Integrated educational management for the universities

The research model investigates the integrated form of educational management for the universities. To enhance the operations, generate quality outcomes for the well-being of the society, this exploratory study depicts the two wings for the universities in four aspects including education development, education assessment, research development and research assessment. For the better understanding of education and research wings of the universities, the researchers identify different factors namely programs establishments, university culture, faculty capabilities and facilities those have been formularized by the structural equation modeling （SEM） through AMOS. The survey questionnaire was developed and analyzed the reliability and validity of the tools. The conceptual model for the universities provides a novel approach for decision makers to review and appraise their performance toward fulfillment of ultimate goals, i.e. producing high-caliber graduates and high-impact research outcomes for the betterment of the society. This research represents two contributions to the society including human resource contribution and research contribution.     

Effects of Turkish top managers＇ emotional and spiritual intelligences on their organizations＇ financial performance

This study proposed and tested a model that included the possible effects of Turkish top managers＇ spiritual and emotional intelligences on their organizations＇ financial performance. Two instruments, the short versions of ＂emotional quotient inventory （EQ-i：S）＂ and ＂integrated spiritual intelligence scale （ISIS）＂ were preferred to measure the two intelligences of top managers, who were selected from the organizations in the organized industrial zones of Istanbul. It was difficult to retrieve the financial data directly, and thus, the top managers were required to rate their organizations＇ financial performance relative to the competitors. The results were that some relationships were present among the factors of emotional and spiritual intelligences, but there wasn＇t a mixture （a combination） of these factors, and each of spiritual intelligence factors affected financial performance very weakly, whereas most factors of emotional intelligence didn＇t. The model showed that the two intelligences failed to affect financial performance positively altogether.     

The effectiveness of flyer advertising employing TMS： Key to scientific automobile sales innovation at Toyota

In this paper, the author shows the effectiveness of flyer advertising utilizing as a core technology Toyota Marketing System （TMS）. TMS is part of new JIT, which contributes to constructing a Toyota Sales Marketing System （TSMS）. This new TSMS is key to scientific automobile sales innovation at Toyota group dealers in Japan. This study describes the ＂flyer advertising effect＂, the ＂day of the week effect＂, and the ＂new car effect＂. Employing the Science SQC approach, these effects are acknowledged among those on the front lines of automobile sales as having a high level of investment efficiency and resultant customer traffic.     

The impact of corporate governance to the economic value added listed company in BEI 2003-2004

The purpose of this research is to investigate the effect of Corporate Governance （CG） to the performance of the firm measured by Economic Value Added （EVA）. This research uses 64 samples for the year 2003-2004. The CG index is taken from the research of Siagian, Siregar and Rahadian （2006） and the EVA taken from ＂A hundred value creators companies＂ published by SWA Magazines in 2004-2005.
By grouping samples based on its mean, this research finds that samples in high CG index group have higher EVA than samples in low CG index group. The mean equality test shows the significant relation for this evidence.
Using simple and multiple regression method, CG index has positive and significant effect on EVA. This research uses sales growth, leverage, size, and age of the firm as control variables in multiple regression method. Consistent with research hypothesis, all control variables have positive and significant effect on EVA.
This research also investigate the effect of each component of CG index to EVA. ＂Equitable treatment of shareholders＂ and ＂disclosure and transparency＂ have positive and significant effect on EVA, but ＂right of shareholders＂, ＂role of stakeholders＂, and ＂responsibility of the board＂ do not have significant effect to EVA.
The sensitivity analysis is also done to investigate the effect of CG index to the performance of the firm if ROA and ROE were used as proxy of performance. The result shows that CG index has positive and significant effect to those various performance mesurement. Based on its coefficient, CG index is superior in affecting ROE more than EVA and ROA.     

Challenges of accessing and utilizing funds by small and medium enterprises in tourism and hospitality industry in Nigeria

The role of small and medium enterprises in economic development cannot be overemphasized. The positive economic impacts of tourism are derivable in a destination economy when small and medium enterprises are actively involved in the provision of tourism services and facilities. This paper seeks to investigate through desk research the challenges of accessing funds by small and medium tourism and hospitality enterprises in Nigeria, the various attempts by the government to put in place viable institutions that would make funds accessible to SMEs in the industry and why the various attempts failed. The paper, in realization of the critical role of capital in enterprise development, proffers solution, which among other things is the immediate implementation of the Tourism Development Fund （TDF）.     

Information and communication technologies as an incentive for improving relationships in Business to Business markets

The managerial theory as well as the practice of the industries consider the relationships of collaboration between enterprises, the most important resources for business strategy, contributing in the creation of value and economic capital, sustainability of the competitive advantage and also in the definition of innovative ways of enterprise development.
The management of these capacities could improve from the sustaining information and communication technologies （ICT）. The impact that ICT may have in the relations between clients and suppliers, is not entirely elaborated. The use of ICT, based also in the intense connectivity through Internet remains limited when speaking of some activities that generate value. The effects of interconnecting Internet technologies are even now partially unexplored.
This paper will analyze how ICT affect the collaboration relationships between clients and suppliers and related processes of creating value, focusing on the value drivers in Business to Business （B2B） markets, value process in the supply chain and client-supplier relationships and B2B E-marketplaces in the processes of creating and delivering value in the supply chain. Examples of European companies as well as the stage of Albanian companies in relation with these concepts illustrate the ideas throughout the paper.     

Neuroeconomics and business psychology

To determine parameters of the frontal power of executive integration for application in business, this paper reviewed neuroeconomic neuroimaging research and discussion in relation to business psychology. The results are that limbic system （L） is a centre of primary consciousness based on a mesolimbic dopamine system serving the client in the brain stem with adaptive feedback as well as generating cognition and emotions towards Neocortex in a reciprocal autonomic balance. The power of concentration （C） is a tripartite executive integrating emotions and cognition： Prefrontal analysis by semantic recollection from temporal （R） lobe is based on episodic memories. Volition in the medial prefrontal cortex （c） controls both cognitive prediction （R＇c） and emotions （L/c） for a balanced integration as a neural root of economic reasoning. An intuitive visuospatial Parietal sketchpad （I） integrates hippocampal episodic memory mismatches complementary to the cognitive prediction function. Chronic stress limiting the capacity of C is indicated by baseline serum cortisol. The conclusion is that the neuroeconomic model enables （1） operation of the theorem of economic man as an economic-bio-educational complex. Other business applications comprise, （2） a neural foundation of transactional analysis （TA） to improve corporate collaboration and management, （3） a combined health promotion/human resource development program based on simple training techniques as physical exercise, medical meditation and neurolinguistic programming （NLP）, i.e., for weight regulation.     

Strategic groups in hotel industry： Empirical evidences

The Serra da Estrela Tourism Region （SETR）, gifted of unique landscape conditions, of singular natural resources, filled with culture and history, has become an attractive leisure and recreation region. Considering its tourism potential, we have seen a development of the tourism activities on that region, making necessary a study of the presence of derivative offering components, mainly on the tourism hotels level. Considering the crucial strategic role that this activity has on the region, and since there are only a few follow-up studies of the activity development, the present research aims to contribute for the knowledge of the relevant tourism hotels units reality in the SETR. In this sense, the authors intend to analyze the different strategies that are being taken in the region, by this sort of companies and, to identify the existence （or not） of company groups that carry on similar strategies--strategic groups. To reach such goals, an empirical study was developed, based upon the information obtained from the statistical analysis of questionnaires applied to the hotels unit＇s managers. The results allowed concluding that the hotels units enforce combined strategies, instead of a single specific strategy. It was also possible to identify the existence of different strategic groups that use similar competitive strategies. From this process, it also resulted that the companies that operate in this sector consider that strategy assumes a determinative role for the success of their activity.     

Economic sanctions and trade diversions in Sudan

The latest episode of the armed conflict between Northern and Southern Sudan erupted in 1983 and ended with the signing of the ＂Comprehensive Peace Agreement （CPA）＂ in 2005. The CPA allows for a referendum on independence for South Sudan in 2011. A similar scenario is possible for Darfur, where an armed conflict broke out in 2003 over demands for greater decentralization and development in the region. The peace agreement between the central government and the Eastern Sudan region continues to be fragile, and the risk of escalation of across the border spillovers of conflicts with Uganda and Chad persists. The U.S., EU, among other global players, is putting pressure on the Khartoum government to change its policies. Economic sanctions are among the tools used by the U.S. government while encouraging others follow suit. This paper investigates the response of the Sudanese economy to eliminating trade flows with the EU in the first phase and with East-Asian countries in the second. It discusses the changes in the macro-indicators, trade variables and welfare measures that would result. Moreover, it assesses the potential trade diversion and resource reallocation due to sanctions in each phase. To simulate these scenarios, detailed economic databases for Sudan, EU, East-Asian region, MENA, COMESA and the rest of the world are needed. For this purpose, GTAP Africa database and the standard GTAP model are employed. The 57 sectors of Africa database are aggregated to ten sectors including： grains and crops, livestock and meat products, mining and extraction, processed food, textiles and clothing, light manufacturing, heavy manufacturing, utilities and construction, transport and communication and other services. Moreover, the database regions are aggregated to six including Sudan, the EU, East Asia, MENA, COMESA and the Rest of the world. Results show that Sudanese trade reallocates to Asia in the first phase and to COMESA and MENA regions in the second. Sanctions exact a devastating toll on the Sudanese economy： GDP declines, trade shrinks and welfare deteriorates. The deterioration in the country＇s trade is mainly in the imports side, which justifies an improvement of the country＇s balance of trade, while welfare losses are derived by a deteriorated terms of trade and allocative efficiency.     

Relationship marketing in health organizations and its effect on customer loyalty

This study was carried out to determine the role of relationship marketing in health organizations with regard to providing customer loyalty and to evaluate the views of patients related to relationship marketing activities. In this study, a questionnaire was applied to 371 patients in Kadlk0y Universal Hospital, which is a private hospital in Istanbul. As a result of the correlation analysis between the satisfaction level from hospital and customer loyalty, it was seen that there is a medium level positive relation between customer satisfaction and customer loyalty. The important implications of this study can be stated as follows： Keeping existing patient is significant as much as gaining new patient, the variables being effective for providing customer loyalty can show difference from one patient to another, the image of health organization is significant for providing customer loyalty, and customer loyalty can be acquired by making continuous communication with patients.     

Comparative study of the inducement of US subprime mortgage crisis and symptom of real estate in China

Since the essence of US subprime mortgage crisis just lies in the bank credit crisis caused by bubbles bursting of real estate market, some questions are really worthy of our deep reflection, such as whether there are bubbles existing in Chinese real estate market, whether there is crisis implied in Chinese real estate industry and financial crisis, as well as the difficulties that Chinese real estate is facing and the extent to which its difficulties might overshadow it. Therefore, based on the comparative study of the inducement of US subprime mortgage crisis and symptom of real estate in China, this paper illustrates the inducement of US subprime mortgage crisis and relevant symptom that Chinese real estate industry is facing, and further dialyzes a series of warnings brought to Chinese real estate.     

Revisiting output-price relations in East Asia

Why slower growth and high inflation can occur concurrently, while in other cases growth can be non-inflationary？ Why did aggregate demand policy sometime fail to work, given an orthogonal shock？ This study ponders on these queries by estimating the aggregate supply and aggregate demand curves in four East Asian countries. Applying the Structural Vector Auto-Regression （SVAR） with the restrictions a-la Blanchard and Quah, it is revealed that while the AD and AS curves in most cases follow the textbook definitions, in some countries the AS curve is so fiat that demand expansion would have been effective to stimulate growth, and supply-based policies would be more desirable to control prices. We also found that during the crisis the supply shock played a more significant role in the price fluctuations, suggesting that focusing on AD management alone was not the best approach to take.     

Toward successful IC foundry venturing

The goal of this research is to analyze the evaluation criteria used by integrated circuit （IC） designers when selecting foundry service providers. With an MCDM model considering the aspects of technology, production, customer service and support, and manufacturing location, we interviewed managers and experts of Taiwan＇s IC design firms, using the AHP survey with 16 attributes, to determine the areas of top concern with respect to foundry evaluation criteria. In this study process technology has been found to be the most significant evaluation criterion in view of competitiveness in the customer market.     

Establishment of Strategic Quality Management Performance Measurement Model ＂SQM-PMM＂： Key to successful implementation of Science TQM

The Strategic Quality Management--Performance Measurement Model （SQM-PMM） was established to enhance the key elements of successful Science TQM, a new quality management principle proposed by the author. The validity of SQM-PMM as a measurement methodology to ensure future management results through strategic quality management was verified.     

Creative Destruction as Economic Pattern of Europe＇s Small-Scale Audiovisual Media Markets and Minority-Language Film Industries

The small cinematography model as well as its incorporation into creation of the European digital space emerges as a paradigm of the creative destruction phenomenon in the way that Sombart spoke about and, afterwards, Schumpeter disseminated it seven decades ago. Working from this perspective, the University of Santiago de Compostela （USC）＇ audiovisual research group has been looking for the barriers the small cinema in original version must overcome and has even tested some of its findings in different geopolitical areas such as Lusophony,     

Person-culture fit based on interaction of enterprise culture and recruitment

Based on theoretical support of adaptation theory and new expectation theory, this paper proposes that enterprise culture and recruitment interact each other. Enterprise culture plays the role of filtering and guiding in the enterprise recruitment, while recruitment is the propaganda tool, advantageous route, strategic measure and inevitable choice for enterprise culture. Effective recruitment strategies are helpful for the enterprise to achieve the fit between person and culture, and enhance the competitive advantage of the enterprise, thus reduce the employee turnover rate.     

Size, performance and financial conditions for Spanish real estate firms 2004-2007

Spanish real estate has experienced more than a decade of continuous buoyancy, from 1995 to mid 2006. High rates of return, especially in the housing sector, during this period, have prompted the entry of many firms in the market and the growth in activity of incumbents, with the subsequent excess capacity. This situation, combined with the reduction in demand associated with fiancial constraints, has brought about a deep crisis within the real estate industry. In the future scenario of reconfiguration and consolidation of the sector, many firms will be likely to disappear. One key question is that which type of real estate firm will survive. Casual evidence suggests that size may be a relevant factor through its connection with efficiency. This paper explores the roles of size, performance and financial leverage using a sample of Spanish developers and builders over the period 2004-2007. Basic results from a panel estimation suggest the existence of a positive correlation between size, proxied both by income and assets, and Return on Equity （ROE）. In turn, the estimates also suggest that larger firms display higher margins （computed as profits over sales） and are more leveraged in relative terms. Our interpretation is that many finns may lack the critical mass necessary to dilute fixed costs and achieve larger levels of efficiency. This feature endangers not only the possibility of profits in harder times, but also their survival. These empirical findings suggest, in addition, that a process of concentration among Spanish firms in the industry could entail gains in terms of efficiency.     

Customer behavior analysis using motion pictures： Research on attractive flier design method

In this report, the authors would like to propose CMP-FDM （Customer Motion Pictures-Flier Design Method） to increase the willingness of consumers to visit the automobile dealership. CMP-FDM is a method of creating attractive fliers while using customer behavior analysis with videos. According to the analysis of how customers see fliers, the authors classify their behavior into three types and create attractive designs so that each guarantees each customer＇s satisfaction. Finally, the authors integrate the three types of fliers into one attractive to all customers by organizing the design features （design elements）, and then validate the method.     

Entrepreneurship of SMEs in the framework of globalization

Currently, in Europe, 98.9 percent of all enterprises are small and medium size enterprises （SMEs） which employ 52 percent of all employees. This means that l.1 percent of all enterprises employ 48 percent employees, among whom the multinationals have the biggest and most global influence. But the biggest number of new jobs is provided by the micro-enterprises which employ 23 percent employees. In central and eastern European countries, SMEs are rather a recent feature, but in terms of numbers they are coming close to figures of most development countries of EU. How entrepreneurial are these new SMEs？ How innovative are they, including undertaking appropriate development？ This paper discusses two issues： （1） Improving SMEs＇ competitiveness by becoming sustainable enterprises to requisitely, holistically meet requirements in social/business environments; （2） Improving business by helping SMEs＇ members understand/implement ＂sustainable-enterprise ethics＂. The SMEs＇ future of SMEs depends very much on their innovating of individual/organizational values, culture, ethics and norms.