经济转轨时期的中国居民储蓄研究——兼论不确定性与居民储蓄的关系

关于经济转轨时期的中国居民储蓄 ,主要有两个问题难于解释 :一个是负利率下的储蓄增长 ,一个是储蓄率高。针对以上两个问题 ,国内学者借鉴西方储蓄理论进行了一系列分析 ,但结果并不理想。本文对储蓄理论的演变及其在中国的应用作一简单的述评 ,然后提出例“Ｕ”曲线假说。一、西方储蓄理论的发展及其在中国应用的局限性(一 )西方储蓄理论简单回顾自从凯恩斯在《通论》中提出消费函数的概念之后 ,西方学者进一步提出了绝对收入假说、相对收入假说、永久收入假说和生命周期假说。从 5 0年代初到 70年代末 ,生命周期 /永久收入假说主宰了经济…     

转型经济中农户储蓄行为:中国农村的实证研究

本文运用大样本农户家庭调查资料 ,对决定中国农户家庭储蓄行为的影响因素进行了探索 ,从实际出发构建了一个具有较好解释力 ,且能对各种类型的变量均有所考虑的储蓄模型。研究发现 :(a)流动性约束、预防性储蓄动机以及工业化等对储蓄率的上升贡献相当大 ,且为正值 ;(b)在解释区域间储蓄率的差异时 ,文化是一个相当重要的因素 ;(c)家庭生命周期的“∪”型分布假说被拒绝 ,相反的“∩”型分布被发现 ;(d)当家庭财富与储蓄率的相关关系表现为负时 ,持久收入假说也被拒绝。     

生命周期假说在中国成立吗 ——兼论储蓄率的生命周期分布及其动态演变

通过使用中国家庭收入调查（CHIPS）数据,本文从储蓄率的角度,实证检验了生命周期/持久性收入假说在中国是否成立。实证结论表明,中国城市家庭的储蓄行为和生命周期/持久性收入假说的预测并不一致,且在不同时期,导致中国城市家庭储蓄率的生命周期分布特征的原因也不一样。对此,本文从教育、医疗、养老和住房等视角入手,解释了转型时期中国城市家庭储蓄率的生命周期分布特征及其动态演变模式的原因。     

人口年龄结构变化对我国居民储蓄率的影响分析

本文根据生命周期假说和家庭储蓄需求假说,建立了动态面板回归模型,用以分析近年来我国人口年龄结构变化对居民储蓄率的影响,并分析了其他影响因素:我国居民储蓄率受惯性影响较大,因此,在短时间内,储蓄率应该不会产生较大的变化;其次它还受到少儿抚养比变化的影响,而由于我国当前的计划生育政策,可能会导致抚养比持续下降,那么这就会带来储蓄率的持续上升;同时老年抚养比的上升也会进一步提高居民储蓄率;最后经济增长率的变化对居民储蓄率也会产生一定的影响,但是如果不存在剧烈经济波动,居民储蓄率就不会产生大的变化或者趋势性改变.     

家庭结构、生产活动与农户储蓄行为

基于2009花旗-北大中国农村金融调查数据,本文利用GMM估计法,分析了我国农户储蓄行为的特征与成因。实证发现:第一,农户储蓄与储蓄率均随家庭收入增加而上升。第二,家庭结构的影响主要体现:儿童数及儿童-劳动力比对农户储蓄和储蓄率均有正向影响;家庭成员数对农户储蓄率有显著负影响,但对农户储蓄无显著影响;病人和老年人两个维度对农户储蓄和储蓄率均无显著影响,即没有很强的证据支持生命周期假说。第三,生产活动对农户储蓄有显著影响,但对农户储蓄率没有显著影响,体现在参与养殖业的农户更倾向于储蓄。第四,离最近金融机构的距离与农户储蓄负相关,对农户储蓄率没有显著影响;农户储蓄及储蓄率的相当一部分波动可由县际差异来解释;没有明显的证据表明流动性约束会强化预防性储蓄动机。     

中美两国可比居民储蓄率的计量:1992-2001

储蓄率是宏观经济运行中的重要指标,尤其是居民储蓄率。然而,目前中国国内使用的所有储蓄率都在不同程度上与国际惯用的储蓄率在计量方法和统计口径上不一致,因此,中国与其他国家当前的储蓄率是不可比的。本文首次使用美国NIPAs中的储蓄率计量方法和口径,重新测算了中国1992—2001年十年间的居民储蓄率,并对相应年份的美国储蓄率作适当调整,得到了目前中美最为可比的居民储蓄率。结果表明:第一,1992—2001年中美两国平均居民储蓄率的差异由25.60%降至15.87%,降低9.73个百分点,中美两国储蓄率之间并不存在普遍认为的高达30%的差异。第二,1992—2001年中国平均居民储蓄率由29.32%降至22.69%,其中,2000年和2001年的储蓄率甚至低于20%。因此,本文认为,再用30%—40%这样异常高的数据来表示中国的居民储蓄率是不合适的。     

预期寿命与国民储蓄率:基于可变增长率系数总储蓄方程的分析

本文放松传统生命周期假说关于个体寿命与工作期时长固定不变的假设,将一般形式的生存函数加入生命周期理论分析框架.与传统生命周期假说总储蓄方程中经济增长率系数为常数的结论不同,研究发现加入生命函数的总储蓄方程中经济增长率的系数是可变的,15岁开始的预期寿命延长会显著提高经济增长率的系数,而15-60岁工作期预期寿命延长会显著降低经济增长率的系数,利用全球218个国家1981-2010年面板数据的实证结果较好地支持了前述结论.随着预期寿命的延长,总储蓄方程中经济增长率系数有提高的趋势,但包括中国、韩国在内的部分国家(地区)的经济增长率系数提高幅度较大,这可能是这类国家(地区)国民储蓄率的变动率明显高于经济增长率的变动率的原因.     

中国城市居民的家庭收入、消费和储蓄行为：一个基于组群的实证研究

近年来,中国的高储蓄率越来越引起关注。本文利用中国城镇居民住户调查数据对城市家庭的收入、消费以及储蓄率进行基于组群分析的实证研究。实证结果表明,中国城市家庭的储蓄行为具有独特性,家庭储蓄率不断提高。本文从两个方面对此做出解释：其一,各个组群的家庭消费增长慢于收入增长;其二,年轻组群的高储蓄倾向及其在样本中随时间的比重不断提高。此外,本文也分析了养老金收入对于年老组群家庭收入和储蓄的影响。     

户籍制度背景下农民工与城市移民的储蓄率差异

本文基于异质性主体的三期世代交叠模型,从理论上刻画了作为短期移民的农民工和农村进城永久移民的储蓄率差异。由于户籍差异,农民工在城市中的经济状况欠佳且无健全的社会保障,为了支付老年时期的生活成本,他们在城市工作期间的储蓄率会高于实现了户籍身份转换的永久移民。进一步地,本文使用CHIP2013年数据对农民工和永久移民的储蓄率差异进行了RIF回归分解。总分解结果表明,要素效应缩小了农民工与永久移民的储蓄率差异,而结构效应却会扩大两者储蓄率的差异;构成分解结果进一步表明,户主的人力资本特征差异会缩小两者储蓄率的差距,而家庭收入的差异扩大了两者储蓄率的差距。因此,深化户籍制度改革将使更多的农民工成为城市永久居民,这能够增加他们在城市的消费,从而起到城镇化带动消费的作用。另外,储蓄行为是移民经济社会融合的一种表现形式,户籍身份转换带来的消费提升也有助于促进农民工在城市的融合。     

中国城市居民的家庭收入、消费和储蓄行为:一个基于组群的实证研究

近年来,中国的高储蓄率越来越引起关注。本文利用中国城镇居民住户调查数据对城市家庭的收入、消费以及储蓄率进行基于组群分析的实证研究。实证结果表明,中国城市家庭的储蓄行为具有独特性,家庭储蓄率不断提高。本文从两个方面对此做出解释:其一,各个组群的家庭消费增长慢于收入增长;其二,年轻组群的高储蓄倾向及其在样本中随时间的比重不断提高。此外,本文也分析了养老金收入对于年老组群家庭收入和储蓄的影响。     

劳动要素报酬、人口结构与中国居民储蓄

以动态一般均衡模型为出发点,分析劳动要素报酬、人口结构对居民储蓄率的影响,并运用中国1978～2009年的数据对劳动要素报酬、老人赡养比、儿童抚养比与中国居民储蓄率进行实证检验。研究发现,市场经济转型以来的劳动要素报酬高速增长、老人赡养比上升以及儿童抚养比的下降导致中国储蓄率不断升高,在此基础上给出相应的政策建议。     

Optimal Commodity Taxation in the Presence of Tourists

Abstract

This paper explores empirically whether Japanese consumers became more prudent in the second half of the 1990s, a decade in which Japan registered historically low economic growth. Employing the methodology developed by Dynan (1993), this study uses micro-level data from the Family Savings Survey and the Family Income and Expenditure Survey to estimate the coefficient of prudence for Japanese households in the second half of the 1990s. The estimates reveal that the coefficient of prudence is positive and statistically significant in the 1998–1999 period. The obtained value for the coefficient of prudence is four, which is much higher than that estimated for US households (not significantly different from zero) or UK households (around 2). The estimated coefficient for young households is higher still, which is consistent with simulation studies conducted by Gourinchas & Parker (2002) showing that precaution is the most important saving motive for younger households.     

Determinants of the adjusted net saving rate in developing economies

The adjusted net saving rate, initially known as the genuine saving rate, was first published by the World Bank in the late 1990s as a more comprehensive measure of national saving and one more indicative of sustainable development. The adjusted net saving rate incorporated not just physical capital depreciation, but natural capital depletion and environmental damage, as well as including some human capital formation. In this paper, using a cross‐section of developing economies for 2001–2006, determinants of the adjusted net saving rate are estimated. For comparison, the same determinants for the gross national saving rate are estimated. Also, a basic Solow growth model is extended to incorporate natural resources and to justify a more comprehensive measure of savings, such as the adjusted net saving rate, for modeling economic growth. The two measures of savings are then compared as determinants in estimations of economic growth. Understanding the determinants of the adjusted net saving rate is useful for policies to promote sustainable development.     

我国居民储蓄利率敏感性的实证研究

首先对利率变动与居民储蓄的关系进行理论分析,然后选取2000年1月到2010年12月的数据,利用VAR模型,就我国居民储蓄利率敏感性问题进行了实证研究,实证结果表明我国的居民储蓄和存贷利率之间的变化存在长期稳定的关系,但是居民储蓄对存贷利率变化并不敏感。居民储蓄利率敏感性差的根本原因是政府行为、企业行为、银行行为和居民行为还不符合市场经济的要求。最后对提高储蓄利率敏感性提出政策建议。     

A Positive Analysis on Personal Saving Rate between America and China

The level of saving not only influences the life of individuals, but also plays an important role in a country＇s development. Accordingly, the studying on saving is becoming a focus problem in modem life. In recent years, the personal saving rate in the United States has fallen sharply, but the personal saving rate in China is at an astoundingly high level. This paper studies this problem with the positive analysis method from the situation; the reasons of the saving rate disparity between the U.S. and .China, and put forward some proposals about how to deal with the saving problems.     

河北省提高消费率研究

消费率是反映国民经济运行状况的重要宏观经济指标。相对于全国水平而言,河北省最终消费率是偏低的,居民消费率低是造成最终消费率偏低的主要因素,而农村居民消费率又是造成居民消费率低的主要因素。应适当提高消费占GDP的比重,增加居民收入,健全社会保障制度,稳定居民支出预期,积极发展信贷消费,提高消费率。     

EXPLAINING THE SAVING PUZZLES IN URBAN CHINA

This paper identifies two saving puzzles obtained from the Chinese Urban Household Survey data from 1990 to 2006. The first saving puzzle is identified by the time trend of household saving rates, which were stable before 1998, but surged subsequently. The second saving puzzle is associated with the various age profiles of household saving rates, which are not only inconsistent with the prediction of the Life Cycle Hypothesis, but also different from the patterns observed in other economies. This paper constructs pseudo‐panel data and empirically examines the applicability of the habit‐formation model in solving the second saving puzzle through the existence of saving rates and the effects of income‐related variables. On the other hand, the parametric changes of such variables help explain the first saving puzzle. The parametric changes possibly stem from the adjustment of habit stock, the rising transitory shocks of income, and the higher expenditure needs for housing.     

Income Distribution,Household Debt and Growth in Modern Financialized Economies

Abstract:

We analyze some core features of the institutional transformation of the Canadian and U.S. economies over the last half century, as they became increasingly financialized economies resting on household consumption as the key contributor to economic growth, despite weak growth in real wages and personal disposable income. This growth in consumption spending is highly fragile not only because it is a debt-led growth that has relied on an unsustainable expansion of household indebtedness largely dependent on credit bubbles in the housing market, but also because of the perverse form of this indebtedness. Studied from the angle of disaggregated household consumption/saving behavior, it is the poorest and most vulnerable households who have been building up unsustainable debt, thereby presaging increasing financial fragility and crises.     

Do the Retired Elderly in Europe Decumulate Their Wealth? The Importance of Bequest Motives,Precautionary Saving,Public Pensions,and Homeownership

We use microdata on a large number of European countries from the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) to examine the wealth accumulation (saving) behavior of the retired elderly in Europe. We find that less than half of the retired elderly in Europe are decumulating their wealth and that the average wealth accumulation rate of the retired elderly in Europe is positive though relatively moderate (6.6 percent over a 3-year period). These findings suggest that the Wealth Decumulation Puzzle (the tendency of the retired elderly to not decumulate their wealth or to decumulate their wealth more slowly than expected) applies in the case of Europe. Moreover, our regression results suggest that bequest motives, generous public pension systems, and the reluctance of retired elderly homeowners to sell or borrow against their owner-occupied housing are the primary explanations for the existence of the Wealth Decumulation Puzzle in Europe.