山东省休闲农业资源空间分布及影响因素分析

[目的]通过分析山东省休闲农业资源的空间分布差异,研究其影响因素,实现休闲农业资源的空间优化。[方法]选取山东省农业厅确定的5批共195个星级休闲农业点作为研究样本,运用最近邻指数、基尼系数、地理集中指数及核密度估计等方法对山东省休闲农业的空间布局进行深入分析。[结果](1)在资源类型上,山东省休闲农业总体可以分为休闲观光、农事体验、农业科技、特色村镇和乡村文化5个一级类和18个二级类;(2)在空间分布类型上,山东省休闲农业资源总体趋于凝聚型分布;休闲农业资源在17地市内呈高度集中分布,各地市间发展不平衡;(3)从市域尺度上看,休闲农业资源主要集中在青岛、潍坊、临沂及济宁,莱芜和淄博最少;(4)在空间分布密度上,德州西部和聊城中部是高密度区,潍坊西北和青岛东南是次密度区。(5)山东省休闲农业资源的空间分布受到资源禀赋条件、地方经济基础、交通区位以及客源市场条件等因素的影响。最后,文章结合山东省休闲农业发展实际,给出了优化发展建议。[结论]山东省休闲农业资源空间分布不均,各地市应强调差异竞争,加强区域合作,并以"点—轴"发展理论为基础,加强点上集聚与轴的培育,实现休闲农业资源空间格局上的优化。     

西安市休闲农业资源基本特征及评价

[目的]构建西安市休闲农业资源评价体系,从定量方面对西安市主要休闲农业资源进行评价,以把握其自身发展现状,并实现对休闲农业资源的合理开发、规划及利用。[方法]采用层次分析法计算指标权重,采用加权评分法计算休闲农业资源综合得分。[结果](1)相对于准则层而言,资源的经济价值是评价休闲农业资源质量的最重要指标,其次为资源生态价值、资源观赏价值;资源科教价值和文化价值权重相同,相比于其他准则层指标权重最小,由此可见,休闲农业能为投资者带来的经济价值是决定其发展的重要因素,且资源的可持续发展能力已经成为影响休闲农业发展的不可或缺且重要的因素;(2)相对于指标层而言,投资收入比年降低率、营业额年增长率、生态稳定性、景色可观度、垃圾无害化处理率分别是评价西安市休闲农业资源质量的前5位重要指标。[结论]西安市具有代表性的休闲农业资源大多处于第Ⅲ等级,质量中等,尚有较大发展空间。尤其是农家乐模式较单一,西安市农家乐类休闲农业资源在拓展自身多功能方面还具有很大发展空间。     

四川省休闲农业资源开发与规划研究

休闲农业是农业与旅游业相融合的新型产业,对优化农业产业结构、促进农业战略转型、推进我国社会主义新农村建设意义重大。作为我国农业开发最早的地区之一,四川是我国粮食与经济作物的重要产地,有着丰厚的农业自然资源,发展休闲农业的市场空间巨大,当前休闲农业已经成为四川农民就业增收的一条重要渠道。对休闲农业资源的开发与规划进行研究,能够充分发挥四川省的农业资源优势,为休闲农业的良性发展提供有力的保障。文章首先介绍了休闲农业资源开发的意义与作用,如优化产业结构,加快农业产业化进程、拓宽就业渠道,转移剩余劳动、加快城镇化进程,推进新农村建设等;进而对四川省休闲农业资源开发现状与存在的问题进行了分析;并提出构建四川省休闲农业产业化经营模式与组织化经营模式,探讨了四川省休闲农业资源开发的规划原则。     

成都市休闲农业发展研究

[目的]发展休闲农业是新形势下转变农业发展方式,促进地方经济增长的一项重要措施。[方法]文章在分析成都市发展休闲农业优势的基础上,利用文献分析与实地调研方法,对成都市休闲农业发展阶段、资源情况以及主要类型进行细致分析。[结果]成都市休闲农业资源较为丰富,品牌竞争力强,主要发展模式有农家乐旅游模式、现代农业科技园、农业观光采摘园、休闲度假模式、科普教育模式、民俗风情旅游等6种模式。[结论]针对休闲农业发展遇见的瓶颈问题,提出充分发挥政府主导作用,为经营者提供便利条件;科学规划休闲农业用地,推进休闲农业快速发展;丰富休闲产品类型;增加宣传,提高休闲农业品牌知名度;完善相关配套设施,提高服务质量等建议。     

休闲农业经营组织环境行为影响因素分析——以福建省为例

本文基于福建省调查数据分析了休闲农业经营组织环境行为的影响因素。通过因子分析,本文将休闲农业经营组织环境行为分为环境战略制定、环境过程管理、环境宣传教育、环境信息沟通四个类型,将其影响因素分为环境规制、利益相关者压力、利益链条、管理层环境意识、信息与技术资源五个方面,并采用单因素方差分析法分析了不同休闲农业经营组织环境行为及其影响因素的差异。结果表明,不同组织规模、组织形式、组织等级的休闲农业经营组织在四类环境行为上存在显著差异,环境规制、信息与技术资源对不同地理区位的休闲农业经营组织的环境行为都有显著影响,五类影响因素对不同组织形式的休闲农业经营组织的环境行为均有显著影响,利益相关者压力、管理层环境意识对不同等级的休闲农业经营组织的环境行为均有显著影响。     

云南省休闲农业空间分布特征及其影响因素分析

[目的]发展休闲农业是深度开发农业资源潜力,调整农业结构,增加农民收入的重要途径。分析云南省休闲农业空间分布特征及影响因素,为优化布局供理论参考。[方法]以2011—2016年云南省农业厅和农业省旅游局及国家旅游局公布的休闲农业名单为研究样本,运用平均最邻近比率、地理集中指数和平均分布密度等方法研究云南省休闲农业空间分布特征,并具体分析了影响分布的因素。[结果](1)云南省的休闲农业可分为观光采摘园、农业科技园、休闲农业园、文化创意园4种类型,整体呈集聚分布,但4种类型分布不均匀。(2)休闲农业市域分布差异明显,其中昆明市和大理白族自治州分布数目最多,昆明市、玉溪市和保山市休闲农业的平均分布密度远高于其他地区。(3)影响云南省休闲农业空间分布的因素主要有经济发展水平、资源禀赋、交通条件和气候特点,云南省休闲农业多分布在拥有较高的经济发展水平、资源充沛、丰富的交通干线和气候条件优越的地区。[结论]云南省休闲农业分布不均,根据“点—轴”空间理论和核心—边缘理论,今后可先形成城市边缘休闲地带,然后由经济的带动逐步向欠发达地区拓展。充分利用地区气候条件优势和资源优势,开发休闲农业新模式。还可考虑将休闲农业与传统旅游景区相结合共同形成环城市或环交通干线的景观带,形成“一串式”发展格局。     

河南省休闲农业转型升级驱动力分析

［目的］通过对河南省休闲农业转型升级中影响驱动力各项因素的评价和分析,以期对河南省休闲农业可持续发展提供参考。［方法］以河南省休闲农业转型升级驱动力为目标,通过构建评价指标体系,从政策因素、区位因素、发展因素和社会因素4个部分组成评价准则层,在此基础上进行具体指标选取,运用层次分析法分析其驱动力。［结果］在准则层中,4个部分的权重分布情况为政策因素（0409 0）＞区位因素（0290 2）＞发展因素（0162 2）＞社会因素（0138 6）,指标层权重处于第一层次的有休闲体验需求（0416 2）、乡村振兴战略（0375 4）、产业融合趋势（0368 2）和地区资源特色（0368 1）。［结论］休闲体验需求、乡村振兴战略、产业融合趋势和地区资源特色是目前河南省休闲农业转型升级的主要驱动力; 河南省休闲农业转型升级驱动力是由政策因素、区位因素、发展因素和社会因素共同组成的一个相互联系相互制约的复杂系统,其中乡村振兴战略和美丽乡村建设等政策对休闲农业的整体规划起到指导作用,区位因素决定了地区间农业资源特色和客源市场的不同以及客源与目的地之间的交通距离,且经济的发展和交通环境的改善促使地区间特色资源的开发,进而促进科技发展、教育水平提高、经营管理完善和休闲体验需求多样化等社会因素,由此形成河南省休闲农业转型升级驱动力系统。     

南京市休闲农业空间差异及其社会经济影响因素分析

[目的]休闲农业在促进产业融合、带动过农业、农村发展方面发挥着重要作用,分析其空间分布特征及其社会经济影响因素,为休闲农业的健康可持续发展提供一定参考。[方法]文章以南京市为例,通过文献查阅法了解南京市休闲农业的资料、相关研究成果,结合实地调查法确保南京市休闲农业景点的真实性,采用空间结构分析法分析休闲农业空间分布差异,相关分析法分析其影响因素。[结果]南京市6个区的最临近指数均小于1,空间分布呈凝聚型,其中浦口区的分布密度最大,为0.035个/千km~2。休闲农业分布与地区GDP、农业产值、旅游发展水平显著相关,与产业结构、城镇和农村居民消费水平相关,但不显著,说明目前南京市第一、二、三产业融合有待进一步加强,休闲农业产品仍有提升空间。[结论]南京市休闲农业发展受社会经济发展的影响,因此需要基于休闲农业资源,差异化发展,同时协调发展休闲农业服务供应链,促进产业融合,完善休闲农业相关政策,耦合侧供给改革共同发展。     

陕西省休闲农业发展水平评价及驱动力分析

［目的］休闲农业是现代化农业发展的新模式,为了全面了解陕西省休闲农业发展的整体水平和驱动因素,对陕西省休闲农业的发展水平进行综合评价,为陕西省发展现代化农业提供一定的参考依据。［方法］文章通过层次分析法对陕西省休闲农业的发展水平构建评价指标体系,确定各指标的权重,基于该结果,采用模糊评价法对各指标打分,计算出休闲农业发展水平的综合得分,根据得分情况,确定陕西省休闲农业发展的整体水平。［结果］层次分析法结果表明功能效益的权重最大为0422 4,产业发展的权重值次之为0269 9,经营模式的权重值最小为0135 1; 模糊评价打分结果表明陕西省休闲农业发展水平的综合得分为399; 休闲农业发展水平驱动力分析表明物质基础、形成条件、经济基础和文化基础都会促进休闲农业的发展。［结论］陕西省休闲农业发展水平处于快速发展阶段,其驱动因素受到多方面的影响,为了促进陕西省休闲农业的健康发展,建议政府应加强环境保护和基础设施建设,提高工作人员的服务意识,提升产品文化内涵,促进陕西省休闲农业的整体化发展。     

农户对休闲农业的认知及参与意愿研究*——基于山东省615份农户调研问卷的实证

［目的］文章以山东省615位农户调查数据为依据,就农户对休闲农业的实际认知水平和对休闲农业的参与意愿进行实证分析。［方法］运用二元Logistic模型检验影响农户参与休闲农业意愿的因素。［结果］（1）借助公共媒体、村委会及亲朋好友等信息渠道,农户对休闲农业的认知状况较为理想,休闲农业的经济功能、社会功能和环境功能均得到了农户的较高认可; （2）农户参与休闲农业经营的意愿较强,有7350%的农户表示未来愿意参与或继续参与休闲农业的经营; （3）受教育程度、风险承担能力、劳动力数量、资金支持、交通区位、旅游资源、对休闲农业的认知、宣传推广、前景预期、亲友的“示范作用”和组织化程度等因素对农户的参与意愿具有显著性影响。［结论］山东省农户参与休闲农业经营的意愿受多种因素的影响,为了提高农户的经营意愿,促进休闲农业的发展,依据研究结果,提出针对性政策建议。     

Price transmission between products at different stages of manufacturing in forest industries

The theory of demand and supply implies a positive relationship, or “price transmission” between the prices of products at different stages of manufacturing. This relationship was investigated with quarterly prices of softwood stumpage in the US South, and national prices of forest products, from 1977 to 2002. All prices, net of inflation, were found to be nonstationary and there was no evidence of co-integration between prices. Vector autogressive models, augmented by Granger causality tests and multiplier analysis showed that there was a one-to-one permanent positive response of the southern sawtimber stumpage price to a permanent change in the national lumber price. There was also a one-third permanent positive response of the national paper price to a permanent change in the national pulp price. There was no relation between regional pulpwood prices and national pulp or paper prices. When price transmission was significant, the full adjustment took about 2 years.     

Application of an ecosystem function framework to perceptions of community woodlands

Owners, local residents, government, and conservation organisations can express divergent preferences in the development and management of local woodlands. The perceptions of these four groups were examined, in the context of three community woodlands in Eastern England, using an ecosystem function framework. In a pilot study, residents were able to allocate a relative importance to woodland ecosystem services which were then related to “regulation”, “habitat”, and “production” or “information” functions. However residents also placed importance on negative services or “dis-services” associated with the woodland ecosystem. Therefore a fifth category of “dis-services” was included in the main survey which included 84 local residents, three woodland owners, three government institutions, and six representatives from conservation groups. Each of the four groups placed greatest importance on services associated with habitat (16–39% of the total importance) and information (30–50%) functions suggesting, in this example, mutual interest in the use of woodlands as a habitat or recreational resource. By contrast a potential area of difference was the particularly high importance placed by one owner on dis-services such as fly tipping. In addition the woodland owners placed higher importance (10–20%), than local residents and conservation groups (7–9%), on the productive services of the wood. This suggests a need for communication when production-related operations affect recreation. The ecosystem function framework appears to be a useful approach for highlighting potential tensions and areas of mutual interest in the management of semi-natural ecosystems.     

In Vino ‘No’ Veritas: impacts of fraud on wine imports in China

China is one of the largest wine importing countries in the world and is poised for continued import growth in the future. Increased wine purchases throughout China have given rise to persistent fraud where fake wines are packaged and sold with counterfeit contents and labels. For exporting countries like France, counterfeit wines displace market share, damage foreign brand reputation, and cause distrust in consumers who are aware of counterfeiting problems throughout the country. We examine the impact of fraudulent wine events (as measured by negative media reports) on Chinese wine demand differentiated by supplying country. We employ the Rotterdam demand system and a switching regression procedure to estimate import demand and compare results across different media variable specifications. Results consistently show that negative reports disproportionately affect French wine regardless of how the media variable is specified. This is not surprising because most fraudulent events involve French wine counterfeits.     

An evaluation framework for earthquake-responsive land administration

In recent years earthquakes and their secondary hazards have claimed the largest number of lives of all large natural disasters. Some of the world’s most earthquake-prone zones are also areas of high population density. The impact is magnified by vulnerability factors including non-enforcement of building codes, knowledge gaps, urban poverty and poor governance capacity to manage and reduce earthquake risks. Poor security of land tenure and property rights increases the vulnerability of people and affects their ability to respond to natural disasters.Earthquake recovery and reconstruction provides very significant challenges for land agencies, with these challenges differing from one country to the next due to differences in the local context. Drawing on contrasting case studies in Haiti, Nepal and New Zealand this paper identifies the common post-earthquake land administration functions and challenges that may apply to many contexts. These lessons provide land agencies and other key stakeholders with a summary of the challenges an earthquake poses for land administration at different post-disaster stages. We also discuss the policy and regulatory, institutional, operational and preparedness lessons for land administration. From these lessons we propose a framework for evaluating the earthquake-responsiveness of a land administration system. This framework can be used by a land agency in an earthquake prone region, or where an earthquake has recently occurred, to assess what challenges to land administration might occur in the event of an earthquake, and the preparedness of their land administration system.     

Agrarian Poverty,Nutrition and Economic Class – A Study of Gujarat,India

This paper analyses poverty and calorific undernourishment in the Indian state of Gujarat, where high and market‐led industrial growth has resulted in rapid economic improvement. The study is carried out through a combination of secondary and survey‐based data. We conclude that the neoliberal agenda of uncontrolled, outward‐looking growth has not resulted in significant reduction of poverty or malnourishment in rural areas. Furthermore, while land ownership is officially used as a proxy for wealth distribution, class position appears a better predictor of poverty status in the rural areas than landownership per se. At the policy level, there is a need to revive the agrarian economy and create new non‐agricultural assets, and the primary focus in the state must shift to the distribution of created assets rather than a single‐minded focus on growth.     

Does sustainable agricultural growth require a system of innovation? Evidence from Ghana and Burkina Faso

This paper tests the ‘systems of innovation’ hypothesis for a selection of crops in Ghana and Burkina Faso that have shown significant growth in production over an approximately 20-year period. The question is whether such growth can only occur if supported by a system of innovation. Using two indicators (a common understanding on objectives and priorities, and a high level of interactivity), we find little evidence for the existence of anything that might be considered a high functioning system of innovation.     

Local impacts of industrial tree plantations: An empirical analysis in Indonesia across plantation types

The values ascribed to industrial tree plantations are often controversial. Hence knowledge of their perceived impacts is important for improving their integration in rural landscapes. In 2016 we conducted household surveys with 606 respondents living in villages adjacent to acacia, teak and pine plantations across three islands in Indonesia (Java, Borneo, Sumatra). Results show that perceptions toward pine and teak plantations tend to differ from those toward acacia pulpwood plantations in several ways. Pine and teak plantations are perceived to have a higher number and variety of benefits and services, a higher number of positive impacts, a better environmental record, and to present more opportunities to local people for use of plantation land and products for improving rural livelihoods. In addition, we find that villagers around acacia pulpwood plantations tend to seek economic development and infrastructure to open up remote areas, yet their expectations were often only partially met. Recommendations from our analysis include: the role of the State in plantations must be clarified and potentially reinforced; the role of institutions as intermediaries is fundamental; and contributions by communities to design of management plans should be accommodated.     

Upstream demand for water use by new tree plantations imposes externalities on downstream irrigated agriculture and wetlands*

Large‐scale tree plantations in high rainfall upstream areas can reduce fresh water inflows to river systems, thereby imposing external costs on downstream irrigation, stock and domestic water users and wetland interests. We take the novel approach of expressing all benefits and costs of establishing plantations in terms of $ per gigalitre (GL) of water removed annually from river flows, setting upstream demands on the same basis as downstream demands. For the Macquarie Valley, a New South Wales sub‐catchment of Australia’s Murray‐Darling Basin, we project changes in land and water use and changes in economic surpluses under two policy settings: without and with a policy requiring permanent water entitlements to be purchased from downstream parties, before plantation establishment. Without the policy, and given a high stumpage value for trees ($70/m³), upstream gains in economic surplus projected from expanding plantations are $639 million; balanced against $233 million in economic losses by downstream irrigators and stock and domestic water users for a net gain of $406 million, but 345 GL lower mean annual environmental flows. With the policy, smaller gains in upstream economic surplus from trees ($192 million), added to net downstream gains ($138 million) from sale of water, result in gains of $330 million with no reduction in environmental flows. Sustaining the 345 GL flow for a $76 million (406–330) reduction in gains to economic surplus may be seen to cost only $0.22 million/GL; but this is much lower than the market value of the first units of that water to agriculture and forestry.     

Malaria incidence and agricultural efficiency in Uganda

The cost of accessing healthcare can be a major determinant of disease prevalence, which in turn has short‐ and long‐term welfare implications on poor households. In response, governments in developing countries often resort to subsidizing the cost of drugs, which, while perhaps easier to administer, may not always be the most effective way of addressing healthcare cost. In this regard, we analyze the impact of different types of household level health expenses on disease incidence and agricultural production efficiency. We use data from the 2006 Uganda National Household Survey, which covered approximately 7,400 households. The results suggest that a 10% increase in consultation, medicine, and hospitalization expenses would reduce malaria incidence respectively by 35.6%, 20.5%, and 21.3 %, which translates into a 1.1%, 0.6%, and 0.6 % decrease in agricultural inefficiency, respectively. The results indicate that helping poor households meet expenses for consultation through subsidies or eliminating consultation fees has a larger impact on malaria incidence and agricultural productivity among poor rural households than subsidizing the cost of medical drugs, the most common avenue chosen by developing country governments in the fight against the disease.     

土地学科的建设和发展——"土地学科发展规划研讨会"综述

中国土地科学学科发展已取得很大成就,表现为专业教育和人才培养成绩突出、初步形成学科体系、取得大批研究成果.而存在的问题主要是基础理论研究欠缺、独特的土地科学研究方法体系尚未形成、研究角度单一、学术交流质量不高和学科带头人的影响力不足.土地科学学科发展目前面临着巨大的机遇和挑战,应明确土地科学学科发展的基本思路、发展目标及2010-2020年的主要建设任务和保障措施.