China's import duty drawback and VAT rebate policies: A general equilibrium analysis

China's duty drawbacks and value-added tax rebates play important roles in promoting exports. Simulations from a CGE model, characterized by a dual production (domestic sales and export processing) and dual import structure (imports used in export processing and for other purposes), confirm our theoretical results on China's exports that (a) such policies are generally export promoting; (b) a small part of the export expansion comes at the expense of a slight decline of the domestic activity through factor re-allocation and input substitution, whereas a larger portion of the expansion is attributed to cheaper access to foreign inputs; (c) export processors use more imported inputs and less domestic inputs; and (d) export intensive sectors are positively affected by these policies, whereas traditional agriculture sector is impacted adversely. These policies generate welfare gains for China.     

Extent and evaluation of protection in developing countries

Tariff protection and nontariff barriers are higher in developing countries than in industrial nations. The tendency of protection to decline with a higher level of development can be explained by the role of import taxes in government revenue, by export pessimism, and by differential treatment of developing countries under GATT.Protection against imports is a burden on the export sector. Trade liberalization has important effects on economic growth and factor productivity. Recent programs of trade liberalization are implemented together with complementary macroeconomic policies to enhance the possibility of sustaining trade policy reforms to be sustained.     

Falling behind and catching up: India's transition from a colonial economy

India fell behind during colonial rule. The absolute and relative decline of Indian GDP per capita with respect to Britain began before colonization and coincided with the rise of the textile trade with Europe. However, the fortunes of the traditional textile industry cannot explain the decline in the eighteenth century and stagnation in the nineteenth century as India integrated into the global economy of the British Empire. Inadequate investment in agriculture and consequent decline in yield per acre stalled economic growth. Modern industries emerged and grew relatively fast. The reversal began after independence. Policies of industrialization and a green revolution in agriculture increased productivity in agriculture and industry. However, India's growth in the closing decades of the twentieth century has been led by services. A concentration of human capital in the service sector has origins in colonial policy. Expenditure on education prioritized higher education, creating an advantage for the service sector. At the same time, the slow expansion of primary education lowered the accumulation of human capital and put India at a disadvantage in comparison with the fast‐growing economies of East Asia.     

中国出口贸易结构影响产业结构的机制——基于贸易内生技术进步经济增长模型的实证研究

文章基于贸易内生技术进步经济增长模型,实证研究了中国1994—2010年间出口贸易结构影响产业结构的机制,发现出口贸易部门对非贸易部门技术外溢的正外部性影响促进了中国经济与产业发展,但中国各出口贸易结构部门以及整体出口贸易部门的全要素生产率水平依然较低,并由此提出通过实施贸易商品结构战略化、贸易方式结构一般化、贸易主体结构民营化以及贸易区域结构多元化来加速产业结构升级。     

税收政策与统筹城乡协调发展的相关性研究

文章就税收政策与城乡协调发展的实际状况进行相关性分析，以期通过调整税收和财政政策，形成更加合理的社会财富二次分配格局，建立城市反哺农村、工业反哺农业的投入机制；促进城乡统筹发展，促进经济社会全面、协调、有序、可持续地发展。     

Labour Market Trends and Structures in ASEAN and the East Asian NIEs

The paper reviews the literature on labour markets in the region with special emphasis on the impact of economic growth and structural change on employment and wages. It deals with labour supply trends, employment creation outside agriculture (especially export orientated industrialization and new high-tech industries), labour absorption in agriculture, wage differentials and the functioning of rural and urban labour markets.
The creation of efficient and equitable labour market institutions and labour market flexibility have emerged as dominant issues in the NIEs. In the ASEAN-4, because of concentration of employment in low productivity and low wage jobs and underutilization of labour, the rate of modern sector labour absorption remains the major policy concern.     

China＇s Pattern of Growth： Moving to Sustainability and Reducing Inequality

I. Introduction China’s gross domestic product (GDP) growth has averaged 9.4 percent per annum since1978. As a result of this impressive growth, millions of people were lifted out of poverty. Economic reforms implemented over the last 25 years have certainly been instrumental in the remarkable growth performance, leading to higher productivity growth than in the pre- reform period. Nevertheless, it is widely agreed that China’s growth during this period has been resource intensive, drawing…     

试析二元结构论在我国统筹城乡中的应用

二元结构论指出发展中国家改变经济落后面貌的根本出路在于转移传统农业部门中的大量剩余劳动力到现代城市工业部门,通过城乡经济的协调发展消除城乡差距、促进国家经济发展。文章认为在我国统筹城乡发展中应该应用二元结构论促进农业剩余劳动力的转移、大力发展现代农业和农村工业、加快农村城镇化发展进程,逐步实现城乡一体化。     

从税收激励看东亚投资竞争

东亚国家发展水平的差异性和出口导向型的产业结构使得各国纷纷采取了吸引外资的政策。本文通过对东亚地区部分国家吸引外资的税收优惠政策进行国际比较,分析了这一地区的投资环境,提出了促进东亚地区合作与发展的税收政策调整建议。     

Measuring Producer Benefits of Price Stabilization in the Nigerian Primary Sector: History Revisted

Abstract: The Nigerian commodity marketing boards may have been dissolved far back in 1986, but as long as the export sector of the country's agriculture remains dysfunctional and unproductive, with the authorities unwilling to give it the priority, in practical terms, that it deserves for revival, there is bound to remain lots of hard feeling in the collective psyche of Nigerians, farmers in particular, directed at the Boards for their market intervention activities during the period 1942–86. We argue that the legacy of the Boards' heavy taxes on the export sector of Nigerian agriculture lives on in the form of damaged producer‐incentives reflected by a generally dysfunctional sector. Developing a simple formula that derives from Newbery and Stiglitz (1981) , for the measure of producer benefits of price stabilization, we argue that the Boards' stabilization scheme remains partly to blame for the present poor state of the country's export agriculture.     

新疆南疆三地州农业产业结构及特色农业发展问题研究

南疆三地州是国家和新疆的重点扶贫开发地区,探究南疆三地州农业产业结构及特色农业发展问题已成为新疆农业农村经济结构调整的重要内容。本文深入剖析了南疆三地州农业产业结构及特色农业发展现状及面临的问题,并提出了南疆三地州农业产业结构调整及特色农业发展的六大举措。     

Implicit Taxation of Agriculture: The Cause of Development Failure in Egypt

Abstract: Egypt has been unable to sustain rapid economic growth in the past, nor has it been able to generate employment opportunities at a fast enough rate to keep unemployment from rising. It will be argued in this paper that this has been the result of significant implicit taxation of the agricultural sector. The latter has slowed the structural transformation of the Egyptian economy, increased the capital intensity of production in the urban sector, and slowed overall economic growth. The Egyptian experience is contrasted with that of South Korea and Taiwan. The results indicate that indeed structural change in Egypt has been slowed by the implicit taxation of agriculture.     

绿色营销——21世纪饭店业的必然选择

中国加入WTO后 ,意味着将进入经济全球一体化 ,这就要求税制必须按照WTO的规则 ,与国际税收惯例取得一致。本文着重从进一步完善关税、企业所得税、个人所得税、增值税 ,提高出口退税率 ,加快费改税步伐等方面 ,对我国入世后 ,如何加快和深化税制改革进行全方位的思考。     

出口退税调整对钢铁产业的影响以及政策建议

今年四月份以来，国家连续四次对钢铁业采取出口退税降税措施，这也导致了第三季度钢铁出口量较前一季度有所下降的局面。本文分析政府对钢铁业采取的出口退税政策及原因，以及对钢铁行业的影响，并在此基础上得出钢铁业应采取的积极对策。     

关于中国纺织业转型与升级的思考

纺织业作为我国的传统产业,对国民经济的发展发挥着非常重要的作用。自20世纪80年代以来,纺织品服装出口一直处于全国首位,其进出口贸易的巨额顺差成为我国外汇收入和资金积累的重要来源。但是人民币持续升值,出口退税率下调,企业成本大幅度上升,美国次贷危机引发经济衰退等,使中国纺织业面临了前所未有的严峻考验与危机。本文从纺织发展的相关理论出发,结合我国纺织业的现状,提出了关于我国纺织业转型的一些建议。     

Tax Revenue Effects of Sectoral Growth and Public Expenditure in Uganda

This paper contributes to a growing strand of literature on the determinants of tax revenue performance in developing countries, particularly in Sub‐Saharan Africa. More specifically we estimate the tax elasticities of sectoral output growth and public expenditure. The unique features of this paper are twofold: First, we develop a simple analytical model for tax revenue performance taking into account some structural features pervasive in most developing countries with large informal sectors. Second, we test the model predictions on Ugandan time series data using ARDL bounds testing techniques. Results indicate that dominance of the agricultural and informal sectors pose the largest impediments to tax revenue performance. In addition development expenditures, trade openness, and industrial sector growth are positively associated with tax revenue performance. We propose policies to support the development of value added linkages between agricultural and industrial sectors while emphasizing the need to unlock the potentially large contributions of the informal sector with a view of widening the tax base.     

论近代广西经济发展对广东区域经济发展的推动

近代广西农业、工商业发展对广东区域经济发展的促进作用主要体现在三个方面：一是为广东外贸发展提供货源；二是为广东城镇居民提供日常生活所需的粮油、牲畜等消费品；三是为广东城镇工业发展提供市场环境。     

全面减免东盟关税对中国宏观经济和产业影响的可计算一般均衡分析

Chingem模型是一个中国静态CGE模型.本文在Chingem模型的基础上,分析了2010年中国全面减免东盟原六国关税对中国宏观经济和产业的长期影响.在原模型的基础上,改进了宏观闭合条件.将原来作为剩余量处理的居民消费与居民收入联系起来,使经济增长会作用到居民消费,使模拟结果更加符合实际.研究表明全面减免对东盟的关税有利于我国经济的和谐发展;减少了经济增长对净出口的依赖;促进了进、出口商品结构的升级;促进了服务业的发展,但农业和制造业的一些部门会受到负面影响;制造业的就业会下降,服务业和农业的就业会上升.     

Macroeconomic Stabilization and Economic Growth: The Case of Uganda*

Abstract: This paper develops a computational general equilibrium model for analyzing some chronic economic problems facing developing countries. We build a multi‐period model with multiple types of capital and three different financial assets. Moreover, capital is sector specific to capture the idea that many developing countries focus on a few specific industry groups. We model both rural and urban consumers with the possibility of rural‐urban migration. One further modeling feature is a partially interdependent banking sector where the performance of, say, the agricultural bank can affect the functioning of the industrial bank. The model is used to examine problems of budgetary liquidity and alternative ways of alleviating these problems. Our analysis is applied to Uganda, a country that after years of economic decline is undergoing a phase of recovery and reform. Accordingly, we develop a model that captures some of the predominant institutional features of the Ugandan economy and evaluate two realistic reform scenarios. After calibrating the model with a base case scenario we test the implications of a simultaneous tariff reduction and increase in value added taxes. We then look at the implication of debt reduction.     

The Development of Inequality and Poverty in Indonesia, 1932–2008

We estimate inequality in Indonesia between 1932 and 2008. Inequality increased at the start of this period but declined sharply from the 1960s onwards. The increase was due to a shift from domestic to export agriculture over the period up to the Great Depression. During the 1930s, as the price of export crops declined, the income of rich farmers suffered a blow. Yet this was counterbalanced by an increasing gap between expenditures in the urban and rural sectors, causing an overall rise in inequality. As for the second half of the century, we find that the employment shift towards manufacturing and services—combined with an increase in labour productivity in agriculture—accounts for inequality’s decline, which was halted in the 1990s. These inequality trends affected poverty as well, but prior to the 1940s the negative impact of the rise in inequality was offset by an increase in per capita GDP. Between 1950 and 1980 a decline in inequality, combined with increased per capita GDP, rapidly raised a large portion of the population above the poverty line.