整个2003—2018年其与水稻生产都以扩张负脱钩关系为主。（2）全国和省域层面分析均表明,扩大规模效应,提高结构效应能够显著推进水稻生产和化肥施用脱钩,但在人多地少的条件下,寄希望于持续扩大规模效应和提高结构效应来实现水稻生产和化肥施用脱钩的目标难以实现。（3）强度效应是促进水稻增产的重要因素,但化肥投入的长期增长已严重威胁稻田的生态安全和可持续生产能力,使其水稻边际产出水平明显下降,导致效率效应成为水稻增产的关键障碍,这在安徽、江西、湖北、云南、江苏、浙江、内蒙古、辽宁、海南和陕西10省区表现尤为明显。结论 推动水稻生产与化肥施用脱钩需要加强对粮食主产区的经济补偿,压实东南沿海地区粮食安全责任底线,全面提高重点区域的化肥利用效率。     

长江中下游水稻生产波动特征及成因分析

［目的］分析长江中下游地区水稻生产波动特征和规律,有利于采取有效措施降低水稻生产周期波动的强度,消除波动带来的不利影响,对于稳定发展水稻生产、保障国家粮食安全具有重要意义。［方法］采用HP滤波分析法,对1949—2016年长江中下游地区水稻生产的长期波动和短期波动进行了测定和分析。［结果］将长江中下游地区水稻产量的短期波动分为6个波动阶段,系统剖析制度变革、要素投入、科技进步、市场走势以及气候变化等因素对水稻面积、单产以及总产波动的影响。［结论］水稻生产波动与政策导向密切相关,长江中下游水稻生产面临下行压力; 水稻产量波动的波幅较大且波峰绝对值小于波谷绝对值,水稻持续稳定增产难度较大; 现阶段面积与水稻生产波动的趋势契合度更高,科技创新亟需突破瓶颈; 水稻生产集中度进一步提高,区域性气象灾害带来的风险将越来越大。     

Farm-level adaptation to climate change in Western Bangladesh: An analysis of adaptation dynamics,profitability and risks

Using long-term district-level climate data and a case study from a drought-prone village in western Bangladesh, this research explored trends in climate change, and analysed farmers’ adaptation dynamics, profitability and risks. This is the first study of its kind for drought-prone areas in Bangladesh.Farmers perceived climate changes included increases in temperature and decreases in rainfall which were as consistent with the trends of Chuadanga climate records. Farmers’ adaptation measures included changes in cropping systems, cropping calendars, crop varieties, agronomic practices, crop diversification and improved animal husbandry. Reducing environmental stress, ensuring self-sufficiency in staple crops (mainly rice) and other crop production practices, and enhancing economic viability of farm enterprises have underpinned these adaptations. Off-farm and non-farm wage employment, temporary migration, self-employment and educating children, constituted the core non-farm adaptation strategies.Emerging cropping systems like maize/cucumber and maize/stem amaranth/rice were economically more viable than the traditional rice/rice and rice/maize systems. Despite some uncertainties, farming was preferred to off-farm work, generating higher returns to labour for all cropping systems. Limited access to stress-tolerant varieties, extension services and affordable agricultural credit, combined with high production costs, variability in crop yields and output prices, are the main barriers to adaptation. Stronger agricultural research and support services, affordable credit, community-focussed farming education and training are critically important for effective adaptation to climate change.     

21世纪以来江苏省水稻种植面积的变化与启示

目的 研究21世纪以来江苏省水稻种植面积稳中有增的机制，为新时期稳定粮食播种面积保障国家粮食安全提供科学依据。方法 文章采用时间序列描述性统计与区域空间比较分析、因素分解相结合的研究方法。结果 （1）2001—2020年江苏省水稻种植面积经历了“两增两减”的变化，由201.03万hm²波动增长至220.28万hm²，增长9.6%；同期广东、浙江分别减少了53.48万hm²、70.40万hm²，与江苏省水稻种植面积差距不断扩大；（2）2001—2020年江苏省苏南地区水稻种植面积减少了26.94万hm²，苏中地区水稻种植面积基本稳定，苏北地区水稻种植面积增加了45.11万hm²，苏北地区水稻种植面积增加对全省水稻种植面积增长的贡献率达234.2%，是江苏省水稻种植面积稳定的主要原因；（3）水稻生产竞争力不高和有效灌溉面积减少共同导致了苏南地区水稻种植面积的衰减，有效灌溉面积增长是苏中地区水稻种植面积基本稳定的主要原因，有效灌溉面积增加和水稻生产竞争力提升共同促进了苏北地区水稻种植面积的增加。结论 对于拥有较多后备稻田或耕地的区域，在一定时期内区域经济发展不一定导致区域内粮食种植面积的下降，但长期稳定粮食种植面积面临挑战。继续稳定江苏省水稻种植面积需要全省协同努力，苏南地区要稳定并适度增加水稻种植面积，苏中地区要积极探索稳定水稻种植面积的有效途径，苏北地区要着力发展稻米产业经济，探索水稻生产与区域经济协调发展的新路径，同时要高度重视江苏省沿海地区滨海盐土水稻生产的发展，为未来全省水稻种植面积增长开辟新空间。