Rural collective construction land use in China: Policy issues and options

Land policy in China has been changed dramatically in the past two decades. Though the reform of rural farm land and the urban construction land has been launched successively, little has been done about the rural construction land by now, which has made a negative impact to the land utilization. This paper fi rst reviews the policy terms about the rural construction land, then gives a brief critique on them under the background of social-economic transformation in China, and discusses the driving forces and implications of institutional changes in the end. We think the further reform on the rural collective construction land is imperative. Firstly, as a production factor, it should be endowed with property attribute, and secondly the use right of rural construction land should be separated from its ownership so that it can be transacted in a competitive market, which will benefi t the building of harmonious society.     

Assessment of the agricultural sustainability of Shaanxi Province,China

It is significant for the study on the sustainable development of regional agriculture to monitor and measurethe trend of agricultural development with an effective method. The sustainable development of regional agricultureshould accord with regional population, rural economic development, social progress, resource and environmentalsupport. This paper establishes the evaluating indicators system of sustainable development of regional agriculture,evaluates the agricultural sustainable development in Shaanxi Province with a comprehensive multi-indicator method,analyzes the support of resource and environment for regional agriculture by the resource-development index and theenvironment-development index, and gets the conclusion that the indicators, such as education level, the income gapbetween urban and rural residents, the per capita area under cultivation and the consumption of pesticides and chemicalfertilizers per hectare, are the main factors to restrict agricultural sustainability, and that the pressure of the developmentof subsystems of population, economy and society on the subsystems of resource and environment turns out to bestronger and stronger. Agricultural environment gets better, but resource becomes one of the important factors to restrictthe development of regional agriculture. In a word, this paper highlights the potentials and limitations of sustainableagriculture of Shaanxi and helps identify the development direction in the future.     

Socio-economic influences of population density

While population density represents an important socio-economic parameter, its role is rarely studied in the economic literature （contrary to natural sciences）. Population density plays an important role in harvesting societies, i.e. those that depend on agriculture and natural resources. With the development of industry and services and emergence of urban areas, population density becomes less economically important unless we consider aspects related to pollution. There exists a phase transition between rural and urban area which makes population density less important in urban area contrary to rural. However, the economic influence of population density in harvesting societies is also not straight forward. Too high population density decreases the natural endowment per capita, but eases the development of infrastructure, leading to existence of an optimal population density for economic growth. It also influences the demand for a monopolistic product, where too little density can lead to non-survival of a monopoly. Emergence of ethnic communities is based on more cooperative behavior in the case of low cultural and physical distances. At the same time, higher probability of large projects （like infrastructure） leads to development of cooperative behavior in the society. Elaboration along these lines leads to the conclusion that population density positively correlates with individualistic （non-cooperative, non-altruistic） behavior, through less time spent in cooperative infrastructure projects and higher frequency of meetings between individuals that with some probability lead to non-cooperative games.     

Which Type of Urbanization Better Matches China＇s Factor Endowment： A Comparison of Population-Intensive Old Puxi and Land-Capital-Intensive New Pudong

Based on a comparative study of New-Pudong （East Shanghai） and Old-Puxi （West Shanghai） in their respective ability to absorb rural migrants, the very essence of urbanization, this paper finds that, constrained by the current hukou （household registration） system and land tenure system, although New-Pudong has emerged as one of the most modernized urban areas in the world, it did so under an urbanization model that is government-dominant and characterized by high land-intensity and capital-intensity. This model represents a serious mismatch in terms of China＇s factor endowment that is characterized with a large but relatively poor rural population. In sharp contrast, guided by the market mechanism under private land ownership and free migration, Old-Puxi emerged as an urbanization model that was very adaptable to China＇s factor endowment and stage of development. Therefore, as a model of endogenous urbanization, Old-Puxi is more efficient and inclusive, at the same time more sustainable economically and environmentally, and for this reason more applicable to China at a time when China needs to urbanize most of its rural population urgently to avoid the further worsening of the rural/urban divide and income disparity.     

Quantitative study on the urban flesh water consumption since Chinese rapid urbanization

The development of urbanization has a close relationship with fresh water resources, especially in the rapid urbanization period. By analyzing the course of the urhanization development and the experience of international urbanization development, the paper confirms the starting time of the rapid urbanization. Based on the ecotogical theory; urban fresh water consumption is composed of three types： the direct, the indirect and the induced water consumption. And the paper constructs calculation model of the indirect and the induced water consumption. Using the related statistics data, the paper makes an empirical research on the changes of the amount and structure of water consumption. Then it discusses the correlation between the water consumption and the amount of urban population, and the result shows that the amount of the water consumption arid the urban population have a remarkable correlation with the exception of the amount of the indirect water consumption, and the curves fake on quadratic functian form. Last, from the urban fimction point of view; the paper anatomizes the cause of the urban water consumption changes.     

Development of suburb farm landscape in the process of urban-rural overall planning from the perspective of ecological economics： a case study of Chengdu City

With the accelerating development of Chinese urbanization and the widening gap between rural and urban areas, urban-rural overall planning is to be an inevitable choice for economic and social development. However, the specific patterns and methods in urban-rural overall planning are greatly different. From the persperctive of ecological economy, taking the main physical and biological pattern of the farmland as research objects, this paper analyzes the components and characteristics of farm landscape, the relationship between farm landscape exploitation and rural tourism, and the role of farm landscape exploitation in planning urban and rural development. It expatiates on the pattern, method and principle of farm landscape development. Furthermore, based on the actual development case, this paper explores how to make high-grade tourism products with scientific and reasonable farm landscape development method, how to increase peasant income, how to improve urban and rural ecological economic environment, so as to promote urban-rural overall planning.     

Regional Developmental Problems of the Rural Settlements in Bosnia and Herzegovina

The paper considers developmental problems of the rural settlements in Bosnia and Herzegovina, which are results of long-term disparity in the regional development in the period 1991-2012. In this paper it is considered the recent migration from rural to urban areas and the depopulation of the rural areas. The result of these trends reflects the development of the new infrastructure and tertiary activities. In these investigations, statistical data processed and geovisualised in GIS were used. The obtained data indicate extremely unequable regional arrangement of the population in the rural areas and socio-economic development.     

Sustainable development of Shandong Peninsula urban agglomeration： a scenario analysis based on water shortage and water environment changes

China has experienced a rapid urbanization since late 1970s. The great increase of urban population has resulted in various environmental changes, of which urban water shortage and water environment problems have occurred in most cities, especially in the rapidly developing urban agglomerations in the eastern coastal region. This research, taking Shandong Peninsula Urban Agglomeration （SPUA） as a case study area analyzes the urbanization expansion in the last decades, discusses the water shortage and water environment changes following the rapid economic development and urbanization sueh as groundwater sinking in the urban and plain area, sea water and saltwater intrusion in the coastal cities, water pollution overspreading and water ecosystem degradation, and puts forwards some strategies for sustainabilitv in populous regions with severe water shortage. Some countermeasures for sustainable development of SPUA are put forward, such as constructing modern water resources inter-city networks to regulate water resouree between cities, adjnsting urbanization policy and urban scale planning to promote the development of small towns and medium sized cities, optimizing urban industry structure by restricting high water consumption enterprises and stimulating the growth of tertiary industry. improving water use efficiency to rednce fresh water consumption and wastewater discharge, introducing economic means to water pricing and water management system, and restoring ecological conditions to strengthen the natural water-making capacity.     

The pull of inter-provincial migration of rural labor force and its influence on policy-making

As a social phenomenon closely related to development of economy, the population is always the focis of economists＇ attention. Based on the fifth census in 2001, this paper analyzes labor migration in Hubet Provtnce and establishes an econometric model to analyze the pull according to the push and pull theory,, which is the famous theory on the population flow and migration. It points out that the per capita consumption and the employment rate attract strongly the rural labors and makes a deep exploration into the ensuing problems. Such conclusion is a special reference to the decision-making of government. The government can provide some guidance to the rural labors according to the per capita consumption and the employment rate in order to avoid the futility of blind migration.     

Population distribution,urban construction and urban management in the process of China urbanization

Along with China＇s urbanization, a series of problems came, such as the rapidly expanding urban population, large-scale urban construction and investment, the financing gap of government＇s investment in construction, and urban management, etc. This article first describes the growth of urban population, the scale and the input of urban construction, and then analyzes the financial revenue and expenditure, and at last argues for the necessity of urban management, and puts forward the research content of urban management.     

城市扩展及其驱动力遥感分析--以厦门市为例

以厦门市为例,利用遥感专题信息提取和空间叠加分析技术研究城市空间扩展,着重分析了厦门市从1989年到2000年11年间各区城市扩展的面积、速度和方向、城市扩展侵占周围用地的情况以及城市扩展的驱动力。分析表明,厦门市的城市空间扩展速度较快,2000年城市用地规模比1989年扩大了近2倍,城市用地扩展主要是侵占周围的耕地。厦门市经济的快速发展、外商投资的不断注入以及多山临海的地理环境决定着城市扩展的速度和方向,是城市空间扩展的主要驱动力。     

我国大城市主城-郊区居住空间分异比较研究——基于GIS的南京实证分析

在对实证城市居住空间分异现状分析的基础上探寻城市居住空间分异影响因素及这些因素的作用机理。鉴于城市居住空间分异在主城及郊区等层面表现出不同的特征,文章运用GIS的空间分析方法分别对南京市主城区及郊区居住空间分异的现状进行比较分析。主要结论有:主城和郊区住宅板块在区位价值、容积率、绿化率、建筑年代、建筑面积等指标上都有差异存在,显示出主城与郊区居住板块之间在发展方式、成长规律、表现形式上的差异。随着居住郊区化和新城居住空间结构的变化,南京市城市居住空间结构表现出新的特征。文章选取我国副省级城市南京为实证研究对象,对我国住房转型期大城市居住空间分异现状进行个案研究,其城市居住空间分异的规律及结论具有一定的示范意义。     

1990年来长沙都市区制造业空间演变及优化策略

制造业作为城市经济发展的基石,其空间的演变是城市空间发展的动力。文章基于长沙市工业用地矢量数据,采用ArcGIS和SPSS分析工具,对1990年以来长沙都市区制造业空间演变特征和驱动力进行研究,构建了"外部动力-内在动力-空间结果"的制造业空间演变研究框架,并提出了相应的制造业空间优化策略。结果表明,长沙都市区制造业空间郊区化集聚效应明显,扩展模式以"圈层-轴带式"为主,并逐渐向"多核心-组团式"转变,扩展结构由单中心向多中心发展,扩展方向以东、东南和西北方向为主。制造业空间的分布格局取决于外部动力和内部动力的共同作用。其中,规模经济是影响长沙制造业分布的重要因素。     

鸭绿江河口水文特性对丹东市城市空间格局演变的影响

丹东市是因港而形成和发展的城市,文章收集了不同时期鸭绿江影响航运的水文特性,探讨影响港口布局进而影响丹东市条带状空间格局的内在驱动力。结果表明:城区空间格局演变是不同时期对水文要素的响应:早期的选址是作为鸭绿江防区薄弱环节来设防,此处的鸭绿江水流平缓、沙洲较多、易于涉水;丹东设制和开埠时期,以鸭绿江的对外港口运输,适宜的潮差和流量是丹东城市雏形的重要因素;随着建设东北东部现代化港口城市的定位,原有丹东内港的水深、潮差、河床宽度和泥沙淤积等要求已不能满足这种要求,城市空间形态沿鸭绿江向大东港方向延伸,形成了丹东与东港同城化的极为狭长的条带状城区。     

基于要素贡献率和弹性分析的城市国际竞争力驱动因子研究——以沪宁杭甬沿线城市为例

1990年代以来,全球化突飞猛进,城市作用日益突出。因此,在全球化下,城市要实现更快发展,必须提高国际竞争力。针对城市国际竞争力驱动因子的变化,提出了要素贡献率和要素贡献弹性的分析方法。并建立了完整的评价指标体系,从1995年、2000年、2005年、2006年四个时点上,对长三角25个城市的国际竞争力的水平做出评价,运用要素贡献率和贡献弹性方法分析了沪宁杭甬沿线城市的国际竞争力变化情况,从动态发展的角度构建评估结果与制定战略措施之间的桥梁,为沪宁杭甬乃至我国城市的国际化发展提供了更加科学合理的决策依据。     

土地利用的时空结构分异研究

时空结构分异分析是以GIS叠置分析为辅助手段。目前描述空间结构分异最常用的方法是比较分析不同土地利用类型在空间方位上的差异。由于按方位划分的空间单元并不具有均等的土地面积,因而其变化速度就不具有严格意义上的可比性。文章对上述方法进行了改进,创建性的引入了年均变化强度指数这一具有可比性的指标体系来描述土地利用的时空结构分异特征,它实质就是用各空间单元的土地面积对其年均变化速度进行标准化处理,使各种土地类型的变化速度具有可比性,得出各不同用地类型的时空结构分异情况,对出现这种情况的原因进行综合分析评价,从而达到全面把握土地变化规律的目的。该研究方法有助于从总体上全面掌握土地利用时空结构演变的趋势与特点,对发达地区未来城市土地利用的合理规划有一定的借鉴意义。     

快速城市化时期的城市形态演变及其机制——以芜湖市为例

1990年代以后,我国进入了城市化快速发展和城市社会结构转型的重要时期。以芜湖市为例,从城市的外延扩展以及城市内部结构重组两个方面对快速城市化时期的城市形态演变特征进行了分析,归纳了芜湖城市空间结构的基本模式,并从城市经济、宏观政策、开发区建设、规划管理、地理环境与行政区划调整等6个角度对城市形态演变的动力机制进行了探讨,以期对当前城市规划与建设有所借鉴。     

北京市城市用地扩张驱动力分析

北京市属特大城市,高度的城市化水平迫使其以摊大饼的模式不断向外扩张,城市快速发展的要求与供应紧张的建设用地形成了尖锐的矛盾,城市发展一度突破城市规划.文章选取北京市1986-2006年的城市扩张及经济、人口、交通等方面数据进行分析,以探求北京市20年来城市扩张驱动力所在,从驱动因素着手指导城市规划的编制,并对这些凶素进行合理的引导限制,以改善北京市扩张模式并引导其走可持续发展之路.     

城镇景观区域类型的文化驱动研究——以浙江省城镇为例

城镇空间蕴含的文化因素是城镇的气质所在，是城镇可持续发展的精神条件。本文通过对城镇文化驱动力的类型和特征分析，从山水文化、商贸文化和风俗信仰等角度分别解释了浙江不同区域城镇景观类型的形成和变迁，总结了文化驱动力在景观类型格局形成过程中的影响和作用，并提出相应的对策与建议。     

大连临港产业集聚与城市空间结构演变研究

港口城市的发展历程表明,临港产业的集聚对城市空间结构的演变产生极为深远的影响。为深入研究港口城市空间结构演变问题,从临港产业集聚与城市空间结构演化过程出发,以大连地区为研究对象,基于遥感分析与地理信息系统技术手段,提取城市空间利用地理信息,结合分形几何、空间重心等理论,综合考虑临港产业集聚发展过程中城市社会人口、产业经济等多方面因素,探讨了港口城市空间结构演化现象,归纳总结了港口城市空间结构演变规律。结果表明:该研究可分别从城市空间增长速率、结构形态、分型演变与重心转移角度揭示港口城市空间结构演变过程与规律,可为提高港口城市空间结构演化合理性提供了理论依据和决策支持。