External Shocks,Bank Lending Spreads,and Output Fluctuations*

This paper studies the effects of external shocks on bank lending spreads and output fluctuations in Argentina during the early 1990s. The first part presents the analytical framework. The second presents a VAR model that relates bank lending spreads, the cyclical component of output, the real lending rate, and the external interest rate spread. Impulse response functions show that a positive shock in external spreads leads to higher domestic spreads and lower output. Historical decompositions show that shocks to external spreads in the immediate aftermath of the Mexican peso crisis had a sizable effect on movements in output and domestic spreads.     

International Spillovers of Output Growth and Output Growth Volatility: Evidence from the G7

This paper examines the transmission of GDP growth and GDP growth volatility among the G7 countries over the period 1960Q1 – 2010Q4, using a multivariate GARCH model and volatility impulse response functions (VIRFs) to identify the source, magnitude and the duration of volatility spillovers. Results indicate the presence of positive own-country GDP growth spillovers in each country and cross-country GDP growth spillovers among most of the G7 countries. In addition, the large number of significant own-country output growth volatility spillovers and cross-country output growth volatility spillovers indicates that output growth shocks in most of the G7 countries affect output growth volatility in the other remaining countries. An additional finding is that the duration of output growth volatility spillovers has increased over time from some seven quarters in the 1970s to some ten quarters during the recent crisis, which is likely to be due to the increased integration of goods and financial markets.     

RMB Appreciation,Output Growth,and Inflation

Following Dibooglu and Kutan(2005),we construct a structural VAR model to investigate the impact of RMB(the Chinese currency)appreciation on growth and inflation in China.The empirical results show that RMB appreciation has negative effects on output growth and inflation while neither effect is statistically significant.However,exchange rate shocks are important in the fluctuations of output growth and inflation.We also simulate the scenario of a sharp currency appreciation compared to the gradual approach adopted by the Chinese government.In the counterfactual analysis we find that a sharp appreciation would lead to more violent shocks in economic growth and inflation compared to the gradual approach.     

Output Variability and Economic Growth: the Japanese Case

We examine the empirical relationship between output variability and output growth using quarterly data for the 1961–2000 period for the Japanese economy. Using three different specifications of GARCH models, namely, Bollerslev's model, Taylor/Schwert's model, and Nelson's EGARCH model, we obtain two important results. First, we find robust evidence that the “in‐mean” coefficient is not statistically significant. This evidence is consistent with Speight's (1999) analysis of UK data and implies that output variability does not affect output growth. In other words, this finding supports several real business cycle theories of economic fluctuations. Second, we find no evidence of asymmetry between output variability and growth, a result consistent with Hamori (2000) .     

UK Output Variability and Growth: Some Further Evidence

This paper re-examines the empirical evidence concerning the relationship between UK output variability and growth using GARCH-M models applied to post-war monthly industrial production data, estimated under quasi-maximum-likelihood with the consistent variance–covariance estimator of Bollerslev and Wooldridge (1992). In contrast to previous results suggesting a significant positive relationship between UK output variability and growth, we find no significant relationship. Rather than suggesting a connection between risk and return in the attitudes of investors, our findings may be interpreted as more supportive of macroeconomic models which dichotomize the determination of output growth and variability.     

涉农行业投资增长波动的特征及影响因素

农业产业化的发展，需要涉农行业的带动和发展。本文利用HP滤波对9个涉农行业的投资增长趋势和波动进行了分解，对各行业投资增长波动特征进行了具体分析，并通过建立各行业投资增长的协整方程和反映各工业行业投资短期波动特征的误差修正模型，对各行业投资增长的长期影响因素及短期市场波动机制进行实证研究。实证分析结果表明，涉农行业的发展受税收政策和货币政策的影响而有所不同，国家应根据不同行业的情况采用不同的调控政策。     

从结构角度看中国出口贸易的增长波动

本文基于经济周期理论,借助HP滤波法从总体和结构两个角度分析了中国的出口增长波动,结果表明:中国出口波动中,原料密集型产品出口增长速度最慢,劳动密集型产品出口增长持续性最强;资本密集型产品出口增长扩张收缩能力最强,增长最不稳定;易模仿的研发密集型产品出口增长最快,难模仿的研发密集型产品出口增长速度较快。总出口增长波动和上述五类产品出口增长波动之间存在长期均衡关系。     

Accounting for Growth and Output Gaps: Evidence from New Zealand

We evaluate New Zealand's macroeconomic performance over the 1967–1996 period, which witnessed numerous economic reforms. Using both index–number and econometric techniques, we decompose nominal GDP growth and the output gap into contributions from price level changes, productivity growth and changes in factor utilisation. Changes in domestic prices accounted for four–fifths of the growth in nominal GDP, while capital accumulation and employment growth were the most important factors determining real–output growth. Deviations in the domestic price level around its long–run trend contributed most heavily to changes in the nominal output gap. The real gap was influenced in any year variously by deviations of the terms of trade and labour input from their long–run trends, as well as by productivity shocks.     

Fluctuations in convex models of endogenous growth, I: Growth effects

Is there a trade-off between fluctuations and growth? The empirical evidence is mixed, with some studies finding a positive relationship, while others find a negative one. Our objectives are to understand how fundamental uncertainty affects the long run growth rate and to identify important factors determining this relationship in a convex endogenous growth model. Qualitatively, we show that the relationship between volatility in fundamentals (or policies) and mean growth can be either positive or negative. The curvature of the utility function is a key parameter that determines the sign of the relationship. Quantitatively, an increase in uncertainty always increases the growth rate in our calibrated models. Though the changes we find are nontrivial, they are not large enough by themselves to account for the large differences in growth rates observed in the data. We also find that differences in the curvature of preferences have very substantial effects on the estimated variability of stationary objects like the consumption–output ratio and hours worked. For this reason, we expect that the models considered in this paper will provide the basis of sharp estimates of the curvature parameter.     

Analysis of Output Fluctuations in Taiwan: An Application of the IS–MP–AS Model

Extending the IS–MP–AS model, this paper finds that real GDP in Taiwan is positively affected by real depreciation and stock values and negatively associated with the government deficit/GDP ratio, the U.S. federal funds rate, and the expected inflation rate. Therefore, current large and rising government deficits, recent appreciation of the New Taiwan dollar, and gradual increases in the federal funds rate would hurt real output in Taiwan.     

广东省潜在GDP增长率测算及预测

就广东省潜在GDP增长率进行了测算,使用HP滤波法和生产函数法得到的结果分别为9.1%和8.4%,从生产函数法的计算过程中,认为广东在1978—2012年的经济具有规模报酬不变的特征,并就当前情况作了分析。在对未来预测上,考虑到生产函数的各要素间可能存在相互关系而使用向量自回归进行。并以本轮金融危机的延续时间为变量,分别测算不同情况下未来五年和十年的平均增长率。     

Persistence of Shocks to Output in Austria and Theories of Economic Growth

The paper analyzes the degree of output persistence in GDP in order toempirically discriminate between the Solow growth model, the perfect competition endogenous growth model and the imperfect competition endogenous growth model for the case of Austria. Wefind that a shock in the growth rate of output induces a permanent and larger effect on the level of GDP. This leads us to refute the Solow growth model and the perfect competition model of endogenous growth.We may not reject the imperfect competition growth model.     

经济波动对经济增长的减损效应:中国的经验证据

本文在简单文献回顾的基础上,利用GARCH和TARCH-M模型分析了中国经济波动对经济长期增长水平的影响.得出:对外开放和市场化改革不仅提高了中国经济的长期增长水平,而且也降低了经济增长的波动风险;中国经济波动对长期经济增长具有减损效应,但统计上并不显著,同时,与Stilianos et al.(2004)的分析结论相一致,中国经济波动对经济增长的减损效应在经济波动的不同阶段具有明显的对称效应.本文的政策含义是,继续扩大对外开放和深化市场化改革,加强宏观调控,对保持中国经济的持续稳定增长无疑具有非常重要的意义.     

我国玉米全要素生产率增长及其对产出的贡献

运用T orngv ist-T he il指数法和增长账户法测算了1985~2003年期间我国TFP的变动及其对玉米产出增长的贡献。结果表明,1985~2003年我国玉米TFP的年均增长率为2.23%,对产出增长的贡献为66.13%。从总体上看,这一时期我国玉米TFP增长还呈现出明显的波动性特征,粮食生产和流通制度的变革,技术创新和新技术的推广使用,以及玉米市场价格变动可能是产生玉米TFP生产率波动的主要原因。     

中国产业结构变迁对经济增长和波动的影响

本文在测度产业结构合理化和产业结构高级化的基础上,构建了关于产业结构变迁与经济增长的计量经济模型,进而探讨了二者对经济波动的影响。研究结果表明:产业结构合理化和高级化进程均对经济增长的影响有明显的阶段性特征。相对而言,产业结构合理化与经济增长之间的关系具有较强的稳定性,而高级化则表现出较大的不确定性。产业结构合理化和高级化对经济波动的影响主要表现在不可预测的周期性波动方面,而它们的影响机制却截然不同。产业结构高级化是经济波动的一个重要来源,产业结构合理化则有助于抑制经济波动。总体上,现阶段我国产业结构合理化对经济发展的贡献要远远大于产业结构高级化。本文认为,政府在制定产业结构政策时,应在强调产业结构合理化的同时,积极突破制约产业结构高级化效应的限制条件,有效推进产业结构的高级化,充分发挥产业转型与升级对经济增长的持续推动作用。     

安徽省农业产值增长制约因素的相关分析

安徽是一个农业大省,从安徽省农业产值13年的数据资料中可以看出,尽管产值有了一定的提高,但是幅度不大。究竟是什么因素制约了农业产值的进一步提高？本文应用Eviews软件对安徽省农业产值时间序列资料进行分析,找出了农业产值增长的关键影响因素,并提出了相关政策建议。     

公共投资产出效率与经济增长之相关性分析:1978～2007

本文在总量生产函数的框架下,以1978-2007年为样本期,运用单位根和协整分析方法研究了中国公共资本和私人资本产出效率与经济增长之间的相关性。结果显示:无论在外生技术进步的假定下,还是在技术由资本积累内生引至的假定下,公共资本的产出弹性均高于私人资本。Granger因果检验表明,人均产出分别是人均公共资本存量、人均私人资本存量的Granger原因,人均私人资本存量是人均公共资本存量Granger因,反方向因果关系不成立。为了增强公共投资的产出效应,应该适度改善目前的投资结构,积极诱导和鼓励私人部门在具有产出增长点的项目上进行投资,宏观调控政策在刺激国内有效需求的同时,应加强供给管理并提高供给质量。     

Aggregate Fluctuations and International Migration

In this paper, we study the role of short‐run factors such as business cycles or changes in employment rates in explaining international migration flows. First, we derive a model of optimal migration choice predicting that short‐run economic fluctuations trigger migration flows on top of the impact exerted by long‐run factors. Second, we empirically test the magnitude of the effect of these short‐run factors on migration flows. Our results indicate that both aggregate fluctuations and employment rates affect migration flows. Third, we provide evidence that the Schengen Agreement and the euro significantly increased the international mobility of workers between the member countries.uuuü     

Country Size and Economic Fluctuations

This paper investigates the character of business cycles across large and small economies. Empirically, G-7 countries have less volatile investment, consumption, and trade balance ratios, higher correlations between domestic sacing and investment rates, and about the same correlation of the trade-balance ratio and investment ratio as 68 smaller countries. These observations are consistent with a standard one-sector two-country general equilibrium model in which the only source of heterogeneity is country size. Since many developing countries are small, these findings suggest that even absent differences in markets and instutitions, economic fluctuations would be more severe in developing countries.