An empirical research of urbanization and urban-rural gap in China： 1952-2005

There are two important problems of urban-rural relationship in China nowadays： the accelerated urbanization process and an enlarged urban-rural gap. The researchers can be divided into two schools according to their emphasis. One emphasizes particularly the urban development, and the other pays attention to the urban-rural income gap. However, there is a very strong association between urbanization rate and urban-rural inequality. As far as it goes, there is a paradox between urbanization and urban-rural inequality in China. This main reason lies＇ in the different temporal and spatial scales chosen by the scholars. Making use of correlative analysis and wavelet method, this paper rethinks and sums up the commonly evolving characteristics and trends between urbanization and urban-rural gap from 1950s to now. There is an intensively positive correlation between urbanization and urban- rural consumption gap. In general, with the acceleration of urbanization, urban-rural gap of China has undergone three stages of cyclical fluctuations. The rapid urbanization results in the increase of urban-rural highly risky. In addition, the special stage of urbanization is the other reason that expands urban-rural gap.     

A research of material input and environmental impact for Chinese economy： 1990-2005

The process of economic activities is on the basis of tremendous material inputs. China has been discharging an enormous amount of waste, giving rise to a wide range of environmental impacts. The method of economy-wide material flow analysis （EW-MFA） is one of the effective tools to examine the flow of materials entering physical economies, and recognize early environmental problems. Relevant researches are still at the early stage in China and most focus on material throughput but are rarely concerned about the utilization of recycling resource and environmental impact. Based on more than 3,000 items of data related, materials entering Chinese economy are classified into three types, and then the characteristics of material input and environmental impact are presented for the years 1990-2005 by using the indicators derived from EW-MFA. The Ratio of Recycled Material （RRM） is added as the new indicator in order to be in accordance with the need of circular economy being promoted in China. Results show that the great changes in the structure of material input cause the continuous increase of industrial solid waste emissions and the bogging down of material productivity. The RRM reveals that the utilization of recycling resources remains at a fairly low level in China. Finally, some weakness of EW-MFA is discussed according to the calculated results.     

From compensation to development： the application and progress of RwD in China

Involuntary resettlenment caused by project construction is a difficult problem over world. In the past, therestoration of livelihoods in the event of involuntary resettlementhas been based purely on providing compensation to those who are displaced. Evidence has shown that compensation-based involuntary resettlement can not realize the objective of restoring and improving resettlers＇ living standard. With a view to improve this outcome, the concept of Resettlement with Development （RwD） was envisaged and is now generally heralded as the means to mitigate catastrophic failures of the past. However, few developing countries have included the concept of RwD into th, ational policies and China is one of them. The Chinese government has taken resettlement as an opportunity to help resettlers restore and improve their living standards and develop economy in reservoir areas by implementing RwD olicy including giving compensation and subsidies at early stage and offering production assistance at late stage, citing up reservoir construction fund, initiating partnership programs and preferential policy as well as enhanc infrastruture construction. The preliminary experience from the TGP resettlement has verified that the transformation from compensation-based resettlement to RwD is a right policy, choice. Meanwhile. because ofthe changing political environment and the complexity of involuntary resettlement there is still room for china to improve its RwD policy.     

Development pattern of the industry form in mountains area： a case study of the Three Gorges Reservoir area

The mountainous areas （mountain, plateau and hilly area ） cover than 85% of total land territory of China.Nature and humanity in very mountainous ares has its own geographic characteristics.In the process of industrialization and urbanization in China, realizing the sustainable development of the mouniainous areas, optimizing man-land system, and adopting and continuously developing corresponding economic modes of the mountainous areas with multi-functions of economy, ecalogy, culture and society to chararacterize production content, mode of production. mode of operation is not only helpful to econonty, society and ecological value and is of great aesthetic value,but also solve the technological problems of the subject of starting undertaking to finally transform the regional resource advantage of the mountainous area into the advantage of capital and technology for economic development and to get rid of the contradiction between underdeveloped economy and abundant resources. This paper takes the Three Gorges Reservoir（TGR） area for example to show that it＇s of great practical and theoretical significance ,regional distribution,variety structure and quality structure.     

On Strategy of Resource Exploitation and Sustainable Develoloment in Western China

In the course of world industrialization, resources have been reduced and environment is deteriorating. This results from two factors. One is growth of world population.World population went up to 1 billion in 1800, 2 billion in 1930; accordingly, it cost 130 years to grow 1 billion. Andthen, it reached 3 billion in 1960, 4 billion in 1975, 5 billion in 1987 and 6 billion in 1999. In the period of 1960-1999,     

Mutual promotion between culture and economy： A viewpoint from Sinicization of Marxism culture theory

It is impossible to realize the modernization of China without cultural construction. According to the fundamental principles of historic materialism, this paper discusses the relationships between culture and economy in the Chinese socialist construction.     

The sustainability and transition of economic growth in China：from a perspective of factor structure

After more than 20 years＇ high speed growth, the sustainable growth of Chinese economy faces serious limitation of resources and factors now and in the future. In order to maintain the economic growth. China has to trans-form the way of economic growth, Based on the analysis on the related theories of economic growth and the structural transformation in factors of production, this paper proposes that the transformation of the economic growth way has to impel the optimization and the promotion of the utilization structure of factors of production. Finall.v, based on the analysis of the necessity to change the pattern of economic growth, this paper proposes＇ the strategic measures to promote the continuous economic growth and the transformation of patterns of economic growth.     

Identification and analysis of underdeveloped resource-rich regions in China

This paper analyzes the existence of developmental views and compares the results of previous studies for underdeveloped regions.In view of the limitations of previous studies,this study details regional unit,expands index system,applies factor-analysis to structure index system,uses the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation model to improve analytic hierarchy process,and identifies the economic developmental levels of 384 regions,including 4 municipalities,333 cities at prefecture level,and 47 counties under the jurisdiction of province.The levels of the 47 counties are identified by dividing the rank of comprehensive values of more than 337 regions unit into five equal graduations and then matching the 47 counties with the five-graduation results.This study provides the distribution of resources-rich region in China qualitatively and quantitatively in terms of coal,oil gas and other 14 kinds of metal mineral resources.Finally,by matching the two parts of results,this study identifies the distribution of underdeveloped resource-rich regions （URRRs）.URRRs are mainly distributed in Shaanxi,Shanxi,Guizhou,Yunnan,Sichuan,He ＇nan,Shandong,Guangxi and Gansu provinces,which accounts for 78.57% of the total in China.To a certain degree,the result of this paper proves that ＂resources curse ＂ existing in the national stratification plane in later 20^th century still takes places in some cities in China,especially in the counties of these cities ＇jurisdiction.     

Variation of land use structure in Chuzhou City, China： 1996-2005

Nowadays the fast economic development has brought about serious conflicts between the limited land resources and the increasing land demand in Chuzhou City.The changes of land use structure also restrict economic development and society progress in this area.Because different cities have different functional localization,the city area and each county （city） have formed characteristic land utilization structure.It is of great significance to make rational use of land resources and ensure the sustainable use of land resources by analyzing the variation of land use structure in the city area and each county （city） in Chuzhou City.Based on the data of land use modification of Chuzhou City from 1996 to 2005 and adopting the quantitative analysis of landscape ecology,this paper studies quantitatively the temporal division of regional land use structure and its dynamic changes.The results indicate that： （1） this method can reveal the law of the variation; （2） the variation of land use structure in Chuzhou City： increasing diversification,evenness and heterogeneity; （3） the intensity of change in land use from 1996 to 2005 in the city appeared in the sequence： grass land〉traffic land〉garden land〉virgin land〉forest land〉industrial and residential land〉cultivated land〉other agricultural land〉water facility land; （4） there were remarkable differences between the city area and each county （city） in the relative change and the land use structure change from 1996 to 2005.This paper analyzes the variation of land use structure in Chuzhou City,and finally proposes related countermeasures and suggestions.     

Public choice on coordinated development of border regions and its empirical research： a case study of Wuling mountain area

Due to the difficult segmentation of land destiny, popularity destiny, industry destiny on the platform of common interests demand, the regional governance of production and living for the needs of the people in cross-regional areas, such as in the aspects of security, education, assignment and management of water resources, transportation, energy, environment protection and public health, the administrative border regional cooperation is relatively easy. These aspects are equivalent to public products. Just because of this, it leads to problems that nobody will not control. The governments, in order to realize regional economic coordinated development and to eliminate the regional interests parties of administrative regions economy in microcosmic, were adapting various self-protection measures, even including that ＂you may have your policy but I have my countermeasures＂ that is derived from inter-regional economic relations. The action of market segmentation has limited the flow of various economic development elements, especially the condition of ＂dead end highway＂, resource exploitation and use, difficult social security work in social living of the administrative boundary zone. This paper studies the typical economical district of Wuling mountain area in the obvious strategic position at the junction of Chongqing, Guizhou, Hunan, Hubei provinces from the angle of regional public management and public choice to present issue awareness and academic purpose.     

土地利用变化研究进展述评及展望

通过近年来对土地利用变化理论、模型方法和驱动机制等方面的研究成果,总结出土地利用变化自身理论建设滞后,驱动力传导机制研究不足,微观行为影响因素关注不足等现存问题,而土地利用变化自身理论建设是未来的研究方向,结合高新仿真技术模拟将是研究重点,关注人类微观行为作用机制是研究的重要着眼点。     

China financial research: A review and synthesis

We review the financial research on China as a transitional economy over the past 15 years or so. This review sheds light on several important issues that are pertinent for an emerging financial market—how regulation can affect the prices of different financial assets; how and why markets are segmented; corporate governance effects between major and minor shareholders in an emerging market; the importance of a bank-based financial system; interactions between the financial market and the goods market; how market participants can complete the market; and how an emerging financial market emulates established markets and evolves over time. Many unexplored financial issues remain unexplored, and more research is warranted into, what theories are at work, and what are missing.     

元分析方法综述：从基础到高阶

作为一项重要的研究工具,元分析已广泛应用于心理学、管理学、教育学和医学等科学领域。随着统计技术的发展,传统元分析已逐渐衍生出大量高阶研究方法。为使研究者和从业者及时捕捉其发展现状,本文全面探讨了元分析的原理、应用及最新进展。首先,详细阐述了传统元分析的基本原理、历史发展及操作步骤。其次,归纳了传统元分析衍生出的高阶研究方法,包括：跨层次元分析、元分析结构方程模型及其他应用(如可复制性研究与大数据分析)等。最后,讨论了元分析在科学研究中的意义及局限性。本文为研究者提供了一个全面的元分析方法概述,帮助研究者识别其发展趋势和潜在问题,并有助于进一步改进该方法以适应不断变化的研究需求。     

Optimum currency area in South Asia: A state space approach

This paper is an empirical investigation of the feasibility of an optimum currency area (OCA) in South Asia. Countries are good candidates for forming an OCA if their economies are similarly structured and if their economies share similar responses to exogenous shocks. That is, among other characteristics, good candidates for forming an OCA will share a coincident pattern of economic booms and recessions. We use a state space time series model with a stochastic trend to explore the extent to which the Indices of Industrial Production for South Asian nations share common dynamic responses to exogenous shocks.     

Research on the sustainable development of ecotourism in protected areas： a review

Due to the unique function of protected areas in species and nature resources conservation, sustainability has become the primary consideration in the development of ecotourism in protected areas. This paper focuses on this issue, and reviews the current literatures in this field, tries to give a comprehensive review which can also be organized in logical sense, classifies three major paradigms about the current research： research on the development of ecotourism in protected areas, research on the external indicators which affect the sustainability of ecotourism in protected areas, researches on the assessment of sustainability of ecotourism in protected areas, and finally points out that the further study in this field must be carried out by inter-disciplines, such as cultural economics and ecological economics.     

黑龙江省巴彦县土地利用类型变化特征及其空间格局分异

以黑龙江省巴彦县为研究区,以1976—2011年间12期遥感影像为数据源像,运用景观生态学理论,在RS、GIS技术支持下,对研究区1976—2011年各种用地类型的数量变化、结构变化、组合方式变化特征及空间格局特征进行研究,以揭示研究区土地利用变化规律。结果表明:1研究区土地利用类型组合方式以旱地和林地为主,其中旱地面积最大,占总面积的50%以上。1976—2011年,土地利用类型变化特征主要表现为建设用地和其他用地面积减少,从而导致旱地面积大幅度增加;林地面积明显增多,主要由旱地转入;牧草地面积减少,其转出主要为旱地、建设用地和其他用地;建设用地、其他用地、水域和园地面积逐渐减少,水田面积增多。21976—2011年,研究区景观分离度、景观多样性和景观形状均呈下降趋势,1976—1988年、1988—2000年、2000—2011年3个时间段内,研究区土地利用格局分布的集散程度呈现出"集中—分散—集中"的变化特征;格局整体稳定性呈"稳定—不稳定—稳定"的复合稳定性特征;格局形状呈"简化—复杂—简化"的变化特征。31976—2011年,研究区土地利用类型变化在空间上呈现出明显的分异特征,土地利用类型变化最频繁的区域主要集中在研究区南部的富江乡和松花江乡,东部的洼兴镇与西部的西集镇和红光乡。