国内零售业盈利模式研究——基于需求不确定性下的零供博弈分析

国内零售商普遍采取的是“前台毛利+后台毛利”的综合盈利模式,也称“通道费”模式,但这种盈利模式的形成机理尚无定论.通过对零售企业的实地调研,本文发现业内收取的后台毛利主要是零售商规避销售风险的一种手段,相应的通道费模式是零售商在一定商业风险下基于其市场势力和运营能力作出的理性选择.基于此,本文建立了一个量化了零售商市场势力、运营能力以及需求不确定性的零供博弈模型,通过均衡分析考察零售商盈利模式的形成机理.模型分析表明,如果零售商的市场势力和需求的不确定性足够高,则通道费模式就将成为固定的盈利模式;反之,通道费模式就只是零售企业运营能力积累过程中的阶段性选择.随着互联网经济技术冲击下零售企业市场势力的丧失和运营能力的提升,可以预见国内零售企业将逐步摒弃通道费盈利模式.     

线上零售商非价格异质性对消费行为的影响 ——基于零售数字化转型背景

在零售数字化转型背景下,线上零售商为消费者快速获取商品与市场信息提供新渠道,极大改变了消费行为.本文立足于零售数字化转型背景,借助结构方程模型检验线上零售商非价格异质性对消费行为的影响.研究结果表明:线上零售商产品种类与物流质量异质性正向驱动消费者消费行为的产生,交易异质性对消费行为影响不显著,渠道异质性对消费行为具有...     

基于消费者购买行为的零售企业品类管理研究

品类管理是为目标消费者创造需求与价值的管理工具。本文在阐述品类管理的基本概念、流程和消费者行为与品类管理相互关系的基础上,具体探讨和分析基于消费者购买行为的品类管理在零售企业的实施,阐述了具体的策略,对于发展和深化品类管理的理论有一定的指导意义。     

基于TSPS消费者行为模式的电商零售企业营销方式导向探索

在大数据环境下,网络零售市场逐渐发展成熟,消费者需求将在整个市场起到主导作用。那么对于消费者行为模式的再定义将引导电商零售企业营销方式的变迁。文章先是分析了大数据环境下企业所受到的挑战以及消费者的行为变化。然后提出了基于TSPS消费者行为模式导向的营销概述,对电商企业基于这一模式下的营销实践探索作了分析和总结。     

基于服务水平的研究下传统零售向“互联网+”转型的模型分析

随着"互联网+"模式在零售领域的深耕,部分传统零售商开始转型新零售。考虑到消费者对服务价格的敏感性,本文将基于线性需求模型、收益分析模型和仿真模拟实验,研究传统零售向新零售转型时,不同服务水平对价格和需求产生的影响。研究发现,传统零售向新零售转型时,如果服务水平过高,则会使得成本提升致使亏损,且转型收益与消费者对服务的敏感程度成正比。     

产品延保服务的供应链定价决策研究——基于制造商与零售商行为博弈分析

延保产品服务的提供既能为企业带来效益,又能保障消费者的售后权益。因此,企业和消费者对延保产品服务高度重视。本文构建由制造商和零售商组成的供应链博弈模型,分别探讨制造商提供延保产品服务、零售商提供延保产品服务、制造商和零售商同时提供延保产品服务三种模式下,制造商与零售商的最优定价决策,分析制造商/零售商提供的延保产品服务成本、服务需求及消费者对延保产品服务价格的敏感系数等对企业利润及延保产品服务选择决策的影响。研究结果显示：（1）企业间提供延保产品服务的竞争有利于提高企业利润;（2）延保服务的价格是消费者决定是否购买的主要因素之一;（3）延保产品服务市场具有较大的发展空间与价值空间;（4）政府激励政策可以推动延保产品服务市场的进一步发展。基于此,要鼓励企业开展延保产品服务,提高服务水平,延保产品服务市场前景广阔。     

品类管理对消费者购买偏好的影响

过去,营销管理和零售学普遍强调,品类管理能够帮助零售商获取一定的差异性,能够更好的满足目标消费群需要.但是,提供能够满足所有消费者需要的产品,已经越来越没有可能,而且要提供竞争对手没有的商品也越来越难,所有畅销的产品和流行的样式都会很快地为其他零售商模仿.现在零售商对品类管理的认识还过于狭隘,仅仅注意到其满足消费者需要这一功能.其实品类管理除了能够满足消费者现有的需要,品类管理还能够促使消费者形成新的消费偏好,进而影响其是否购买和购买什么的决策.     

消费者路线图:移动正在改变着女性的消费方式

<正>零售市场的革命正在悄然进行,它并不是技术指向型的变革,而是消费者真正在领导着变革。在过去,零售行业定位的消费路径往往以"零售商"为中心,强迫将消费者的行为放入已经建立的路径模型中。可事实上,消费者并不会在零售商已经"设计好"的路线中。成功的零售商会把自己放置在消费者自己的路线上,并紧紧跟随其发展变化。移动互联与社会化媒体时代,中国女性消费者的购物模式与路径发生了很大变化,零售商需要及时探寻这些变化,重新设计并建立一种真正以消费者为中心的新购物路径模式。近期,微软广告部和益普索联合进行了女性零售消费路径的研究。研究揭示了中国女性消费者新的购物路径变化,指     

“互联网+”还是“回归实体”？——消费模式与零售企业战略选择

互联网与移动互联网技术迅速发展，带动了许多实体零售企业投身于电子商务的创新实践，但也不乏亚马逊、阿里巴巴等网络零售企业通过投资、并购等方式积极涉足实体零售企业。文章试图解释企业进行不同战略选择的原因，采取“互联网+”或是“回归实体”的依据。在分析互联网对零售企业影响的基础上，文章建立了包括消费者与零售企业在内的一般均衡模型，分析了消费者选择不同零售企业的依据，以及零售企业的应对之策。分析结果表明，消费者在不同零售商店的相对支出比例取决于零售商店提供服务组合的相对效率。因此，基于“有限商圈”与“有限品类”的经营战略成为企业扩大销售收入的关键，现网络零售与实体零售战略选择本质上可以归纳为品类专业化与区域专业化之间的收益比较。     

大腕环伺 机会尚存

随着国内零售商的规模不断壮大，供应商的系统不断成熟，消费者的选择日益增多，三者对零售管理的需求正促使品类管理逐渐成为供求关系中的显学。宝洁之于洗发水、可口可乐之于碳酸饮料、箭牌之于口香糖、劲量之于电池，耳熟能详的全球品牌利用他们的专业及资源与零售商通力合作，在其所属品类中发挥着引领作用。     

消费信用与消费者破产研究

消费信用与消费者破产之间存在密切的联系。进入消费者破产程序的消费者必然有无法偿还的债务,而消费者只有接受了消费信用,才可能成为债务人,因此,消费信用是消费者破产的根本原因。消费信用越容易获得,消费者过度负债的可能性就越高,相应地,消费者对宽松的消费者破产制度的需求就越强烈。从消费市场的繁荣程度和消费者破产数量的关系来看,二者是成正比关系的。消费者破产制度作为消费信用的回收制度将影响消费信用的供给与需求,促进信用体系的建设。消费信用在我国进入快速发展时代,从控制社会危机的角度来看,消费者破产制度的建立已经迫在眉睫。     

Consumer Acumen: Augmenting Consumer Literacy

Appreciating that some consumer scholars are expressing frustration with the limitations of consumer literacy, this article offers the additional construct of consumer acumen (i.e., an astute, penetrating mind and intellect). After discussing consumer confidence in a global recession and emergent post‐recession consumer segments (reflecting the recession's psychological toll), consumer acumen, modeled after the emergent literature on business acumen, is defined, including six proposed dimensions. Consumer acumen augments consumer literacy with keen, penetrating consumer intelligence that informs quick perception and discernment of changing economic contexts. Consumer acumen is a foundational competency for the future, enabling people to better function in the post‐recession economy.     

Consumer Knowledge and Understanding of Consumer Credit

Much has recently been written about the desirability of restrictive usury laws. While low maximum rates may prevent excessive charges to some, they also limit the ability of high-risk persons to borrow. Therefore, if consumers have a sufficient understanding of the credit market to realize what they are paying for and how much they are paying when they borrow, a case can be made against low maximum finance rates. This article reports on a nationwide study designed to measure consumer knowledge and understanding of consumer credit. The results are that while consumers can generally rank lenders correctly in terms of cost, there are serious gaps in their knowledge of the credit market. Education and income are the key determinants of knowledge and understanding of consumer credit.     

Consumer Perceptions of the Consumer Credit Process

This research contrasts the perceptions of consumers with those of loan officers faced with similar credit application situations. Fundamental misperceptions of the credit granting process are encountered. Consumers clearly misperceive the credit standards of both banks and finance companies. Given large interest rate differentials between loan sources and the narrow shopping scope of most consumers for consumer credit, equitable allocation of credit dollars demands greater appreciation of the nature of the credit evaluation process by lender and borrower.     

The Effects of Consumer Education on Consumer Search

This paper reports the results of an empirical investigation of the relationship between selected consumer and marketplace characteristics—focusing on participation in consumer education activities—and consumers’ prepurchase information search behavior. A need exists for further study of the counteractive effects that consumer education is likely to have with respect to preferences for search and to the efficiency with which consumers conduct search.     

Consumer aliteracy

A large and growing segment of global society is comprised of capable but unwilling readers. Despite the proliferation of aliteracy and extant research on illiterate consumers, the topic of consumer aliteracy is unexplored. To address the issue, an eight‐item unidimensional measure of the construct is developed and validated. This consumer aliteracy scale captures reading attitudes and behaviors across a variety of written marketing materials. Results indicate that consumer aliteracy is predictive of how consumers approach written versus visual marketing information and the amount of time devoted to these information formats in a choice setting. Understanding the phenomenon of consumer aliteracy is essential for researchers studying consumer responses to a wide variety of written marketing materials. In addition, consideration of consumer aliteracy may help research that employs written marketing messages as stimuli to better detect other processing effects.     

Consumer spirituality

ABSTRACT

Consumers increasingly turn to the marketplace in search of spiritual well-being. In this introduction to the special issue, we unpack the concept of consumer spirituality. We define consumer spirituality as the interrelated practices and processes engaged in when consuming market offerings (products, services, places) that yield 'spiritual utility'. The market offerings are purposely designed to quench consumers’ thirst for meaningful encounters with one’s inner self or a higher external power. We identify three vehicles – materiality, embodiment, and technology – that consumers engage with to access consumer spirituality. By unpacking the concept of consumer spirituality along three themes - (1) shaping markets for consumer spirituality, (2) the means for accessing consumer spirituality, and (3) making sense of and researching consumer spirituality - we provide a future research agenda to advance scholarly explorations of consumer spirituality and to facilitate a systematic development of this nascent body of literature in marketing and consumer research.     

Consumer insurance

This report sets out the legal requirements which the European Consumer Law Group believes ought to be incorporated into consumer insurance contracts.The opening sections deal primarily with the law and practice governing pre-contractual negotiations. Subject areas covered include: (I) the need for accurate information about the cost of insurance and the extent of cover; (II) the use of consumer protection devices such as the cooling-off period and/or the offre préalable; (III) whether there should be a right to insurance per se; (IV) the unfairness of the law governing declarations of risk and non-disclosure.The next section of the paper analyses the terms of the insurance contract by commenting upon: (V) the wording form and language of contracts; (VI) the law governing warranties and Obliegenheiten; (VII) the legal effect of false replies to questionnaires and basis of the contract clauses; (VIII) whether the terms of insurance contracts should be subject to general consumer legislation.The penultimate section of the paper is concerned with (IX) the duration and (X) the termination of insurance contracts. The paper concludes by addressing itself to (XI) a number of miscellaneous matters and by (XII) stressing the need for effective redress procedures in the insurance field. The recommendations contained therein are then annexed in summary form.

---

Verbraucher und Versicherung

Zusammenfassung Die European Consumer Law Group, eine Vereinigung von Rechtslehrern und Rechtspraktikern des Verbraucherrechts in Europa, macht in ihrem hier veröffentlichten Bericht eine Reihe von Vorschlägen über die grundlegenden Anforderungen, die aus der Sicht des Verbrauchers an die Gestaltung von Versicherungsverträgen zu richten sind. Dabei wird bewußt versucht, unter Absehen von den außerordentlichen regulatorischen Unterschieden innerhalb der Mitgliedstaaten der EG und der anderen europäischen Staaten ein auf Verbraucher zugeschnittenes Versicherungsvertragsmodell zu entwickeln. Zuerst geht es dabei um die Phase der Vertragsverhandlungen. Der Verbraucher benötigt exakte Informationen über die Kosten der Versicherung und den Deckungsumfang (I). Vorgesehen ist die Verankerung von verbraucherschützenden Regeln Über ein Widerrufsrecht und/oder die Verpflichtung des Versicherungsunternehmens zur Abgabe eines bindenden Angebots (Grundsatz der offre préalable) mit vorläufigem Deckungsschutz (II). Erörtert wird weiterhin die Frage eines Kontrahierungszwanges des Versicherungsunternehmens, wie sie im Schwedischen Verbraucherversicherungsgesetz vorgesehen ist (III). Die Angabepflichten des Versicherungsnehmers bezüglich des versicherten Risikos sind klar zu gestalten und hinsichtlich der Rechtsfolgen bei Verstoß vor unnötigen Härten freizuhalten (IV).Der nächste Teil des Papieres geht auf die Versicherungsbedingungen im einzelnen ein. Dazu gehören Sprache und Gestaltung des Vertrages (V), Regeln über Obliegenheiten und sogenannte warranties (Zusicherungen des Versicherungsnehmers bezüglich des versicherten Risikos) (VI), Rechtsfolgen bei Verstoß gegen Vertragsbestimmungen (VII) und Notwendigkeit der Anwendung allgemeiner verbraucherschützender Regeln, etwa über allgemeine Geschäftsbedingungen, auch auf Versicherungsverträge (VIII).Danach wendet sich das Papier der Dauer (IX) und der Beendigung (X) von Versicherungsverträgen zu. Zum Schluß werden eine Reihe sonstiger Fragen des Versicherungsvertrages behandelt (XI), um schließlich die Notwendigkeit effektiver Beschwerde- und Rechtsdurchsetzungsmechanismen (XII) hervorzuheben. Ein Annex faßt die konkreten rechtspolitischen Empfehlungen zusammen.

---

---

The European Consumer Law Group (E.C.L.G) is a group of lawyers and law scholars in the EEC, concerned with legal aspects of consumer protection. Correspondence regarding this paper should be directed to: Mr. Alex Schuster, Lecturer in Law, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland.     

Consumer goods

Japanese company kicks off regional retail operations in HK
Japanese hosiery company, NAIGAI Co., Ltd, on September 9 announced the opening of its first independent retail outlet in Hong Kong. NAIGAI＇s new retail outlet in Hong Kong will offer an array of high-quality and trendy hosiery consisting of both the comnany＇s signature labels as well as a few licensed international brands.