Trade Agreements,Trade Liberalization and Economic Growth: A Selective Survey

Since 1950 there has been a massive liberalization of world trade taking various forms including the formation of free trade areas, customs unions, unilateral reductions in tariff barriers, and reductions in non‐tariff barriers to trade. To what extent has this liberalization contributed to the growth performance of countries, and what are the mechanisms through which faster export growth may impact favourably on economic growth? The paper first surveys the empirical literature which seems to show that countries that participate in regional trading agreements (RTAs) fare worse than countries which reduce tariffs unilaterally, and secondly comments on the theoretical literature relating to the mechanisms through which exports affect growth. It is argued that the orthodox neoclassical supply‐side argument is only half the story, and much more emphasis needs to be placed on the effect of export performance in relaxing a balance of payments constraint on demand. Depuis 1950, le commerce mondial a connu une libéralisation considérable qui a pris diverses formes: formation de zones de libre‐échange, d’unions douanières, abaissement unilatéral des barrières tarifaires et réduction des barrières non tarifaires. Dans quelle mesure cette libéralisation a‐t‐elle contribuéà la croissance des pays et par quels mécanismes une expansion plus rapide des exportations peut‐elle influencer positivement la croissance économique? Le document passe d’abord en revue le littérature empirique qui semble démontrer que les pays qui participent à des accords commerciaux régionaux (ACR) sont en pire posture que ceux qui abaissent unilatéralement les barrières tarifaires. Le document formule ensuite des observations sur la littérature théorique concernant les mécanismes par lesquels les exportations influent sur la croissance. Il soutient que l’argument néoclassique orthodoxe axé sur l’offre n’explique pas tout, et qu’un accent plus appuyé doit à tre mis sur l’effet que les résultats à l’exportation, en tant que facteur d’atténuation des problèmes de la balance des paiements, peuvent avoir sur la demande.     

我国贸易多样性的影响因素和生产率增长——基于内延边际与外延边际的考察

依据Feenstra等人的检验方法,本文测算了中国省份层面的初级品和制成品贸易多样性,结果发现,制成品进口多样性的地区区域出现扩散形态,而出口多样性走向区域趋同.在计算样本期我国省份TFP指数基础上,研究进一步考察了贸易多样性与生产率增长的双向关联,结果发现,除了科研投入,贸易多样性成为我国生产率提高的重要因素;就贸易...     

政府采购、贸易自由化与发展——政府采购贸易自由化理论综述与批判

基于我国参与政府采购贸易自由化谈判的紧迫性和国内政府采购制度发展的战略需要,对新自由主义政府采购贸易自由化理论这一世贸组织《政府采购协议》的理论基石进行系统全面的梳理,考察这一理论如何推动西方现代政府采购制度的建立,如何积极促成政府采购市场的贸易自由化,以及如何建立政府采购贸易自由化与发展之间的联系。在此基础上采取庖丁解牛的方法,对新自由主义政府采购贸易自由化理论体系的构成要素逐一进行批判性评论,指出这一理论体系的薄弱和矛盾之处,以及对中国参与《政府采购协议》谈判的启示意义。     

多边自由化?双边自由化?——澳大利亚的贸易自由化策略评析

一国的贸易政策一般包括三个方面:多边贸易政策、区域贸易政策以及双边贸易政策。每个国家的贸易政策都有自己追求的目标,但是其制订和实施又要受到国内、国际条件的约束,因此显示出不同的特色,效果也不同。本文主要分析了新千年之后澳大利亚贸易政策策略变化的原因、效果及其所面临的问题和挑战。     

High-Tech Innovation,Growth and Trade Dynamics in Australia

In this paper the macro-economic interactions between high-tech innovation (telecommunications), growth and trade are analysed at the macroeconomic level. Cointegration and innovation accounting based on vector autoregression techniques have been used to estimate empirically the trade and growth dynamics in the Australian context. The paper reviews the high-tech innovation induced policy regime shifts such as the deregulation of telecommunications and the liberalisation of trade and also quantifies trade and growth dynamics.     

贸易自由化、劳动流动与就业结构调整

就业结构的适时调整对于中国加快转变经济发展方式有积极意义。本文借助就业结构调整指数的构建,将劳动流动的因素纳入到贸易自由化对中国就业结构调整的影响之中,定量分析了二者对就业结构调整的影响。研究结果表明,贸易自由化程度和劳动流动自由程度的提高对中国就业结构调整有正向影响,但这种影响具有区域差异。     

院外集团、关税同盟与多边贸易自由化

利用一个古诺竞争模型,本文研究了在存在利益集团的情况下关税同盟的 缔结对一国关税保护水平及多边贸易自由化的影响。本文的研究结果表明,利益集 团的院外活动有提高一国关税保护水平的趋势,而且,一国政府对利益集团的政治 捐献越敏感,利益集团的游说导致的关税保护水平就越高。关税同盟的缔结有利于 纠正国内利益集团对贸易政策的扭曲,从而有可能使得政府选择一个有效率的多边 贸易自由化结果。从这种意义上来说,关税同盟是促进了而不是阻碍了多边贸易自 由化进程。     

Trade Liberalization and Labor Unions

The present note builds a two-country model of Cournot oligopoly with country-specific labor unions. The impact of trade liberalization on wages and its consequent impact on union behavior and trade patterns are examined. We show that the union with relatively fewer number of firms will face the stronger pressure for wage moderation when trade is liberalized. We use this result to construct a simple example in which a country with higher autarky price becomes a net exporter of that good. We also discuss that our results are critically dependent on the mode of competition between firms.     

Trade Liberalization and Industry Dynamics

This paper uses a large data set for 28 industries in 40 countries to examine the effects of trade liberalization on the number of firms, the average size of surviving firms, and markups. We extend previous studies by examining not only tariff changes in the liberalizing country but also trade reforms in the rest of the world. In addition, we look at whether these effects differ across industries depending on their degree of comparative advantage. The results show that a reduction in home tariffs decreases the number of establishments, firms average size, and markups. All of these three effects are found to be of lower magnitude for comparative advantage industries. In the case of foreign tariffs, our results show that a reduction in protection in the rest of the world is associated with an increase in the number of establishments (which is likely to be reflecting an increase in export profitability), a decrease in average size, while markups are mostly unaffected. As with home tariffs, these effects tend to be less pronounced in comparative advantage industries.     

Macroeconomic Volatility, Trade and Financial Liberalization in Africa

This paper examines the effects of financial and trade liberalization on growth volatility of real output and consumption in Africa. Our results suggest trade liberalization is associated with greater output and consumption growth volatility while financial liberalization increases the efficacy of consumption smoothing and stabilizes income and consumption growth. In addition, we find financial market depth and institutional quality operate jointly with trade and financial openness to reduce volatility in output and consumption growth. There is also evidence that good institutions which foster low inflation levels and volatility promote consumption and output growth stability.     

贸易自由化、产业规模与地区工资差距

本文在新经济地理学框架下构建了非对称的三地区空间模型研究贸易自由化、产业规模与地区工资差距的关系。研究结果表明:贸易自由化可能扩大或缩小地区间收入差距,这主要取决于地区相对产业份额以及本地与国外市场接近程度。当本地接近于国外市场并且产业份额相对较小时,贸易自由化与区域间收入差距呈倒"U"型关系;否则,贸易自由化扩大区域间的收入差距。使用1992～2008年中国27个省份面板数据证实了该假说,这也解释了Egger et al.(2005)与Redding和Sturm(2008)研究结论迥异的原因。此外,贸易自由化有利于各区域工资水平的提高,对产业份额较小地区尤为明显。     

知识产权保护与国际贸易自由化

国际贸易自由化发展过程中兴起的贸易保护主义，在很多方面有别于传统的贸易保护主义。传统的贸易保护，在发达国家多表现为关税壁垒，在发展中国家则多表现为政府对进口贸易及外汇的管制；近年来的贸易保护主义则更多地求助于新型的非关税壁垒方式，其中知识产权保护被认为是诸多措施中更加难以捉摸的、更巧妙的保护手段。     

Trade Liberalization and Economic Growth in Guyana: An Empirical Assessment using DOLS and Error Correcting Methodologies

This paper uses econometric techniques in the area of time series analysis to examine the relationship between economic performance and trade liberalization in Guyana. For this study, the base model underlying the analysis is a traditional per worker production function that has been augmented to include trade liberalization and other factors like human capital and exports. The results from this study suggest that when viewed from the long-run and short-run perspective trade liberalization has enhanced the economic performance of Guyana. Indeed, in this study both measures of trade liberalization - the average import tariff rate and the dummy variable representing the change in quota and import licensing measures, among other things - were statistically significant and correctly signed.     

出口贸易与中国全要素生产率增长——基于二元外贸结构的视角

中国出口贸易不仅包括一般贸易还包括加工贸易,这两类不同的贸易行为对全要素生产率的影响存在差异。文章将出口分为一般贸易、加工贸易和其他贸易,运用差分GMM方法分别研究它们对全要素生产率增长的不同影响。研究发现,一般贸易和其他贸易显著促进了全要素生产率的增长,而加工贸易阻碍了全要素生产率的增长。研究结果表明,中国应该更加重视一般贸易出口,充分利用其对全要素生产率的促进作用带动经济转型升级。     

出口贸易自由化、企业异质性与出口企业产品配置

文章基于企业内产品配置的视角,从理论和经验方面研究了出口贸易自由化对企业产品配置调整的作用及其影响机制.研究表明,出口贸易自由化的提高会促进企业集中对一种或几种产品的出口与生产;研发投入对出口贸易自由化影响企业生产向有限产品集中起到中介效应,企业生产率和出口资本品份额也是贸易自由化影响企业产品配置的重要渠道.同时,文章...     

全球纺织品贸易自由化与中国纺织业的贸易能力建设

2005年全球纺织品贸易实现自由化并不意味着中国从此可以自由地出口纺织服装产品,而是对中国纺织服装行业的能力建设提出了更高的要求。本文从近年国际组织对发展中国家实施的贸易能力建设入手,分析了中国纺织服装业能力建设的新进展,并对中国纺织服装业的能力建设作了展望。     

生产力增长、智慧生产力与人的自由全面发展

文章认为,生产力是一个涵盖劳动者、劳动对象、劳动手段及交通、能源、管理、信息、科学技术等多种因素在内的而且人的自由全面充分发展、个人生产力和智慧生产力在其中的主导地位日益突出的庞大的集合体和有机的超大的系统。物质生产力的发展是人类实现自由全面发展的基础和从必然王国向自由王国迈进的条件。科技进步为人的自由充分发展创造了条件,人必须充分发展以适应新科技革命。文章指出,就现代科技革命和社会主义市场经济发展而言,全面充分发展个人生产力即智慧生产力才是发展社会主义的社会生产力的最重要和最根本的途径。