浅析人民币升值之利弊

2001年9月《日本经济新闻》发表了“期盼人民币升值——日渐强烈的中国威胁论”。去年日本财长盐川正十郎马不停蹄地在国际社会上游说“人民币定值过低导致中国出口猛增的同时输出通货紧缩,任何旨在有秩序、有效地刺激世界经济增长并扭转全球通货紧缩的政策都必须包括人民币汇率调整这一环节。”今年美国财长约翰·斯若积极督促中国实行更灵活的汇率制度。其实,美日财经界人士希望人民币“慈悲为怀,普度众生”,其目的是要求中国让人民币升值。     

吸取日本教训，让人民币更早升值

中国对人民币汇率严格控制的辩护来源于中国希望避免重蹈20世纪80年代日本的覆辙。当时，日本屈服于外国压力，让日元升值，导致了长达十年的增长停滞。正如当时的日本，中国目前面临越来越大的压力，让人民币汇率以更快的速度升值，缓解全球经济失衡。这由中国1．4万亿美元的巨额外汇储备凸显出来。     

人民币汇率升值论的本质分析

2002年年末以来，国际上要求人民币汇率升值的呼声甚嚣尘上：先是日本，后是美国，再是欧盟，接着是韩国……大有山雨欲来风满楼之感。人民币升值的国际压力也因此空前加大，对此，本文从汇率制度的产生、发展和影响，1994年至今我国的汇率机制为出发点，客观的分析了日美等国要求人民币升值的本质动机。     

人民币均衡汇率的实证研究

均衡汇率是汇率问题的核心。均衡和有效的汇率制度有助于一国经济实现内外部均衡，而非均衡的汇率和不合适的汇率制度可能会影响一国经济金融的稳定，甚至引发区域性的金融危机。本文用Elbadawi（1994）关于发展中国家的均衡汇率模型，对1978年至2004年人民币均衡汇率进行实证分析，并对人民币汇率的合理性进行了分析。     

稳定人民币汇率，促进人民币汇率机制市场化——关于人民币汇率问题的研究报告（摘要）

有关国家要求人民币升值的压力和国内外关于人民币汇率问题的争论，说明作为一个主动融入全球化的大国而言，人民币汇率已经成为国际经济关系中的一个重要问题；人民币汇率水平的确定与调整对一国宏观经济运行的影响显得越来越重要，它已经超越了纯经济的范畴，同时成了一个敏感的政治问题。我们的分析认为，当前人民币实际有效汇率的确存在某种程度的低估，但是从更为广阔的视角上看，人民币问题的关键在于人民币汇率的非市场化的形成机制和整个宏观经济的非均衡运行状态。应该在人民币汇率保持稳定的同时，逐步实现人民币汇率机制市场化，增加浮动的幅度，逐步实现人民币自由兑换；作为宏观经济政策的组成部分，人民币汇率制度的选择应该与货币、财政政策协调一致，与其所处的国际、国内经济环境及其变动趋势相协调。     

人民币升值对我国商业银行的影响

2005年7月我国的汇率制度发生了变革。其后，为了进一步配合汇率制度的改革，完善市场机制，央行陆续推出了一系列的政策予以配合。从这些政策可以看出，人民币汇率制度更趋灵活．更趋开放。     

浅谈人民币升值后的汇率制度选择

汇率对一国经济的影响可谓举足轻重，如何正确确定本国汇率水平以及实行什么样的汇率政策。将关系国家是否能实现经济的长远平衡发展。本文试图在人民币汇率小幅度升值的背景下分析汇率变动对国内经济所带来的影响及现行汇率制度所存在的问题，从而把握更适合国内经济长期快速发展的汇率制度的变动方向。     

浅析人民币升值对我国经济的积极影响及应采取的措施

在我国传统的汇率制度越来越不适应经济发展的新形势下，人民币汇率制度改革成为舆论关注的焦点。而“完善人民币汇率形成机制，保持人民币汇率在合理、均衡水平上的基本稳定：在有效防范风险的前提下，有选择、分步骤放宽对跨境资本交易的限制，逐步实现人民币资本项目可兑换”正是人民币汇率制度改革的既定目标。对于我国前一阶段人民币升值的举措究竟影响是积极的还是消极的，可谓是见仁见智。     

人民币升值将是一个缓慢稳定的过程

【香港《南华早报》2月2日】最近几天，很多权威人士纷纷为中国该如何管理经济献计献策。在北京，国际货币基金组织总裁罗德里戈·拉托建议中国采取“更灵活的汇率制度”。与此同时，美国财政部副部长罗伯特·金米特在瑞士达沃斯呼吁“中国这样的国家”让汇率制度变得更灵活。当然，采取更灵活的汇率制度只是一种委婉的说法。他们真正想表达的意思是：“让人民币升值吧。”作为政府官员，他们很难直截了当地说出自己的真实想法。没有公职的羁绊，美联储前主席格林斯潘显然不再像过去那样束手束脚。     

2005—2009年人民币汇率走势分析

2005年7月21日，我国开始实行以市场供求为基础、参考一篮子货币进行调节、有管理的浮动汇率制度，人民币升值预期兑现，1美元兑人民币从8．28逐渐突破至80关口。人民币汇率不再盯住单一美元，形成更富弹性的人民币汇率机制。因此本文研究从2005年开始的人民币汇率的走势，主要运用国际收支说理论并结合中国与美国的实际经济情况研究分析人民币汇率升值的深层次原因，希望能为我国制定相关宏观经济政策提供依据。     

Penetration and Post-infection Development of Meloidogyne Incognita on Tobacco as Treated by Rhizobacteria Pseudomonas Fluorescens Strain P-72-10

The bio-control potential of rhizospere bacteria Pseudomonas fluorescens against plant-parasite nematode had been demonstrated. P. fluorescens had shown the effect to enhance tobacco resistance to root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita. Inoculation with P. fluoreseens in tobacco could lead to significant reductions in the number of juveniles that penetrated tobacco root and further life stage development of the juveniles. The number of juveniles penetrated into tobac- co root in treatment with P. fluorescens is significantly different from CK at 2DAI, 6DAI, 8DAI and 10DAI. Significant reduction and delayed development of juveniles that penetrated into tobacco root and treated were observed in treatment at 14DAI, 21DAI, 28DAI and 35DAI. In addition, P. fluoreseens treatment leads to a significant reduction in the number of eggs per egg-mass at 35 DAI. The results show P. fluorescens induced a continuously suppression on root-knot nema- tode M. incognita throughout their entire early infection phase of root penetration, subsequent life stage development and reproduction.     

For Better or for Worse? Local Impacts of the Decentralization of Indonesia’s Forest Sector

This paper quantifies the local impacts of mechanized logging on forest-dependent communities in Indonesia, before and after decentralization. A conceptual framework incorporates financial, social, enforcement, rent-seeking, and environmental impacts. Using data from 60 communities in East Kalimantan, the empirical results suggest that significantly more households received financial and in-kind benefits after decentralization compared to before. Many communities engaged in self-enforcement activities against firms both before and after decentralization. Post-decentralization, a significantly higher proportion of households perceived community forest ownership. There were few significant differences in perceived environmental impacts. Little evidence exists of a post-decentralization trade-off between environmental and financial contractual provisions.     

以资本管理为核心的银行治理综合评价指标研究

商业银行的特殊性体现在风险性、外部性和多重治理目标上,尤其集中体现在风险管理的本质上。风险管理日益成为现代商业银行的主体活动和核心职能,资本管理成为现代商业银行风险管理的核心。在整合EVA和RAROC指标的基础上。文章构建了以资本管理为核心的银行治理的综合评价指标,以求真实反映银行经营的成果,有效衡量风险收益和风险成本的对比关系,从而反映以资本管理为核心的银行风险管理的过程、能力和效率。     

Markteintrittstiming von Telekommunikationsdiensteanbietern

Zusammenfassung Die vorliegende Studie analysiert für 87 Neuprodukteinführungen (NPE) und Auslandsmarkteintritte (AME) von Telekommunikations(TK)-Diensteanbietern in Deutschland, zu denen 42 Schlüsselinformanten in einer schriftlichen Befragung Auskunft gaben, (1) inwieweit deren zeitliche Eintrittspositionierung durch Marktcharakteristika und Unternehmensressourcen erkl?rbar ist sowie (2) inwieweit und gegebenenfalls unter welchen unternehmensexternen und -internen Situationsbedingungen deren Markteintrittstiming mit dem wahrgenommenen Eintrittserfolg assoziiert ist. Ein früher Markteintritt wurde dann realisiert, wenn die Wettbewerbsintensit?t im adressierten Gesch?ft niedrig und das Budget für den Expansionsschritt überdurchschnittlich ausfielen. Zwischen dem Markteintrittstiming und der Beurteilung des Eintrittserfolgs bestand ein nicht monotoner, umgekehrt U-f?rmiger Zusammenhang: Frühe Folger wiesen signifikant bessere Erfolgswerte auf als Pioniere und sp?te Folger, deren Erfolgsniveaus nicht signifikant divergierten. In einer Industrie, die durch starke externe Netzeffekte gepr?gt ist, fallen offenbar die Nachteile eines Markteintritts als Pionier oder sp?ter Folger st?rker ins Gewicht als die Vorteile dieser beiden zeitlichen Eintrittspositionierungen. Unabh?ngig vom Markteintrittstiming wurden NPE/AME von TK-Unternehmen als erfolgreicher eingestuft, wenn sie sich in einen Markt mit stark wachsender Nachfrage und aufeinander abgestimmt (re)agierenden Wettbewerbern mit qualitativ überdurchschnittlichen, abw?rtskompatiblen, erprobbaren und wenig erkl?rungsbedürftigen TK-Diensten engagierten.      

利用膜技术回收利用碱性废水研究进展

回顾了利用膜分离技术处理碱性废水的工艺与综合利用技术所取得的丰硕成果，总结了各种治理方法的特点、适用性及发展方向。     

Taxing Times in Indonesia: The Challenge of Restoring Competitiveness and the Search for Fiscal Space

Indonesia’s economic growth picked up slightly in mid-2016 but remains below the level demanded by government and popular aspirations. Despite a plethora of reforms intended to increase efficiency and productivity, some policies are perverse and longstanding problems of implementation remain. The share of manufacturing has declined, the real exchange rate has appreciated, exports have dwindled, and growth has been trending downwards. The banking sector is stable but inefficient, with wide net interest margins and numerous barriers to competition. Trade protection, particularly in basic food commodities, has created high costs that weigh particularly heavily on the poor. Declining government revenues have placed increasing pressure on the public budget, even as the current administration aims to increase spending on infrastructure and welfare and to enhance productivity. In an effort to increase revenues, the government has announced a tax amnesty program and other measures. In addition, Sri Mulyani Indrawati, the new finance minister, has taken steps to cut non-essential expenditure in order to secure high spending on infrastructure and at the same time keep within the 3% budget deficit limit stipulated by law. Although the overall debt situation is not yet alarming, declining revenues and budget cuts that do not fully reflect this decline are putting pressure on increasing debt levels. The government’s high-profile tax amnesty program was the major policy initiative implemented in the second half of 2016 that aimed to relieve this pressure. Despite widespread criticism of, and scepticism about, the tax amnesty (both within and outside Indonesia), its first phase had a much higher participation rate than most independent accounts expected. Revenues raised so far through the amnesty are less than 60% of the official target, but this is actually a strong result for the short term. The bigger question, however, is whether the amnesty is a key element of a more encompassing strategy to overhaul the system of taxation and tax administration.     

The causes of Japan's ‘lost decade’: The role of household consumption

In this paper, I analyze the causes of the prolonged slowdown of the Japanese economy in the 1990s and find that the stagnation of investment, especially private fixed investment, was the primary culprit. I then investigate the causes of the stagnation of household consumption during the 1990s and find that the stagnation of household disposable income, the decline in household wealth, and increased uncertainty about the future are among the contributing factors. Finally, I consider whether demand side factors or supply side factors were more important as causes of the prolonged slowdown of the Japanese economy in the 1990s and conclude that the former (especially misguided government policies) were probably more important.